Meristem culture is a process used to obtain virus-free plants through rapid multiplication of meristems that are free of viruses. The technique involves culturing shoot tip or apical meristems on nutrient media. This allows for the development of clones while removing viruses. There are three stages of culture: establishment, multiplication, and root regeneration. Meristem culture has applications in virus elimination, micropropagation, storage of genetic resources, and plant breeding. It is an effective method for producing many copies of disease-free plants.
Somaclonal Variation in Plant tissue culture - Variation in somaclones (somatic cells of plants)
Somaclonal variation # Basis of somaclonal variation # General feature of Somaclonal variations # Types and causes of somaclonal variation # Isolation procedure of somaclones via without in-vitro method and with in-vitro method with their limitations and advantages # Detection of isolated somaclonal variation # Application (with examples respectively related to crop improvement) # Advantages and disadvantages of somaclonal variations.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZwrkgADM3I
Also watch, Gametoclonal variation slides to understand, how to changes occur in gametoclones of plants.
https://www.slideshare.net/SharmasClasses/gametoclonal-variation
A process where an embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos (SEs) are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in embryo formation.
Embryos formed by somatic embryogenesis are called Embryoids.
The process was discovered for the first time in Daucas carota L. (carrot) by Steward (1958), Reinert (1959).
1.What is plant tissue culture?
2.Production of virus free plants.
3.History.
4.Virus elimination by heat treatment.
5.Virus elimination by Meristem Tip culture.
6.Factor affecting virus eradication by Meristem Tip culture.
7.Chemotherapy.
8.Virus elimination through in vitro shoot-tip Grafting.
9.Virus Indexing.
10.Conclusion .
11.References .
Somaclonal Variation in Plant tissue culture - Variation in somaclones (somatic cells of plants)
Somaclonal variation # Basis of somaclonal variation # General feature of Somaclonal variations # Types and causes of somaclonal variation # Isolation procedure of somaclones via without in-vitro method and with in-vitro method with their limitations and advantages # Detection of isolated somaclonal variation # Application (with examples respectively related to crop improvement) # Advantages and disadvantages of somaclonal variations.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZwrkgADM3I
Also watch, Gametoclonal variation slides to understand, how to changes occur in gametoclones of plants.
https://www.slideshare.net/SharmasClasses/gametoclonal-variation
A process where an embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos (SEs) are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in embryo formation.
Embryos formed by somatic embryogenesis are called Embryoids.
The process was discovered for the first time in Daucas carota L. (carrot) by Steward (1958), Reinert (1959).
1.What is plant tissue culture?
2.Production of virus free plants.
3.History.
4.Virus elimination by heat treatment.
5.Virus elimination by Meristem Tip culture.
6.Factor affecting virus eradication by Meristem Tip culture.
7.Chemotherapy.
8.Virus elimination through in vitro shoot-tip Grafting.
9.Virus Indexing.
10.Conclusion .
11.References .
OVARY CULTURE:-
"the in-vitro culturing of ovaries in an aseptic condition from the pollinated or un-pollinated flowers, in an appropriate nutrient medium and under optimal conditions." And
OVULE CULTURE:-
"Ovule culture is an experimental system by which ovules are aseptically isolated from the ovary and are grown aseptically on chemically defined nutrient medium under controlled conditions."
Haploid Production - Techniques, Application & Problem ANUGYA JAISWAL
Haploid is applied to any plant originating from a sporophyte (2n) and containing (n) number of chromosomes.
Artificial production of haploids was attempted through distant hybridization, delayed pollination, application of irradiated pollen, hormone treatment and temperature shock.
The artificial production of haploids until 1964 was attempted through:
1. Distant hybridization
2. Delayed pollination
3. Application of irradiated pollen
4. Hormone treatments
5. Temperature shocks
The development of numerous pollen plantlets in anther cultures of Datura innoxia, first reported by two Indian scientists (Guha and Maheshwari, 1964, 1966), was a major breakthrough in haploid breeding of higher plants.
The technique of haploid production through anther culture ('anther - androgenesis') has been extended successfully to numerous plant species, including many economically important plants, such as cereals and vegetable, oil and tree crops.
Invitro culture of unpollinated ovaries and ovules represents an alternative for the production of haploid plant
First successful report on the induction of gynogenic haploid was in barley by San Noeum in 1976
Haploid plants are obtained from ovary and ovule culture of rice, wheat, maize, sunflower, tobacco, poplar, mulberry etc
Whites or MS or N6 inorganic salt medium supplement with growth substances are used
The presentation gives overview of production of secondary metabolites using callus culture as well as tissue culture techniques. Various batch and continuous culturing process are described on the basis of secondary metabolite to be synthesised.
The isolation, culture and fusion of protoplasts is a fascinating field in plant research. Protoplast isolation and their cultures provide millions of single cells (comparable to microbial cells) for a variety of studies.
Definition of hairy root culture ,multiple shoot culture ,Production of hairy root and multiple shoot , advantages an disadvantages of hairy root and multiple shoot culture, Sterilization and sterilizing agents wit concentration and exposure time
OVARY CULTURE:-
"the in-vitro culturing of ovaries in an aseptic condition from the pollinated or un-pollinated flowers, in an appropriate nutrient medium and under optimal conditions." And
OVULE CULTURE:-
"Ovule culture is an experimental system by which ovules are aseptically isolated from the ovary and are grown aseptically on chemically defined nutrient medium under controlled conditions."
