Medicinal plants are in use in many countries and cultures as a source of medicine. Biotechnological tools like tissue culture are important for selection, multiplication and conservation of medicinal plants genotypes. In addition, in-vitro regeneration plays a great role in the production of high-quality plant-based medicine. Plant tissue culture techniques offer an integrated approach for the production of standardized quality phytopharmaceutical through mass production of consistent plant material for physiological characterization and analysis of active ingredients. A number of medicinal plants reported to regenerate in vitro from their various parts but still, fewer are grown in soil, while their micropropagation on a mass scale has rarely been achieved. Micropropagation protocols for cloning of some medicinal plants had been developed by using different concentrations of plant growth regulators in a Murashige and Skoog media variant (Murashige and Skoog, 1962). Regeneration occurred via organogenesis and embryogenesis in response to auxins and cytokinins. The production of secondary metabolite is also becoming familiar by tissue culture for pharmaceutical use. The integrated approaches of culture systems will provide the basis for the future development of safe, effective, and high-quality products for consumers.
Environmental conditions for plant tissue culture laboratorySandhyaUpadhyay9
ย
The document discusses the environmental conditions required for successful plant tissue culture. It outlines five key areas: 1) laboratory design and management, 2) environmental conditions, 3) sterilization techniques, 4) conditions in the inoculation area, and 5) conditions inside growth chambers. Specific requirements include maintaining temperature between 24-26ยฐC, controlling air movement, using sterile culture vessels and media, and employing sterilization methods like autoclaving. The inoculation area must be inside a laminar flow hood with positive pressure and UV sterilization. Growth chambers need temperature control, lighting of 3000-8000 lux for 16 hours, and 40-60% humidity. Proper environmental protocols are necessary for contaminant-free culture and
This document summarizes the process of isolating plant protoplast cells. It defines a protoplast as a plant cell without its cell wall. There are two main methods for isolating protoplasts - mechanical and enzymatic. The enzymatic method uses enzymes like pectinase and cellulase to gently dissolve the cell wall and is preferred. The steps of the enzymatic isolation process are described, including incubating tissue in the enzyme solution, filtering, washing, and testing viability. Finally, some applications of isolated protoplasts in research are mentioned like transformation and somatic hybridization.
Haploid Production - Techniques, Application & Problem ANUGYA JAISWAL
ย
Haploid is applied to any plant originating from a sporophyte (2n) and containing (n) number of chromosomes.
Artificial production of haploids was attempted through distant hybridization, delayed pollination, application of irradiated pollen, hormone treatment and temperature shock.
The artificial production of haploids until 1964 was attempted through:
1. Distant hybridization
2. Delayed pollination
3. Application of irradiated pollen
4. Hormone treatments
5. Temperature shocks
The development of numerous pollen plantlets in anther cultures of Datura innoxia, first reported by two Indian scientists (Guha and Maheshwari, 1964, 1966), was a major breakthrough in haploid breeding of higher plants.
The technique of haploid production through anther culture ('anther - androgenesis') has been extended successfully to numerous plant species, including many economically important plants, such as cereals and vegetable, oil and tree crops.
1. Introduction: Tissue Culture is the in vitro culture of cells, tissues, organs or whole plant under controlled nutritional and environmental Conditions(T. Thorp, 2007).
The science of plant tissue culture takes its roots from the discovery of Cells (Robert Hooke in 1665) and propounding of cell theory.
In 1838, Schleiden and Schwann proposed that cell is the basic structural unit of all living organisms. They visualized that cell is capable of autonomy and therefore it should be possible for each cell if given an environment to regenerate into whole plants.
2. Plant Tissue Culture: Past & Present Prospects
In 1902, a German physiologist, Gottieb Haberlandt for the first time attempted to culture isolated single palisade cells from leaves in knopโs salt solution.
The cell remained alive for up to 1 month, increased in size, accumulated starch but failed to divide.
Though he was unsuccessful but he laid the foundation of tissue culture so he is regarded as Father of Plant Tissue Culture.
In the Subsequent years different landmark discoveries were made. Some of them are:
Use of specialized media for aseptic culture of Orchid seeds (Knudson, 1925) and other workers also demonstrated that plants could be propagated in vitro from the minuscule seeds of the Orchidaceae.
Further culture of other plant tissue was not possible due to lack of knowledge of the specific hormones to be added to the culture media.
This limitation was overcomed by the elucidation of the nature of Auxin, IAA, by Thimann and Went(1930) that plants would be subsequently regenerated through the use of IAA or its analogs.
Discovery of Cytokinins, specially Kinetin(6-furfurylaminopurine) by Miller et al. (1956), the regeneration of intact plants from tissue of many herbaceous species became a practical reality.
This document discusses meristem culture and shoot tip culture techniques. It describes the three stages of meristem culture: establishment, multiplication, and root regeneration. Shoot tips less than 1 mm are excised and cultured on medium supplemented with hormones like cytokinins and auxins to promote growth. Meristem culture allows for virus elimination, micropropagation, genetic resource preservation, and facilitates international plant exchange. It is an effective method for producing disease-free plants.
A. Meristem culture involves excising small pieces of meristematic tissue from plant shoots and culturing them in vitro to produce multiple plantlets. This technique is used for micropropagation, producing pathogen-free plants, and cryopreservation.
B. The history of meristem culture began in the 1930s but was not successfully applied to angiosperms until 1965. It involves culturing excised meristem tissue on growth media, multiplying propagules through axillary bud proliferation, and inducing root formation.
C. Factors like explant size, developmental stage, culture media, and growth regulators influence meristem culture success. When applied to micropropagation, it allows producing thousands of plants from a single explant
Vavilov identified eight primary centers of origin for cultivated plants based on his global expeditions collecting crop diversity. These included China, India, Central Asia, the Near East, the Mediterranean, Ethiopia, South Mexico/Central America, and the Andes region of South America. He recognized that centers of origin generally occurred in mountainous regions and had the greatest diversity, including wild relatives of crops. Plant introduction involves transferring plants to new environments and can have objectives like increasing food production or enriching germplasm collections, but also risks introducing new pests or weeds.
This document discusses anther and pollen culture techniques. It provides a brief history of the development of these techniques from the 1950s onward. It then describes the process of anther culture, where anthers are cultured in nutrient medium to produce haploid callus or embryos. Pollen or microspore culture involves isolating pollen grains from anthers and culturing them. The goal is to produce haploid embryos or callus that can develop into haploid plantlets. Key factors that influence success include the genotype, microspore stage, culture medium, temperature, and physiological status of the donor plant. Anther culture has applications in mutation studies, plant breeding, and secondary metabolite production.
Environmental conditions for plant tissue culture laboratorySandhyaUpadhyay9
ย
The document discusses the environmental conditions required for successful plant tissue culture. It outlines five key areas: 1) laboratory design and management, 2) environmental conditions, 3) sterilization techniques, 4) conditions in the inoculation area, and 5) conditions inside growth chambers. Specific requirements include maintaining temperature between 24-26ยฐC, controlling air movement, using sterile culture vessels and media, and employing sterilization methods like autoclaving. The inoculation area must be inside a laminar flow hood with positive pressure and UV sterilization. Growth chambers need temperature control, lighting of 3000-8000 lux for 16 hours, and 40-60% humidity. Proper environmental protocols are necessary for contaminant-free culture and
This document summarizes the process of isolating plant protoplast cells. It defines a protoplast as a plant cell without its cell wall. There are two main methods for isolating protoplasts - mechanical and enzymatic. The enzymatic method uses enzymes like pectinase and cellulase to gently dissolve the cell wall and is preferred. The steps of the enzymatic isolation process are described, including incubating tissue in the enzyme solution, filtering, washing, and testing viability. Finally, some applications of isolated protoplasts in research are mentioned like transformation and somatic hybridization.
Haploid Production - Techniques, Application & Problem ANUGYA JAISWAL
ย
Haploid is applied to any plant originating from a sporophyte (2n) and containing (n) number of chromosomes.
