Earth scientists have identified over 3000 minerals that are nonrenewable resources with limited supplies. Mineral resources can be metals like gold and silver or nonmetals like sulfur and quartz. Ores form in various ways as magma cools, through contact metamorphism, or by mineral-rich solutions depositing veins in cracks. Water also helps form ore deposits by carrying mineral fragments and dissolved minerals. Mineral resources are used for jewelry, building materials, and other applications. Conservation efforts include using alternative materials like plastics and recycling minerals.

2. Earth scientists have identified over 3000
minerals.
These minerals are, however,
NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES - their supply
is limited and cannot be replaced.
RENEWABLE RESOURCES, such as air, water
and plants can be replaced within a human
lifetime.

3. Mineral resources may be METALS(gold,
silver, etc.) or NONMETALS (sulfur, quartz,
etc.)
METALS: Can be identified by their shiny
surfaces, ability to conduct heat and
electricity, and tend to bend easily.
NONMETALS: Identified by their dull
surface, poor conductors of heat and
electricity.

4. FORMATION OF ORES:
Ores form in the crust in a variety of ways.
As magma cools, dense METALLIC
minerals sink to the BOTTOM.
Layers accumulate and form ORE
DEPOSITS within the hardened magma.

5. Some ores form through CONTACT
METAMORPHISM.
Sometimes hot MINERAL SOLUTIONS
spread through small cracks in rocks and
form bands called VEINS.
LODE: A large number
of thick mineral veins.

6. ORES & WATER:
The movement of water helps form ore deposits in
TWO ways:
1. Streams carry fragments of minerals (i.e. gold)
until they get DEPOSITED by weak CURRENTS.
Fragments become concentrated and form
PLACER DEPOSITS.
2. Water dissolves MINERALS in the earths crust,
and then carry the dissolved minerals until it reaches
a placer deposit where it accumulates.

7. USES OF MINERAL RESOURCES:
JEWELRY - Sapphires, Rubies, Diamonds
JEWELRY - Gold, Silver, Platinum
BUILDING MATERIAL - Calcite, Gypsum

8. CONSERVATION OF MINERALS:
The only sure way to preserve mineral
resources is through CONSERVATION.
Use other, more abundant substances
materials such as PLASTICS.
Another way to conserve minerals is to
RECYCLE them.

10. -Because of their organic origin, COAL,
PETROLEUM, and NATURAL GAS are
known as fossil fuels.
- Fossil fuels consist primarily of compounds
of CARBON and HYDROGEN called
HYDROCARBONS.

11. COAL (FORMATION AND TYPES):
•A dark colored ORGANIC rock.
•Formed from dead plants and
other organisms
•CARBONIZATION:
Bacteria consuming buried
plant remains, releasing
methane and carbon dioxide,
leaving only carbon behind.

12. FOUR STAGES OF COAL:
PEAT: partial decomposition of plant remains.
Brownish/black in color.
LIGNITE: brown coal
BITUMINOUS: soft coal
ANTHRACITE: hardest form of all coals.

14. PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS (FORMATION AND DEPOSITS):
Petroleum and natural gas are largely made up of
HYDROCARBONS. Petroleum (oil) is LIQUID and natural
gas is a GAS.
When ancient animals were buried in prehistoric OCEANS and
LAKES heat and pressure build up. CHEMICAL changes
eventually convert the remains into PETROLEUM and
NATURAL GAS.

15. USES AND SUPPLIES:
CRUDE OIL: unrefined
petroleum
PETROCHEMICALS:
chemicals derived from
petroleum, essential
component of over 3000
products, products
include: tar, wax, and
plastic

17. NUCLEAR FISSION:
The SPLITTING of the NUCLEUS of a large
atoms into two or more smaller nuclei. Only
one kind of naturally occurring element can
be used for NUCLEAR FISSION, this
element is URANIUM-235.

18. 1. U-235 is mixed with U-238 and formed
into PELLETS.
2. The uranium is then shaped into rods
called FUEL RODS.
3. Bundles of these FUEL RODS are
bombarded by NEUTRONS.

19. 4. When hit by a neutron, the fuel rod
SPLITS and releases NEUTRONS
AND ENERGY.
5. This starts a CHAIN REACTION and
the split atoms bump into other atoms
causing the fuel rods to get very HOT.

20. 6. Water is pumped around the fuel rods
to ABSORB & CARRY AWAY THE
HEAT.
7. The resulting HOT WATER / STEAM
then is used to turn TURBINES, to
generate ELECTRIC energy.
Nuclear reactions are contained in a
controlled environment called a
NUCLEAR REACTOR.

22. DRAWBACKS:
•WASTE PRODUCTS,
which give off dangerous
radiation
•the RADIATION can
destroy plants and
animal cells and cause
harmful changes in the
GENETIC MATERIAL of
living cells

23. NUCLEAR POWER IN NORTH CAROLINA

24. NUCLEAR FUSION:
All of the energy that reaches the earth
from the sun is produced by NUCLEAR
FUSION.
The NUCLEI of the smaller atom
HYDROGEN are
combined to create an atom of HELIUM.

25. Nations are looking into the use of
ALTERNATE sources in order to find
safe and RENEWABLE energy
resources.

26. SOLAR ENERGY:
DEFINITION
ENERGY
FROM THE
SUN
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
•FREE
•EXPENSIVE TO
•NON-POLLUTING PURCHASE
EQUIPMENT
•NOT IDEAL IN
ALL LOCATIONS

27. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY:
DEFINITION
ENERGY
FROM THE
HEAT OF
EARTH’S
INTERIOR
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
•FREE
•EXPENSIVE TO
•NON-POLLUTING PURCHASE
EQUIPMENT
•NOT IDEAL IN
ALL LOCATIONS

28. RUNNING WATER:
DEFINITION
ADVANTAGES
HYDROELECTRIC •FREE
ENERGY; ENERGY •NON-POLLUTING
FROM THE
MOVEMENT OF
WATER
DISADVANTAGES
•EXPENSIVE TO
BUILD
•DAMAGING TO
ENVIRONMENT
•NOT IDEAL IN
ALL LOCATIONS

29. TIDAL POWER:
DEFINITION
ENERGY
FROM THE
MOVEMENT
OF TIDES
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
•FREE
•EXPENSIVE TO
•NON-POLLUTING BUILD
•DAMAGING TO
ENVIRONMENT
•NOT IDEAL IN
ALL LOCATIONS

30. WIND ENERGY:
DEFINITION
ENERGY FROM
THE
MOVEMENT
SPEED OF THE
WIND
ADVANTAGES
•FREE
•NON-POLLUTING
DISADVANTAGES
•EXPENSIVE TO
BUILD
•DAMAGING TO
MIGRATING BIRDS
•NOT IDEAL IN ALL
LOCATIONS