1. Rocks are made up of minerals and can be found deep underground in mines or near the surface in quarries. 2. Minerals have unique properties like hardness, lustre, and color that allow them to be identified. They are used to make construction materials, obtain metals, and create jewelry. 3. Soil is formed over long periods of time as rocks are broken down by weathering and mixed with decaying matter. It is made up of layers with different materials and must be protected to support plant growth.

1. Paisajes: EL RELIEVE DE ARAGÓN Y ESPAÑA. Part 1
• Summary:
• 1- Rocks
• 2- Minerals
• 3- Soil

2. MINERALS, ROCKS AND SOIL. Rocks
• What are rocks?
• Rocks form the solid part of the Earth. They are found everywhere in nature.
• Some rocks, such as basalt, are dark. Others, such as limnestone, are light in color. Some
rocks, such as granite, are formed by large grains. Others, such as clay, are formed by
fine grains.

3. What are rocks like?
• The piece of granite is made up of grains of different colours. These grains are the
minerals which form granite. All rocks are made up of minerals, but there are many
different types:
• Some rocks are formed by just one mineral. For example, granite is made up of quartz,
feldspar and mica.

4. What are rocks like?
• Some rocks, such as limnestone, sometimes have shells and sea creatures in them.

5. What are rocks like?
• Some rocks, such as marble, are hard.

6. What are rocks like?
• Others, suchs us clay, are soft.

7. What are rocks like?
• Others , like petroleum, are liquid.

8. Where can you find rocks?
• Rocks can be found near the surface of the Earth or deep beneath the ground.
• Mines: These are places where rocks and minerals are extracted from deep beneath the
ground. Miners reach the rocks by travelling through shafts and tunnels

9. Where can you find rocks?

10. Where can you find rocks?

11. Where can you find rocks?
• Quarries: These are places where rocks are extracted from near the Surface of the Earth.
granite and limenstone are extracted from quarries.

12. Where can you find rocks?

13. Where can you find rocks?

14. Uses of rocks
• Rocks are used for many different things:
• -Obtaining energy. Petroleum is a liquid rock. It provides fuels, such as petrol and
diesel, to run cars.

15. Uses of rocks
-Making construction materials: Bricks and tiles are made from clay. Marble, granite, and
slate are also used in construction.

16. Uses of rocks
• Indrustrial uses: Factories make plastics, paints and fertilisers from petroleum.

17. Minerals. What are minerals?
• Minerals are natural, solid substances. All minerals are made up of one substance. They
can be found as parts of rocks, or in their pure state.

18. Minerals
• Graphite: It is a natural substance. It has no grains. It is formed by just one substance. It
is a mineral. It is soft and when we press it, layers slide off and leave marks on the paper

19. Minerals

20. The properties of minerals
• Every mineral is different from all other minerals. You can identify a mineral by its
properties. Some properties of minerals are:
• Hardness: A nineral is hard when it is difficult to scratch. Diamon is the hardest mineral.
Gypsum is so soft you can scratch it whith your fingernail.

21. The properties of minerals. Diamon

22. The properties of minerals. Diamon

23. The properties of minerals. Gypsum

24. The properties of minerals.
• Lustre: Lustre means the way a mineral reflects light. Some minerals, such a pyrite, are
very shiny. Others, such as talc, are not shyny

25. The properties of minerals.

26. The properties of minerals. Malachite
• Colour: Some minerals are always the same color. Malachite is always Green. Others
can be different colours, for example, Calcite can be green., orange, yellow or white.

27. The properties of minerals. Calcite

28. The properties of minerals.
• Shape: Some minerals, such as pyrite, have a regular shape. Others, such us malachite,
have a irregular shape.

29. Minerals in rocks
• Rocks in the Earth´s crust are made up of minerals. Here are some:
• Quartz: Quartz is very hard. It can scratch glass. It is translucent. It can be white, pink or
grey. It is found in granite.

30. Minerals in rocks
• Feldspar: Feldspar is hard. It is not shyny. It can be different colours: White, green or
Brown. It is found in granite and clay.

31. Minerals in rocks. Granite (mica, feldespar and quartz)

32. Minerals in rocks
• Calcite: Calcite is soft. It can be scrached with a knife. It can be white, orange or yellow.
It is found in marble and limestone.

33. Minerals in rocks. Marble

34. Minerals in rocks. Limestone

35. Uses of minerals
• Minerals can be used for:
• - Construction materials: Gypsum is used to make cement and plaster

36. Uses of minerals
• Obtaining metals: Iron is extracted from magnetite.

37. Uses of minerals. Copper
• Copper is obtained from chalcopyrite.

38. Uses of minerals. Chalcopyrite

39. Uses of minerals.
• Making jewelery: Diamonds, rubies, and emeralds are used to make jewelery.

40. Soil. What is soil?:
• What is soil?: In many places, rocks are covered by a layer of earth, called soil. Soil
consists of stones, water, air, minerals and the remains of animals and plants.
The roots of plants grow in soil. Many small animals, such as earthworms, moles an ants,
live in soil.

41. Soil. How is soil formed?
• How is soil formed? Soil is a mixture of many things. It forms very slowly over a long
period of time. First wind, rain, and ice wearr down rocks into smaller pieces.
• Little by Little, the pieces of rock mix with the remains of plants of animals. These
remains of living things turn into a dark mixture called humus. The Little pieces of rock
mix with the humus to form soil.
• There are different types of soils because there are formed from different mixtures of
rocks and organic matter. Soils can be dark or light in color. Some soils contain large
rocks and others contain very small pieces of rock.

42. Soil. How is soil formed?
• Formation of soil:
• 1- Rocks begin to break up due to the action of rain, wind and ice
• 2-Plant roots help to break up the rocks.
• 3- The small pieces of rock mix the humus and form soil

43. Soil. Soil is made up of layers.
• Soil is made up of three layers, each containing different materials:
• Topsoil: This top layer contains sand, clay, wáter, air and humus. This is where the roots
of plants grow and where some animals live.
• Subsoil: This middle layer contains stones, sand, clay and some wáter.
• Bedrock: This bottom layer is made up of rocks, and contains very Little wáter.

44. Soil. Soil is made up of layers

45. Soil. Soil is made up of layers

46. Soil. How to look after soil
• Soil is essential for people. This is because plants need soil to grow. We need plants for
food and for wood.
• Plant roots help fix soil and prevent wind and wáter sweeping it away. Plant leaves and
branches protect soil from heavy rains.
• For this reason, we must protect he plants that grow in soil.