Artificial production of haploids was attempted through distant hybridization, delayed pollination, application of irradiated pollen, hormone treatment and temperature shock.
The artificial production of haploids until 1964 was attempted through:
1. Distant hybridization
2. Delayed pollination
3. Application of irradiated pollen
4. Hormone treatments
5. Temperature shocks
The development of numerous pollen plantlets in anther cultures of Datura innoxia, first reported by two Indian scientists (Guha and Maheshwari, 1964, 1966), was a major breakthrough in haploid breeding of higher plants.
The technique of haploid production through anther culture ('anther - androgenesis') has been extended successfully to numerous plant species, including many economically important plants, such as cereals and vegetable, oil and tree crops.
1. Introduction: Tissue Culture is the in vitro culture of cells, tissues, organs or whole plant under controlled nutritional and environmental Conditions(T. Thorp, 2007).
The science of plant tissue culture takes its roots from the discovery of Cells (Robert Hooke in 1665) and propounding of cell theory.
In 1838, Schleiden and Schwann proposed that cell is the basic structural unit of all living organisms. They visualized that cell is capable of autonomy and therefore it should be possible for each cell if given an environment to regenerate into whole plants.
2. Plant Tissue Culture: Past & Present Prospects
In 1902, a German physiologist, Gottieb Haberlandt for the first time attempted to culture isolated single palisade cells from leaves in knopโs salt solution.
The cell remained alive for up to 1 month, increased in size, accumulated starch but failed to divide.
Though he was unsuccessful but he laid the foundation of tissue culture so he is regarded as Father of Plant Tissue Culture.
In the Subsequent years different landmark discoveries were made. Some of them are:
Use of specialized media for aseptic culture of Orchid seeds (Knudson, 1925) and other workers also demonstrated that plants could be propagated in vitro from the minuscule seeds of the Orchidaceae.
Further culture of other plant tissue was not possible due to lack of knowledge of the specific hormones to be added to the culture media.
This limitation was overcomed by the elucidation of the nature of Auxin, IAA, by Thimann and Went(1930) that plants would be subsequently regenerated through the use of IAA or its analogs.
Discovery of Cytokinins, specially Kinetin(6-furfurylaminopurine) by Miller et al. (1956), the regeneration of intact plants from tissue of many herbaceous species became a practical reality.
This document discusses meristem culture and shoot tip culture techniques. It describes the three stages of meristem culture: establishment, multiplication, and root regeneration. Shoot tips less than 1 mm are excised and cultured on medium supplemented with hormones like cytokinins and auxins to promote growth. Meristem culture allows for virus elimination, micropropagation, genetic resource preservation, and facilitates international plant exchange. It is an effective method for producing disease-free plants.
A. Meristem culture involves excising small pieces of meristematic tissue from plant shoots and culturing them in vitro to produce multiple plantlets. This technique is used for micropropagation, producing pathogen-free plants, and cryopreservation.
B. The history of meristem culture began in the 1930s but was not successfully applied to angiosperms until 1965. It involves culturing excised meristem tissue on growth media, multiplying propagules through axillary bud proliferation, and inducing root formation.
C. Factors like explant size, developmental stage, culture media, and growth regulators influence meristem culture success. When applied to micropropagation, it allows producing thousands of plants from a single explant
Vavilov identified eight primary centers of origin for cultivated plants based on his global expeditions collecting crop diversity. These included China, India, Central Asia, the Near East, the Mediterranean, Ethiopia, South Mexico/Central America, and the Andes region of South America. He recognized that centers of origin generally occurred in mountainous regions and had the greatest diversity, including wild relatives of crops. Plant introduction involves transferring plants to new environments and can have objectives like increasing food production or enriching germplasm collections, but also risks introducing new pests or weeds.
This document discusses anther and pollen culture techniques. It provides a brief history of the development of these techniques from the 1950s onward. It then describes the process of anther culture, where anthers are cultured in nutrient medium to produce haploid callus or embryos. Pollen or microspore culture involves isolating pollen grains from anthers and culturing them. The goal is to produce haploid embryos or callus that can develop into haploid plantlets. Key factors that influence success include the genotype, microspore stage, culture medium, temperature, and physiological status of the donor plant. Anther culture has applications in mutation studies, plant breeding, and secondary metabolite production.
Acclimatization or acclimatisation (also called acclimation or acclimatation) is the process in which an individual organism adjusts to a change in its environment (such as a change in altitude, temperature, humidity, photoperiod, or pH), allowing it to maintain performance across a range of environmental conditions
Male sterility refers to the failure of plants to produce functional pollen or male gametes. There are several types of male sterility including genetic, cytoplasmic, and chemically-induced male sterility. Genetic male sterility is governed by recessive genes and can be temperature or photoperiod sensitive. Cytoplasmic male sterility is controlled by the mitochondrial genome and is not influenced by the environment. Cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility involves both nuclear and mitochondrial genes and is the most widely used system for commercial hybrid seed production in crops like maize, rice, and wheat.
Synthetic seeds are encapsulated somatic embryos or shoot buds that can be used for planting like traditional seeds. They allow for clonal propagation of plants that are difficult to reproduce through traditional seeds, including some fruit crops. The production of synthetic seeds involves inducing somatic embryogenesis in callus cultures, maturing the embryos, and encapsulating them in a protective gel before planting. This allows genetic material to be stored and dispersed while avoiding issues with seed-borne diseases, low seed viability, and difficulties reproducing species that lack traditional seeds.
1. Tissue culture can be used to multiply and conserve medicinal and ornamental plants that are difficult to reproduce through conventional methods. It allows for mass production of valuable plants.
2. The document discusses tissue culture techniques for Boston fern and two medicinal plants - peganum harmala and aegle marmelos. For Boston fern, sterile runner tips are cultured on nutrient media to produce new leaves and roots. Tissue culture of aegle marmelos can be done through micropropagation, organogenic callus culture, or culturing nodal explants.
3. Micropropagation of aegle marmelos involves culturing nodal explants on media supplemented with cytokinins,
This document describes research on producing double haploids in the ornamental plant Primula via anther culture. The researchers determined the optimal microspore developmental stage for culture by examining bud size and morphology. Anthers at specific stages were cultured on media with different plant growth regulator combinations. Callus formed from some anthers, and some calli regenerated shoots. The ploidy levels of regenerated plants were determined using flow cytometry and cytology. Plants with haploid, diploid and mixoploid levels were identified. The study developed a protocol for generating double haploids in Primula through microspore culture, aiming to provide a more efficient breeding method for this ornamental crop.
Embryo culture involves growing plant embryos artificially in order to enhance survival rates. It is commonly used to rescue weak or immature embryos that may not otherwise survive to become viable plants. The process involves excising embryos from seeds or ovaries and placing them onto sterile nutrient-rich media under suitable temperature, light, and humidity conditions. Embryo culture has various applications in plant breeding, including shortening breeding cycles, overcoming seed dormancy, producing hybrids, and conserving plant germplasm. It is an important technique in modern plant breeding and development of new crop varieties.
1. The document discusses various techniques of in vitro plant tissue culture including organ culture, seed culture, meristem culture, embryo culture, ovary culture, anther culture, callus culture, cell suspension culture, and protoplast culture.
2. Key steps in in vitro culture include isolation of explant tissues, regeneration and callus formation, embryogenesis, and organogenesis.
3. Applications of these techniques include virus-free plant production, increasing seed germination efficiency, producing somatic embryos and haploid plants, enabling single cell studies, and facilitating somatic hybridization.
Tissue culture is a process that clones plants through micropropagation. It involves culturing plant tissues in sterile conditions with specific nutrients and hormones. There are four main stages - initiation, multiplication, rooting, and acclimatization. The multiplication stage uses cytokinins to induce shoot growth from explants like leaves or stems. Rooting uses auxins to induce root formation from shoots. The process allows for mass production of genetically identical plants independent of seasons.
