This document discusses minerals and their classification. It defines minerals as naturally occurring substances with definite chemical compositions. Minerals are categorized as metallic or non-metallic. Metallic minerals contain metals and are further divided into ferrous, containing iron, and non-ferrous. Non-metallic minerals do not contain metals and include coal, petroleum, and mica. The document also outlines methods of mineral extraction including mining, drilling, quarrying, and their distribution in different rock types.

1. Mineral resources
Class 8

2. Have you ever visited a
biscuit making factory?

3. Introduction to the lesson
A naturally occurring substance that has a definite
chemical composition is known as minerals. Minerals
are the backbone of industrial and technological
development of a country. We all are living in an iron
age which is based on the presence of minerals.

4. Features of minerals
• Minerals are unevenly distributed in
the world.
• Minerals do not occur in its pure form.
• These are extracted from the earth
crust in raw form with the process of
mining.

5. • Minerals are less useful in its raw
form. They can only be used after
removing the impurities.
• Minerals are found in some
particular areas of the earth.
• They are also present in the ocean
and the Atlantic continent.
Although these areas are not
easily accessible but still they
have a great wealth of mineral
resources.

6. • Minerals are formed under different geological
environment.
• Minerals are created through natural processes without
human interference.
• Hardness, density and colour are the physical properties
has solubility is the chemical property of the minerals.
• They are identified on the basis of their physical and
chemical properties.

7. Types of minerals

8. Metallic minerals
• Metallic minerals are those
which contains metals in
their raw form. Ex: iron ore,
magnesium, Bauxite,
chromium, gold, silver, etc.

9. Ferrous minerals
• Minerals have high iron
content.
• Iron ore, magnesium,
chromite are the examples
of ferrous minerals.

10. Non ferrous minerals
• These minerals do not
have iron contents.
• Ex: gold, silver, lead and
copper, etc.

11. Features of metallic minerals
The main features of nonferrous minerals
are:
 Ductility
 Elasticity
 Malleability
 Sectile
 Gravity
 Lustre and colour

12. On the basis of value the metallic
minerals can be further the divided into
two groups
• Precious minerals- gold
and silver
• Semi precious minerals-
copper and zinc

13. Non-Metallic minerals
• Minerals that do not
have metals are called
non metallic minerals.
• Coal petroleum Mica
gypsum etc are the
examples of non
metallic minerals.

14. Non metallic minerals
• The non metallic minerals can
also be categorised on the
basis of their property of
lusture. Example adamantine
has a bright colour, kaolin has
a dull colour whereas gypsum
has sheen to silk.

15. Non- Metallic minerals
• Some non metallic minerals maybe
greasy resinous and waxy.
• The mineral fuels such as coal and
petroleum are also non metallic
minerals.
• Non metallic minerals are those which
do not yield new products on melting.

16. Non metallic minerals
• These are generally associated
with sedimentary rocks.
• They are not so hard and have no
shine on lusture of their own.
• They are not ductile and malleable.
• When hit, they may get broken
into pieces.

17. Extraction of minerals

18. Mining
• It is the process of taking out
minerals from rocks buried
under the earth's surface.
Mining is of two types:
• Open cast mining
• Shaft mining

19. Open cast mining
• Open cast mining is
done when a mineral is
located very close to
the surface.
• in the open cast mining
different minerals are
taken out by removing
the surface layer.
• This is famous for coal
mining in India.

20. Shaft mining
• Word shaft refers to deep
bores.
• In shaft mining the bores
are created to reach
mineral deposits.
• This is because these
deposits lie at great depth.
• Petroleum and natural gas
are extracted by shaft
mining.

21. Drilling
• Through the process of
drilling deep wells are
bored to take the
minerals out. Example
dip wells are made to
extract oil and natural
gas by the oil and
natural gas
commission(ONGC) of
India.

22. Quarrying
• The process of
quarrying is
used to extract
minerals that
lie near the
earth's
surface.

23. Distribution of mineral resources
• Mineral resources are unevenly distributed in the
world.
• These are found in different rocks such as
igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks.
• the metallic minerals like iron ore copper nickel
chromite and platinum are found in igneous and
metamorphic rocks .
• Metallic minerals like limestone, Manganese, etc
are found in sedimentary rocks.
• Mineral fuels like coal and petroleum are also
found in sedimentary rocks.

24. Slide Title
Product A
• Feature 1
• Feature 2
• Feature 3
Product B
• Feature 1
• Feature 2
• Feature 3