Plant biotechnology is based on cellular totipotency and genetic transformation. Key developments include the Cell Theory of Schleiden and Schwann in the 1830s-1840s, Gottlieb Haberlandt's experiments in the late 1800s demonstrating plant cell totipotency, and Frederick Griffith's 1928 discovery of genetic transformation in bacteria. In 1983, three groups introduced the first transgenic plants by transferring bacterial genes into tobacco using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Scientists hoped this new technology could introduce important agronomic genes into crop species.
Tissue culture is a technique where cells, tissues or whole plants are grown in a sterile nutrient culture medium under controlled conditions. It allows for rapid vegetative propagation of plants. Key steps include sterilizing equipment and explants, preparing nutrient medium, subculturing to promote growth, and rooting and hardening plantlets. Tissue culture has many applications like mass multiplication of crops and plants, eliminating diseases, and genetic modification. It is used commercially for propagating crops but contamination and rooting difficulties can be issues.
Organogenesis, in plant tissue cultureKAUSHAL SAHU
ย
Introduction
Definition
Types of organogenesis
Organogenesis through callus formation (indirect organogenesis)
Growth regulators for indirect organogenesis
Organogenesis through adventitious organ (direct organogenesis)
Growth regulators for direct organogenesis
Factor affecting the soot bud differentiation
Organogenic differentiation
Application of organogenesis
Conclusion
References
Meristem culture is a process used to obtain virus-free plants through rapid multiplication of meristems that are free of viruses. The technique involves culturing shoot tip or apical meristems on nutrient media. This allows for the development of clones while removing viruses. There are three stages of culture: establishment, multiplication, and root regeneration. Meristem culture has applications in virus elimination, micropropagation, storage of genetic resources, and plant breeding. It is an effective method for producing many copies of disease-free plants.
A process where an embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos (SEs) are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in embryo formation.
Embryos formed by somatic embryogenesis are called Embryoids.
The process was discovered for the first time in Daucas carota L. (carrot) by Steward (1958), Reinert (1959).
In-Vitro Pollination and Fertilization
The document discusses in-vitro pollination and fertilization techniques. It begins with a brief history, noting its development in 1902 and use to produce hybrids between incompatible species. It then describes barriers to pollination and fertilization that can be overcome through in-vitro methods. Several techniques are outlined, including ovule, ovary, and stigma cultures. Requirements for successful in-vitro fertilization include viable gametes and proper culture conditions. The document concludes by discussing applications in plant breeding like overcoming self-incompatibility and producing stress-tolerant hybrids.
Self-incompatibility prevents self-pollination and affects breeding approaches. It can be overcome through various methods like bud pollination, mixed pollination, deferred pollination, test tube pollination, stub pollination, and intra-ovarian or in vitro pollination. Self-incompatibility provides advantages like preventing self-pollination and aiding hybrid seed production, while disadvantages include difficulty producing inbred lines and environmental sensitivity. It can be utilized in crop improvement through hybrid production and combining desirable genes from different sources.
This document discusses different types of male sterility in plants, including genetic male sterility (GMS), cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), and chemically-induced male sterility (CHA). It describes how each type of male sterility works and how it can be used for hybrid seed production. Specifically, CMS uses cytoplasmic genes to induce sterility and requires maintainer and restorer lines, while GMS uses nuclear genes and can be environmentally sensitive. The document also covers transgenic systems like Barnase/Barstar and provides examples of major crops where male sterility systems have been applied.
Anther culture is a technique where anthers are excised from flower buds and cultured to produce haploid plants. The first report of haploid tissue from anther culture was in 1964-1966 in Datura pollen grains. Over 250 species have been produced through anther culture, most commonly in families like Solanaceae, Cruciferae, and Poaceae. Haploid plants are useful for identifying recessive traits, eliminating lethal genes, and producing homozygous diploid plants more quickly. There are several pathways that microspores can follow during anther culture, such as symmetric or asymmetric division, to produce haploid plants. Successful anther culture requires optimizing various factors like donor plant genotype, anther
Plants as potential source of antimicrobial agentsAlexander Decker
ย
This document summarizes research on plants as potential sources of antimicrobial agents. It discusses how overuse of antibiotics has led to antimicrobial resistance and the need to find new sources of antimicrobials. Plants have historically been used as medicines. The document lists 19 plants that have been found to have antimicrobial effects in studies, including Achyranthus aspera, Quercus infectoria, Coccinia grandis, and others. It extracts tested against various bacteria and fungi. The conclusion is that plants represent a promising source for new antimicrobial agents due to the emergence of drug resistance and side effects of current antimicrobial drugs.
Plants as potential source of antimicrobial agentsAlexander Decker
ย
This document summarizes research on plants as potential sources of antimicrobial agents. It discusses how overuse of antibiotics has led to antimicrobial resistance and the need to find new sources of antimicrobials. Plants have historically been used as medicines. The document lists 19 plants that have been found to have antimicrobial effects in studies, including Achyranthus aspera, Quercus infectoria, Coccinia grandis, and others. It extracts tested against various bacteria and fungi. The conclusion is that plants represent a major source for discovery of new antimicrobial compounds.
Acclimatization or acclimatisation (also called acclimation or acclimatation) is the process in which an individual organism adjusts to a change in its environment (such as a change in altitude, temperature, humidity, photoperiod, or pH), allowing it to maintain performance across a range of environmental conditions
Male sterility refers to the failure of plants to produce functional pollen or male gametes. There are several types of male sterility including genetic, cytoplasmic, and chemically-induced male sterility. Genetic male sterility is governed by recessive genes and can be temperature or photoperiod sensitive. Cytoplasmic male sterility is controlled by the mitochondrial genome and is not influenced by the environment. Cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility involves both nuclear and mitochondrial genes and is the most widely used system for commercial hybrid seed production in crops like maize, rice, and wheat.
Synthetic seeds are encapsulated somatic embryos or shoot buds that can be used for planting like traditional seeds. They allow for clonal propagation of plants that are difficult to reproduce through traditional seeds, including some fruit crops. The production of synthetic seeds involves inducing somatic embryogenesis in callus cultures, maturing the embryos, and encapsulating them in a protective gel before planting. This allows genetic material to be stored and dispersed while avoiding issues with seed-borne diseases, low seed viability, and difficulties reproducing species that lack traditional seeds.
1. Tissue culture can be used to multiply and conserve medicinal and ornamental plants that are difficult to reproduce through conventional methods. It allows for mass production of valuable plants.
2. The document discusses tissue culture techniques for Boston fern and two medicinal plants - peganum harmala and aegle marmelos. For Boston fern, sterile runner tips are cultured on nutrient media to produce new leaves and roots. Tissue culture of aegle marmelos can be done through micropropagation, organogenic callus culture, or culturing nodal explants.
3. Micropropagation of aegle marmelos involves culturing nodal explants on media supplemented with cytokinins,
This document describes research on producing double haploids in the ornamental plant Primula via anther culture. The researchers determined the optimal microspore developmental stage for culture by examining bud size and morphology. Anthers at specific stages were cultured on media with different plant growth regulator combinations. Callus formed from some anthers, and some calli regenerated shoots. The ploidy levels of regenerated plants were determined using flow cytometry and cytology. Plants with haploid, diploid and mixoploid levels were identified. The study developed a protocol for generating double haploids in Primula through microspore culture, aiming to provide a more efficient breeding method for this ornamental crop.
Embryo culture involves growing plant embryos artificially in order to enhance survival rates. It is commonly used to rescue weak or immature embryos that may not otherwise survive to become viable plants. The process involves excising embryos from seeds or ovaries and placing them onto sterile nutrient-rich media under suitable temperature, light, and humidity conditions. Embryo culture has various applications in plant breeding, including shortening breeding cycles, overcoming seed dormancy, producing hybrids, and conserving plant germplasm. It is an important technique in modern plant breeding and development of new crop varieties.
1. The document discusses various techniques of in vitro plant tissue culture including organ culture, seed culture, meristem culture, embryo culture, ovary culture, anther culture, callus culture, cell suspension culture, and protoplast culture.
2. Key steps in in vitro culture include isolation of explant tissues, regeneration and callus formation, embryogenesis, and organogenesis.
3. Applications of these techniques include virus-free plant production, increasing seed germination efficiency, producing somatic embryos and haploid plants, enabling single cell studies, and facilitating somatic hybridization.
Tissue culture is a process that clones plants through micropropagation. It involves culturing plant tissues in sterile conditions with specific nutrients and hormones. There are four main stages - initiation, multiplication, rooting, and acclimatization. The multiplication stage uses cytokinins to induce shoot growth from explants like leaves or stems. Rooting uses auxins to induce root formation from shoots. The process allows for mass production of genetically identical plants independent of seasons.
Plant biotechnology is based on cellular totipotency and genetic transformation. Key developments include the Cell Theory of Schleiden and Schwann in the 1830s-1840s, Gottlieb Haberlandt's experiments in the late 1800s demonstrating plant cell totipotency, and Frederick Griffith's 1928 discovery of genetic transformation in bacteria. In 1983, three groups introduced the first transgenic plants by transferring bacterial genes into tobacco using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Scientists hoped this new technology could introduce important agronomic genes into crop species.
Tissue culture is a technique where cells, tissues or whole plants are grown in a sterile nutrient culture medium under controlled conditions. It allows for rapid vegetative propagation of plants. Key steps include sterilizing equipment and explants, preparing nutrient medium, subculturing to promote growth, and rooting and hardening plantlets. Tissue culture has many applications like mass multiplication of crops and plants, eliminating diseases, and genetic modification. It is used commercially for propagating crops but contamination and rooting difficulties can be issues.
Organogenesis, in plant tissue cultureKAUSHAL SAHU
ย
Introduction
Definition
Types of organogenesis
Organogenesis through callus formation (indirect organogenesis)
Growth regulators for indirect organogenesis
Organogenesis through adventitious organ (direct organogenesis)
Growth regulators for direct organogenesis
Factor affecting the soot bud differentiation
Organogenic differentiation
Application of organogenesis
Conclusion
References
Meristem culture is a process used to obtain virus-free plants through rapid multiplication of meristems that are free of viruses. The technique involves culturing shoot tip or apical meristems on nutrient media. This allows for the development of clones while removing viruses. There are three stages of culture: establishment, multiplication, and root regeneration. Meristem culture has applications in virus elimination, micropropagation, storage of genetic resources, and plant breeding. It is an effective method for producing many copies of disease-free plants.
A process where an embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos (SEs) are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in embryo formation.
Embryos formed by somatic embryogenesis are called Embryoids.
The process was discovered for the first time in Daucas carota L. (carrot) by Steward (1958), Reinert (1959).
In-Vitro Pollination and Fertilization
The document discusses in-vitro pollination and fertilization techniques. It begins with a brief history, noting its development in 1902 and use to produce hybrids between incompatible species. It then describes barriers to pollination and fertilization that can be overcome through in-vitro methods. Several techniques are outlined, including ovule, ovary, and stigma cultures. Requirements for successful in-vitro fertilization include viable gametes and proper culture conditions. The document concludes by discussing applications in plant breeding like overcoming self-incompatibility and producing stress-tolerant hybrids.
Self-incompatibility prevents self-pollination and affects breeding approaches. It can be overcome through various methods like bud pollination, mixed pollination, deferred pollination, test tube pollination, stub pollination, and intra-ovarian or in vitro pollination. Self-incompatibility provides advantages like preventing self-pollination and aiding hybrid seed production, while disadvantages include difficulty producing inbred lines and environmental sensitivity. It can be utilized in crop improvement through hybrid production and combining desirable genes from different sources.
This document discusses different types of male sterility in plants, including genetic male sterility (GMS), cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), and chemically-induced male sterility (CHA). It describes how each type of male sterility works and how it can be used for hybrid seed production. Specifically, CMS uses cytoplasmic genes to induce sterility and requires maintainer and restorer lines, while GMS uses nuclear genes and can be environmentally sensitive. The document also covers transgenic systems like Barnase/Barstar and provides examples of major crops where male sterility systems have been applied.
Anther culture is a technique where anthers are excised from flower buds and cultured to produce haploid plants. The first report of haploid tissue from anther culture was in 1964-1966 in Datura pollen grains. Over 250 species have been produced through anther culture, most commonly in families like Solanaceae, Cruciferae, and Poaceae. Haploid plants are useful for identifying recessive traits, eliminating lethal genes, and producing homozygous diploid plants more quickly. There are several pathways that microspores can follow during anther culture, such as symmetric or asymmetric division, to produce haploid plants. Successful anther culture requires optimizing various factors like donor plant genotype, anther
Plants as potential source of antimicrobial agentsAlexander Decker
ย
This document summarizes research on plants as potential sources of antimicrobial agents. It discusses how overuse of antibiotics has led to antimicrobial resistance and the need to find new sources of antimicrobials. Plants have historically been used as medicines. The document lists 19 plants that have been found to have antimicrobial effects in studies, including Achyranthus aspera, Quercus infectoria, Coccinia grandis, and others. It extracts tested against various bacteria and fungi. The conclusion is that plants represent a promising source for new antimicrobial agents due to the emergence of drug resistance and side effects of current antimicrobial drugs.
Plants as potential source of antimicrobial agentsAlexander Decker
ย
This document summarizes research on plants as potential sources of antimicrobial agents. It discusses how overuse of antibiotics has led to antimicrobial resistance and the need to find new sources of antimicrobials. Plants have historically been used as medicines. The document lists 19 plants that have been found to have antimicrobial effects in studies, including Achyranthus aspera, Quercus infectoria, Coccinia grandis, and others. It extracts tested against various bacteria and fungi. The conclusion is that plants represent a major source for discovery of new antimicrobial compounds.
Demand and Supply Situation for Medicinal PlantsAI Publications
ย
From 2020 to 2015, it was predicted that the demand for medicinal plants in India will increase at an annual pace of between 17 and 23 percent to meet the needs of both domestic and international consumers. Small-scale farmers stand to gain financially and economically from a well-organized medicinal plant production and administration system. Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha are the three main Indian medical traditions, and together they are expected to bring in more than $500 million annually. In 2015, the gap between demand and supply of MAPs was predicted to be between 50,000 and 250,000 tons. In 2020, this hole was predicted to grow from 250,000 to 500,000 metric tons. Modified accelerated production (MAP) industries provide labor opportunities in economically depressed states, raising the standard of living and tax base of the area.
In vitro propagation of medicinal plants for conservation and quality assuranceanilasajjad
ย
This document discusses the overexploitation and threats to medicinal plant species due to harvesting, habitat loss, and climate change. It states that 15,000 medicinal plant species are threatened. It advocates for the domestication and cultivation of medicinal plants through controlled field culture and tissue culture techniques like micropropagation to help conserve species while ensuring quality and steady supply of raw materials. Micropropagation offers advantages like producing large numbers of plantlets quickly and free of diseases. Different in vitro techniques may be used at various stages of domesticating and cultivating medicinal plants.
Invasive Alien Plants: Valuable Elixir with Pharmacological and Ethnomedicina...ijtsrd
ย
Use of herbal medicines is propagating day-by-day and several tribes still rely upon this green treasure against their ailments. Being unfortunate to the environment, invasive plants species hold supreme remedies that are unique. Besides ethnoremedial uses they embrace anticancerous, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antitubercular and other pharmacological attributes in them. In the present review, authors aimed to compile the segregated ethnomedicinal information of invasive plant species. The literature study revealed a significant ethnoremedial importance of invasive alien weeds that may serve to establish a ground for future researchers to explore in pharmacognostic field with safe and natural drug resource. Shaiphali Saxena | P. B. Rao"Invasive Alien Plants: Valuable Elixir with Pharmacological and Ethnomedicinal Attributes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11636.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/11636/invasive-alien-plants-valuable-elixir-with-pharmacological-and-ethnomedicinal-attributes/shaiphali-saxena
- The document evaluates the antimicrobial activity of extracts from four plants - Glycyrrhiza glabra, Piper betle, Azadirachta indica, and Moringa olifera - against various microbes using the well diffusion method.
- The extracts of Piper betle showed the highest antimicrobial activity against all microbes tested. Moringa extract only inhibited Staphylococcus aureus and other microbes were resistant. Escherichia coli was resistant to all extracts except Piper.
- The minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts was determined to evaluate their antimicrobial effectiveness at different concentrations.
The document discusses testing the antimicrobial activity of 11 indigenous wild plants from northern India. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of different plant parts were tested against bacteria (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus) and fungus (C. albicans) using the agar plate gel diffusion method. The results found that plant extracts showed zones of inhibition indicating antibacterial and antifungal activity. Datura inoxia showed the strongest effects against pathogens. Overall, the experiment provides evidence that plant extracts from indigenous wild plants have potential antimicrobial properties that could be used to develop new antibiotics.
in vitro screening of larvicidal and insecticidal activity of methanolic extr...IJEAB
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The aim of this work was to evaluate the larvicidal and insecticidal activity of the selected plants namelyArtocarpus altilis, Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllus. The leaves of Artocarpus altilis and Artocarpus heterophyllus and roots of Piper betle were subjected to methanolic solvent extraction for the isolation of various bioactive constituents. The evaluation of larvicidal activity was carried out using late third instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster. The insecticidal activity of extracts was studied against adult Bruchus pisorum, Tribolium castaneum, Sitophilus oryzae and was evaluated by direct contact application method .Nucleic acids and protein contents are regarded as important biomarkers of the metabolic potential of cells, as these play the main role in regulating the different activities of cells. Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllusextractshad a reducing effect on the nucleic acid and protein content in the larvae in a dose dependent manner whereas Artocarpus altilis extract did not exhibit any significant larvicidal activity. Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllusextractsshowed good insecticidal activity whereas A.altilis extract showed poor insecticidal activity. The results of the present study clearly indicate that Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllus extracts can be developed as ecofriendly larvicides and were also quite effective as insecticides for providing a better and excellent alternate for the control of insects.
Mushroom is a type of fungus that can be found in forests and grows in winters and rainy seasons. Pleurotus ostreatus is a wild mushroom commonly found growing on dead wood in moist, shady forests. It is one of the most widely cultivated edible mushrooms worldwide and has high nutritional value. The objectives of the current study are to culture the mycelium and fruiting body of P. ostreatus and check its antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella oxytoca using the agar disk diffusion assay method. Previous studies have shown that extracts from the mycelium and fruiting bodies of P. ostreatus produced using various solvents exhibit antibacterial
This document discusses potential methods for controlling lethal yellowing disease (LYD) in coconut palms, which is caused by phytoplasma bacteria and spread by insect vectors. It first provides background on LYD and describes current control challenges like the inability to culture phytoplasma. Then it discusses several potential control approaches, including:
1. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system or entomopathogenic fungi to control the disease-causing phytoplasma bacteria or their insect vectors.
2. Breeding resistant coconut varieties, though current breeding efforts are outpaced by rising disease incidence.
3. Integrated pest management using traditional vector control plus novel techniques like manipulating symb
In tech natural-products_from_plants_as_potential_source_agents_for_controlli...Friska Aprianti
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This document provides an overview of natural products from plants that have potential antifungal activity against Fusarium. It discusses Fusarium as an important plant pathogen, current chemical control methods and their drawbacks. It then reviews several plant-derived natural products that have shown antifungal effects against Fusarium in laboratory assays, suggesting they may provide more sustainable alternatives for controlling this fungus.
Challenges and Strategies of Marketing of Medicinal PlantsAI Publications
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Fieldwork undertaken in specific locations between 2019 and 2021 is crucial to the findings of this study. This study draws on secondary data collected from interviews with key informants at medical drug manufacturing firms in Rajasthan's Jaisalmer area. The study's overarching goal is to assess the current state of the market for medicinal plants, with a focus on easily accessible varieties, as well as the opportunities, threats, and tactics associated with marketing these products in the region under investigation.
Gram Mooligai Co. Ltd.- Gerry Bodekar, in Commonwealth Forestry Conference, 2005, Sri lanka.
A public ltd. co.- women's micro-enterprise for herbal medicines
The document discusses the negative environmental impacts of commercial agriculture, including chemical buildup from pesticides and fertilizers, loss of biodiversity, and unsustainable practices that have led to problems like farmer suicides. It then introduces organic farming as an alternative that can address these issues by reducing chemical inputs, increasing self-sufficiency, and protecting the environment, food quality, and farmer livelihoods. The document also discusses types of pest management techniques used in organic farming, including cultural, physical, biological and use of pest-resistant plant varieties.
Trichoderma is a filamentous fungus that is widely distributed in the soil, plant material, decaying vegetation, and wood. It belongs to the family Hypocreaceae. They have high potential for colonizing their habitats and have various applications in food industry, agriculture, as a biocontrol agent with mechanism involving antibiosis, competition, mycoparasitism, promotion of plant growth, solubilization and sequestration of inorganic plant nutrients, inducing resistance and inactivating pathogenโs enzymes and also as a source of transgene. The major driving force for investigation of biocontrol with Trichoderma is sustainability. As a plant symbiont and effective mycoparasites, numerous species of this genus have the potential to become biofungicides. the extensive studies on Trichoderma, including its diverse physiological traits available, is still progressing and making these fungi versatile model organisms for research on both industrial fermentations as well as natural phenomena. Jasmine Chughasrani | Abhishikta Dasgupta | Rutuja Das "Applications of Trichoderma- A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38341.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/38341/applications-of-trichoderma-a-review/jasmine-chughasrani
Applications Of Radioisotopes In AgricultureDaniel Wachtel
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This document discusses the various applications of radioisotopes in agriculture. It describes how radioisotopes are used to study plant nutrition and fertilizer uptake, manage insect pests through techniques like sterile insect technique, and improve crops through induced mutation. Radioisotopes are also used to process and preserve foods, extending shelf life and reducing post-harvest losses. International organizations like IAEA and FAO support research on using nuclear techniques to boost agricultural productivity in a sustainable manner.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa WS-1 shows potential as a biopesticide for managing fruit rot and die back disease in chili caused by Colletotrichum capsici. In laboratory experiments, P. aeruginosa WS-1 inhibited the growth of C. capsici in dual plate cultures and produced antifungal compounds including chitinases, proteases, hydrogen cyanide, and siderophores. In greenhouse tests, treatment of chili seedlings with P. aeruginosa WS-1 prior to inoculation with C. capsici resulted in similar disease control as the fungicide carbendazim. This suggests that P. aeruginosa WS-1 could provide effective biological control of the disease under field conditions.
Antimicrobial properties and phytochemical analysis of methanolic extracts of...Alexander Decker
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This document summarizes a study that investigated the antimicrobial properties and phytochemical analysis of methanolic extracts of Aframomum melegueta seeds and Zingiber officinale rhizomes on fungal diseases of tomato fruit. Key findings include:
1) Extracts of A. melegueta and Z. officinale significantly reduced the growth of fungi (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium digitatum, Helminthosporium solani, and Mucor piriformis) isolated from diseased tomatoes.
2) Z. officinale extract completely inhibited fungal growth at 25% concentration or higher, while A. melegueta
The document discusses the history and applications of agricultural biotechnology. It begins with the early domestication of crops by farmers selecting desirable traits over thousands of years. More recently, biotechnology has been used to develop crops with increased yields, disease resistance, and nutritional value. Examples discussed include Golden Rice, which was engineered to produce beta-carotene to address vitamin A deficiency, and the development of pesticide-resistant crops and plants that can serve as vaccines when ingested. The document also examines the use of biotechnology to improve animal health, create antibiotics, and enhance the traits of ornamental plants and flowers.
Similar to Micropropagation of Medicinal Plants: Review (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
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In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (โ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
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The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
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Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (pโค0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (pโค0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (pโค0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
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The document discusses a case study of enhancing social capital among rural women in Bukidnon Province, Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic through a livelihood project. Key findings include:
1) Technical trainings provided by the project increased the women's knowledge, allowing them to generate additional household income through vegetable gardening during the pandemic.
2) The women's social capital, as measured by groups/networks, trust, and cooperation, increased by 15.5% from 2019 to 2020 through increased participation in their association.
3) Main occupations, income sources, and ethnicity influenced the women's social capital. The project enhanced social ties that empowered the rural women economically and socially despite challenges of the pandemic.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
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This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
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It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
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Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in โRebaudioside Aโ Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
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Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
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Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
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This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
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Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
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This study investigated the effects of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation, and yield of two soybean varieties in Nigeria. Phosphorus application significantly affected growth, nodulation, yield, and some yield components, with 60 kg P2O5/ha giving the highest growth and yield. Phosphorus also increased nodulation, with 30 kg P2O5/ha providing the highest nodulation. Zinc application did not significantly affect most growth characters or nodulation, except for reducing plant height. Phosphorus increased soybean yield significantly to 1.9 t/ha compared to the control of 1.7 t/ha. Protein and oil contents were not significantly affected by phosphorus but were by zinc
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
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A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
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This study evaluated 13 upland rice varieties over two locations in Ethiopia for yield and other traits. Significant differences were found among varieties for several traits. The highest yielding varieties were Chewaka, Hiddassie, and Fogera 1. Chewaka yielded 5395.8 kg/ha on average, 25.8-35% more than the check. Most varieties matured within 120-130 days. High heritability was found for days to heading, panicle length, and grain yield, indicating these traits can be easily improved through selection. Grain yield also had high genetic variation and heritability with genetic advance, suggesting yield can be improved through selection. This study identified variability that can be used
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
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This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
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Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
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The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Studentโs t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
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This document summarizes a study on the scanning electron microscopic structure and chemical composition of urinary calculi (stones) found in geriatric dogs. Microscopic examination of urine samples revealed increased numbers of blood cells, epithelial cells, pus cells, casts, bacteria and crystals of various shapes, predominantly struvite, calcium oxalate dihydrate and monohydrate, and ammonium urate. Scanning electron microscopy showed perpendicular columnar strata of struvite crystals and wavy phases of uric acid. Chemical analysis identified calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate and urea stones. The study characterized the microscopic and electron microscopic appearance of crystals and chemical composition of urinary calculi in geriatric dogs.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities โ A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
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This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fรผnfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
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The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the bodyโs response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
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In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
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(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ง ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ซ:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
ย
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
ย
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
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Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
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Ivรกn Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
ย
Micropropagation of Medicinal Plants: Review
1. Micropropagation of Medicinal Plants: Review
Micropropagation of Medicinal Plants: Review
*Dadi Tolessa Lemma1, Dejene Tadesse Banjaw2 and Habtamu Gudisa Megersa3
1,2,3Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research, Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, P.o.box 198, Shashemene,
Ethiopia
Medicinal plants are in use in many countries and cultures as a source of medicine.
Biotechnological tools like tissue culture are important for selection, multiplication and
conservation of medicinal plants genotypes. In addition, in-vitro regeneration plays a great role
in the production of high-quality plant-based medicine. Plant tissue culture techniques offer an
integrated approach for the production of standardized quality phytopharmaceutical through
mass production of consistent plant material for physiological characterization and analysis of
active ingredients. A number of medicinal plants reported to regenerate in vitro from their various
parts but still, fewer are grown in soil, while their micropropagation on a mass scale has rarely
been achieved. Micropropagation protocols for cloning of some medicinal plants had been
developed by using different concentrations of plant growth regulators in a Murashige and Skoog
media variant (Murashige and Skoog, 1962). Regeneration occurred via organogenesis and
embryogenesis in response to auxins and cytokinins. The production of secondary metabolite is
also becoming familiar by tissue culture for pharmaceutical use. The integrated approaches of
culture systems will provide the basis for the future development of safe, effective, and high-
quality products for consumers.
Key words: BAP, In vitro propagation, regeneration, secondary metabolites, somatic embryogenesis, organogenesis
INTRODUCTION
Most of plant species were used as source of medicine for
many years. Medicinal plants used almost in all countries
and cultures as a source of medicine. Medicinal plants
have important role in health care systems (Denbath et al.,
2006). World health organization estimated that herbal
medicines serve the health needs about 80% of the worldโs
population, especially for millions of people in rural areas
of developing nations. Medicinal plants are also the source
for many modern medicines. According to some reports
one quarter of legal drugs contain plant extracts or
modeled on plant substances. The most popular
analgesic, aspirin, was originally derived from species of
Salix and Spiraea and some of the most valuable anti-
cancer agents such as paclitaxel and vinblastine are
derived solely from plant sources (Pezzuto, 1996).
High amount of herbal medicine is used in developed
country. Around 25% population in UK takes herbal
medicines in most cases for disease treatments. Almost
two thirds of the 50,000 different medicinal plant species
are collected from wild. In Europe, only 10% of medicinal
species used commercially are cultivated. Currently there
is a worry about decreasing populations, loss of genetic
diversity, local extinctions and habitat degradation of
medicinal plants. Some reports indicated that more than
4,000 medicinal plant species might now be endangered
(Goel and Singh, 2009).
The market for plant-derived chemicals in
pharmaceuticals, fragrances, flavors, and color
ingredients, alone exceeds several billion dollars per year.
For example, plant-based substances like taxol,
vincristine, vinblastine, colchicine, artemisinin, forkolin,
Saponin are highly used in biology and medicines.
Medicinal plants growing and exporting is increasing in
world trade market. The herbal market is growing by the
rate of seven percent which is $60-billion currently is
expected to generate more than $5 trillion by 2050
(Denbath et al., 2006).
*Corresponding Author: Dadi Tolessa Lemma Ethiopia
Institute of Agricultural Research, Wondo Genet
Agricultural Research Center, P.o.box 198, Shashemene,
Ethiopia. Email: daditolessa2003@gmail.com
Co-Author 2
Email: dejenebangaw@gmail.com
3
Email: habtegudisa21@gmail.com
International Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science
Vol. 7(2), pp. 796-802, September, 2020. ยฉ www.premierpublishers.org, ISSN: 2167-
0449
Review Article
2. Micropropagation of Medicinal Plants: Review
Lemma et al. 797
The production and consumption as well as international
trade in medicinal plants, and phytomedicines, are growing
quite significantly. In addition, consumption of herbal
medicines is widely spread and increasing. However,
harvesting of herbal medicine from the wild as a source of
raw material is causing loss of genetic diversity and habitat
destruction. In spite of herbal treatments for curing
different ailments from the ancient times, even today large
numbers of medicinal plants are being harvested from their
wild habitat (Kumari and Priya, 2020). Because there is no
control over their harvesting, so the agents of traders and
Vaidaya, do harvest them mercilessly and due to this
several species have become extinct or are on the verge
of extinction (Kumari and Priya, 2020). Plant tissue culture
techniques are said to be more suitable alternative to help
in this alarming problem. Establishment of cell, tissue and
organ culture and regeneration of plantlets under in vitro
conditions has opened up new avenues in the areas of
plant biotechnology (Dagla, 2012). Micropropagation is the
process of vegetative growth and multiplication from viable
and regenerative cells in aseptic and favorable condition
on suitable culture medium using various plant tissue
culture techniques (Zhou and Wu, 2006). Because through
in vitro propagation large numbers of identical plants can
be produced within a limited space and time, which can be
used as planting materials, this technique is being used in
the Micropropagation of different medicinal plants.
Application of traditional and biotechnological plant-
breeding techniques used to improve the genetic level for
improving yield and uniformity. In vitro propagation or
tissue culture of plants is very important for the production
of high-quality plant-based medicines. This can be
achieved through different methods including
micropropagation (Yushkova, 1998). The evolving
commercial importance of secondary metabolites in recent
years resulted in a great interest in secondary metabolism,
particularly in the possibility of altering the production of
bioactive plant metabolites using tissue culture
technology. Many cell culture technologies introduced at
the end of the 1960's as a possible tool for both studying
and producing plant secondary metabolites (Tripathi and
Tripathi, 2003). Different in vitro systems, has been to
improve the production of plant chemicals.
In vitro plant culture is an important technique for mass
multiplication of plants, elimination of plant diseases
through meristematic tissue culture technique, plant
conservation and crop improvement through gene transfer
(Sarasan et al., 2011). Therefore, prevention of
contamination from different sources like bacteria and
fungi is necessary for successful culture of medicinal
plants by using in vitro propagation.
As most of the plants are not cultivated or micropropagated
under similar conditions, they vary in their characteristics.
Secondary metabolites vary from season to season and
developmental stage of the plant. Sustainable production
of drugs in the pharmaceutical industry depends on
continuous supply of healthy material to which plants
provide a major contribution (Sahoo et al., 1997).
Developing reliable propagation protocols of these
economically important medicinal plants through
micropropagation is very important for rapid regeneration
and quality planting materials for production.
Explants source and sterilization
Materials used for tissue culture propagation is known as
explants. Success tissue culture mainly depends on the
age, types and position of explants (Gamborg et al., 1976)
because all plans have not equal totipotency. Shoot tips,
nodal buds and root tips are the commonly used source of
explants. Large explants can increase chances of
contamination and small explants like meristems can
sometimes show less growth (Murashige and Skoog,
1962).
Sterilization of explants is one of the major steps for
successful in vitro micropropagation. Agents like calcium
hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite, ethanol, mercuric
chloride, hydrogen peroxide, or silver nitrate are for
sterilization (Mihaljevic et al., 2013). Sterilization is used to
reduce the contamination and to get disease-free explants.
The selection of sterilizing agent depends on the type of
explants depending on the morphological characteristics
like hardness and softness of the tissue (Yadav and Singh,
2011b).
Microbes multiply and compete with growing explants for
nutrients, while releasing chemicals, which can alter
culture environments e.g. pH can inhibit explants growth
or cause death (Leifert and Waites, 1992). Explants
cleaned by distilled water and sterilized using mercuric
chloride, ethyl alcohol, and liquid bleach (Matkowski,
2008). Sterilization of laboratory instruments carried out by
autoclaving, alcohol washing, baking, radiations, flaming
and fumigation. A considerable decrease in bacterial
contamination was seen by using an ultrasonic sonicator
(Monge et al., 2008).
The beginning of micropropagation of medicinal
plants
Micropropagation of medicinal plants remained neglected
until complete plants of Rauvolfia serpentine L. were
produced from its somatic callus tissue (Mitra and
Chaturvedi, 1970). The performance of tissue-cultured
plants depends on the selection of the initial material,
media composition, growth regulators, cultivar and
environmental factors. The effects of auxins and cytokinins
on shoot multiplication of various medicinal plants has
been reported. Skirvin et al (1994) observed a rapid
proliferation rate in Picrorhiza kurroa using kinetin at 1.0โ
5.0 mg/l. Barna and Wakhlu (1998) has indicated that the
production of multiple shoots is higher in Plantago ovata
on a medium having kinetin along with NAA. Faria and Illg
(1995) have also shown that the number of shoots per
3. Micropropagation of Medicinal Plants: Review
Int. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 798
explant depends on concentrations of the growth
regulators and the particular genotypes. The nature and
condition of explants also have a significant influence on
the multiplication rate. Mao et al. (1995) reported that the
actively growing materials were more responsive to shoot
induction than dormant buds in Clerodendrum
colebrookianum.
Regeneration and organogenesis
Micropropagation is among the most commercially
efficient and practical plant propagation technologies. In-
vitro propagation methods rely on the totipotency of plant
cells. Direct organogenesis is generally considered the
safer route for micropropagation of clonal, true-to-type
plants (Sandhu et al, 2018); this complex process involves
synergistic interactions between physical and chemical
factors (Chand et al., 1997) and is initiated within the shoot
(or root) meristem of an explant (Altman and Loberant,
1998). This is mainly controlled by the endogenous and
exogenous balance of plant growth regulators. Genotype,
explant type, and physiological status modulate
endogenous levels of these regulators. In particular, the
endogenous levels of these regulators are influenced by
the composition of the culture medium (especially the
concentration and type of plant growth regulators (PGRs),
which in turn greatly influences the direction and efficiency
of organogenesis (Amer and Omar, 2019).
Plant regeneration and development are regulated by
plant hormones; indeed, most physiological processes
involve the interplay of several phytohormones (Wang and
Irving, 2001) that act synergistically or antagonistically
(Gaspar et al., 2000). As a result, the use of multiple
hormones versus a single hormone is more effective, in
most cases, for plant regeneration.
In organogenesis, the apical meristem of shoot apex,
axillary buds, root tips, and floral buds are stimulated to
differentiate and grow into shoots and finally into complete
plants. The explants cultured on relatively high amounts of
auxin form an unorganized mass of cells, called callus.
Differentiation and organogenesis accomplished from
callus by using different growth regulators in culture
medium. Endogenous growth substances or addition of
exogenous growth regulators to the nutrient medium
stimulate cell division, cell growth and tissue
differentiation. There are many reports on the regeneration
of different medicinal plants via callus culture. According to
Pande et al (2002), the successful in-vitro regeneration of
Lepidium sativum from various explants on MS (Murashige
and Skoog) medium, which is, supplemented with 4.0 mg/l
BAP and NAA. The role of auxins and cytokinins in callus
induction was also advocated by Patel and Shah (2009) in
Stevia rebaudiana, through callus culture. They have
standardized callus induction and multiplication medium
from nodal as well as leaf segments. For callus induction,
explants were cultured on MS medium, with varying
concentration of BA and NAA. 2.0 mg/L BA + 2.0 mg/L
NAA is best for callus induction, and higher regeneration
frequency was noticed with this combination. Protocol
standardization done for Rauwolfia serpentina from shoot
tip culture showed best response for shoot proliferation
was observed in MS medium containing 0.1 mg/L NAA and
2.5 mg/L BA, where 92% of plants showed proliferation.
For rooting, half- strength MS medium supplemented with
0.4 mg/L NAA and 0.1 mg/L IBA showed maximum root
formation (Susila et al., 2011). Yadav and Singh (2010)
reported that maximum possibility of adventitious roots
induction was induced from middle node apex for
Spilanthes acmella showed good result on full-strength MS
medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BAP under the
photoperiod of 18-h. The possibility of adventitious roots
induction directly from regenerated shoot was greatly
influenced by the concentration of BAP, photoperiod, age
of donor plant and nodal position on stem. Baishya et al.,
(2015) reported direct shoot regeneration of A. annua L.
using leaf explants on MS medium supplemented with
BAP (3mg/l) and 1/2MS+ IBA (3mg/l) resulting in a rapid
and high number of shoots per explants.
Callus induction from nodal explants of Periwinkle
(Catharanthus roseus) was observed on Murashige and
Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with NAA (0.2 mg/l)
and KN (2mg/l). Multiple shoot proliferation and shoot
elongation were observed on MS medium supplemented
with NAA (0.5mg/l) and KN (2mg/l). These shoots when
transferred to MS medium supplemented with IBA (2mg/l)
resulted in rooting (Debnath et al., 2006). In vitro
micropropagation developed for Piper crocatum on MS
culture medium containing 5.0 mg/L BAP +0.5 mg/L 2,4-D
that supplemented with activated charcoal gave the most
suitable media for shoot initiation with less browning
problem (Zuraida et al., 2015). Shoot regenerated from
callus MS medium with 2.5 mg/l BA and 0.1 mg/l NAA and
half strength MS medium with 0.1 mg/l NAA is optimal for
rooting of Pelargonium graveolens (Gupta et al., 2002).
Tissue culture studies for in vitro multiple shoots induction
in medicinal plants have been done by Gupta et al., (2001)
in Lippia alba., Pan et al., (2003) in Artemisia and Echinops
spp. Bhavisha and Jasrai (2010) reported that maximum
number of roots were induced in plantlets of Curculigo
orchioides raised through tissue culture in lowest. 1.0 mg/l
concentrations of NAA. Whereas Sasikumar et al., (2009)
reported that thick and long roots were induced in plantlets
of Baliospermum montanum in MS + 1.0 mg/l IBA and 0.5
mg/l IAA. Also, some scholars reported that maximum
number of shoots on nodal explants of Phyla nodiflora than
the shoot tip explants have been reported by Ahmad et al.,
(2010).
Somatic Embryogenesis
Somatic embryogenesis is an important technique for plant
regeneration. This technique has been used for plants like
date palm plant regeneration from embryogenic culture
(Abohatem et al., 2017). Somatic cells or tissues lead to
4. Micropropagation of Medicinal Plants: Review
Lemma et al. 799
the formation of somatic embryos, which look like the
zygotic embryos of intact seeds and can grow into
seedlings on suitable medium. Plant regeneration via
somatic embryogenesis from single cells, that can be
induced to produce an embryo and then a complete plant,
has been demonstrated in many medicinal plant species
(Tripathi and Tripathi, 2003). Induction of callus In vitro
depends on concentration and type of PGRs added to the
basal medium (Ikeuchi et al., 2013). It also depends on
type of cultivars or explant and PGRs interaction. Saleh et
al. (2018) reported that the combination of 5 mg BA/L and
80 mg 2,4-D/L gave the highest percentage of callus
induction (88%) with a significant difference for the rest of
the treatment combinations that were used in their study
(Regardless of the effect of explants). But, Jasim et al.
(2009) reported that the medium supplemented with 50
mg/L of NAA and 3 mg/L of 2iP gave the highest
percentage of primary callus induced in date palm
cultivars.
Arumugam and Bhojwani (1990) reported the
development of somatic embryos from zygotic embryos of
Podophyllum hexandrum on MS medium containing BAP
and IAA. The efficient development and germination of
somatic embryos are prerequisites for commercial plantlet
production. Chand and Sahrawat (2002) reported the
somatic embryogenesis of Psoralea corylifolia L. from root
explants on medium supplemented with NAA (10.74 ฮผM)
and BAP (2.2 ฮผM). Rooting of shoots was best achieved
using different concentrations of auxins. For example, in
wood apple (Aegle marmelos L.), MS half-strength
medium supplemented with IAA (1mg/l) proved better
rooting (Yadav and Singh, 2011a). In Prosopis cineraria,
rooting was achieved on half strength MS medium
supplemented with 3.0 mg/l IBA (Kumar and Singh, 2009).
Acclimatization and Transfer of micro propagated
plantlets to the soil
Complete regenerated plantlets with sufficient roots were
gradually pulled out from the medium and immersed in
water to remove the remains of agar particles sticking to
the root system by using a fine brush and the plantlets
were transferred to pots containing a mixture of sterilized
soil and sand (3:1). The potted plantlets were covered with
a transparent polythene bag to ensure high humidity
around the plants. After about two weeks, the polythene
bags were removed for 3-4 hours daily to expose the
plants to the conditions of natural humidity for
acclimatization. These plants were shifted to bigger pots
after one month of its transfer and were maintained under
greenhouse conditions. Successful acclimatization and
field transfer of the in vitro regenerated plantlets have also
been reported in Peganum harmala (Goel et al., 2009),
Celastrus paniculatus (Lal and Singh, 2010). On the other
hand, Yadav and Singh (2011b) noted well-rooted
micropropagated plantlets of Albizia lebbeck L. were
acclimatized and successfully established in pots
containing sterilized soil and sand mixture (1:1) with 60%
survival rate under field conditions.
Ex Vitro field evaluation of acclimated plants
The process of transplantation and acclimatization of
micropropagated plants to soil environment is very
important for adaptation in medicinal plants.
Acclimatization of a micropropagated plant to a green
house or field environment is essential because
anatomical and physiological characteristics of in vitro
plantlets necessitate that they should be gradually
acclimatized to the field environment (Hazarika, 2003).
Successful acclimatization minimizes the percentage of
dead or damaged plants, enhancing the plant growth and
establishment. Dynamics of the process are related to the
acclimatized plant species and both in vitro and ex vitro
culture conditions (Pospisilova et al., 1999). Now days,
mycorrhizal technology can be applied to reduce
transplantation shock during acclimatization, thus
increasing plant survival and establishment rates of
micropropagated medicinal plant species (Sharma et al.,
2008; Yadav et al., 2011).
Production of secondary metabolites from medicinal
plants
Plants produce several compounds that are not essential
for primary functions like growth, photosynthesis and
reproduction and are called secondary metabolites.
Secondary metabolites are used as pharmaceutical,
agrochemicals, aromatics and food additives (Rao and
Ravishankar, 2002). Plants derived compounds include
many terpenes, polyphenols, cardenolides, steroids,
alkaloids and glycosides (Matkowski, 2008). Tissue culture
offers an effective and potential alternative of metabolite
production because the number of secondary metabolites
produced in tissue cultures can be even higher than in
parent plants (Rao and Ravishankar, 2002).
Production of secondary metabolites in cell suspension
cultures has been reported from various medicinal plants.
For example, enhanced indole alkaloid biosynthesis in the
suspension culture of Catharanthus roseus has been
reported (Zhao et al., 2001). Pan et al. (2003) obtained
high yields of proteolytic enzymes from the callus tissue
culture of garlic (Allium sativum L.) on MS medium
supplemented with NAA and BAP (Pan et al., 2003).
Pradel et al (1997) observed that the biosynthesis of
cardenolides was maximal in the hairy root cultures of
Digitalis lanata compared to leaf. The production of
azadirachtin and nimbin is to be higher in cultured shoots
and roots of Azadirachta indica compared to field grown
plants (Srividya et al., 1998). Pande et al. (2002) reported
that the yield of lepidine from Lepidium sativum Linn
depends upon the source and type of explants.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Medicinal plants, since times immemorial, have been used
in virtually all cultures as a source of medicine. Herbal
5. Micropropagation of Medicinal Plants: Review
Int. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 800
medicines serve the health needs of millions all over the
world, especially in developing countries. Medicinal plants
are also the source of modern medicine. Medicines in
common use, such as aspirin and digitalis, are derived
from plants. Currently trade in medicinal plants is growing
in volume and in exports. Global herbal market is growing
at a rate of seven percent per annum.
In vitro propagation or tissue culture of plants holds
tremendous potential for the production of high-quality
plant-based medicines. Protocols have been developed
for clonal multiplication of hundreds of plant species of
medicinal plants. The increased use of plant cell culture
systems in recent years is perhaps due to an improved
understanding of the secondary metabolite pathway in
economically important plants. Advances in plant cell
cultures could provide new means for the cost-effective,
commercial production of even rare or exotic plants, their
cells, and the chemicals that they will produce. In general,
there is good progress in protocol optimization of medicinal
plants in developed countries and India. However, there is
a limitation in developing countries like Ethiopia so; there
is a need for research in these areas to conserve and to
maximize the use of medicinal plants.
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Accepted 22 May 2020
Citation: Lemma DT, Banjaw DT, Megersa HG (2020).
Micropropagation of Medicinal Plants: Review.
International Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science,
7(2): 796-802.
Copyright: ยฉ 2020: Lemma et al. This is an open-access
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