Haploid Production - Techniques, Application & Problem ANUGYA JAISWAL
Haploid is applied to any plant originating from a sporophyte (2n) and containing (n) number of chromosomes.
Artificial production of haploids was attempted through distant hybridization, delayed pollination, application of irradiated pollen, hormone treatment and temperature shock.
The artificial production of haploids until 1964 was attempted through:
1. Distant hybridization
2. Delayed pollination
3. Application of irradiated pollen
4. Hormone treatments
5. Temperature shocks
The development of numerous pollen plantlets in anther cultures of Datura innoxia, first reported by two Indian scientists (Guha and Maheshwari, 1964, 1966), was a major breakthrough in haploid breeding of higher plants.
The technique of haploid production through anther culture ('anther - androgenesis') has been extended successfully to numerous plant species, including many economically important plants, such as cereals and vegetable, oil and tree crops.
Invitro culture of unpollinated ovaries and ovules represents an alternative for the production of haploid plant
First successful report on the induction of gynogenic haploid was in barley by San Noeum in 1976
Haploid plants are obtained from ovary and ovule culture of rice, wheat, maize, sunflower, tobacco, poplar, mulberry etc
Whites or MS or N6 inorganic salt medium supplement with growth substances are used
The presentation gives overview of production of secondary metabolites using callus culture as well as tissue culture techniques. Various batch and continuous culturing process are described on the basis of secondary metabolite to be synthesised.
The isolation, culture and fusion of protoplasts is a fascinating field in plant research. Protoplast isolation and their cultures provide millions of single cells (comparable to microbial cells) for a variety of studies.
Definition of hairy root culture ,multiple shoot culture ,Production of hairy root and multiple shoot , advantages an disadvantages of hairy root and multiple shoot culture, Sterilization and sterilizing agents wit concentration and exposure time
Explore meristem culture—a technique for virus-free plant propagation. Learn how apical meristems drive growth and enable cloning. Discover its applications in agriculture and research.”
Micropropagation (tissue culture or invitro culture) refers to the multiplication of plants, in an aseptic condition and in artificial growth medium from plant parts like meristem tip, callus, embryos anthers, axillary buds etc. It is a method by which a true to type and disease free entire plant can be regenerated from a miniature piece of plant in aseptic condition in artificial growing medium rapidly throughout the year.
Reforestation through micropropagationHarish Kumar
In this power point overview of micropropagation and its classification has been discussed then Steps involved in the micropropagation. And also its contribution towards reforestation.
history
Lampe & Mills (1933) were the first to report the proliferation of immature endosperm tissue of Maize, grown on medium containing extract of potato.
La Rue (1947) observed that in nature, in maize , the pericarp ruptured & the endosperm exhibited a white tissue mass.
Micropropagation and commercial exploitation in horticulture cropsDheeraj Sharma
Micro-propagation – principles and concepts, commercial exploitation in horticultural crops. Techniques - in vitro clonal propagation, direct organogenesis, embryogenesis, micrografting, meristem culture. Hardening, packing and transport of micro-propagules.
INVITRO CULTURE: TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIOSNS & ACHIEVEMENTS.
INVITRO TECHNIQUES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY USE IN AGRICULTURE AND CROP IMPROVEMENT. APPLICATIONS OF VARIOUS BIOTECHNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES AND METHODS. TISSUE CULTURE, MICROPROPAGATION, EMBRYO CULTURE, ANTHER CULTURE, POLLEN CULTURE, ENDOSPERM CULTURE, OVULE CULTURE, OVARY CULTURE, ETC.
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION FOR INCREASING FRUIT TREE PRODUCTIVITYParshant Bakshi
Plant propagation is the art & science of multiplying plants by sexual or asexual means and preserving their unique qualities Or the method of production of more than one plant from the mother plant or the tissue over a specific time period.
Methods
a. Sexual methods : Propagation by seeds
b. Asexual methods /Vegetative
Cuttings
Layering
Grafting
Budding
Tissue culture; micropropagation
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. INTRODUCTION
• Meristem culture- process of culturing meristems which is free
of virus, used to obtain virus free plants by rapid
multiplication.
• Also called Shoot tip/ apical meristem culture.
• Morel and Martin-1952- developed technique of meristem
culture- in vivo virus eradication of Dahlia.
• Limmaset and Cornuet- observed declined growth of virus
towards the apical meristem.
• Most used media- Murashige and Skoog(MS)- low salt
concentration- fungicides,/antibiotics-removes contamination.
• Meristem culture- uses apical meristem with 1-3 leaf primordia-
clones of a plant develop- vegetative propagation.
• Meristem culture- v-shape cut on stem.
3. STRUCTURE OF MERISTEM
• Meristem- shoot tip/ apical region- found
at shoot apical and root apical region
• Meristem- key function to increase the
plant length`
• Composed of meristematic cells-
continuous- oval/polygonal/rectangular
• ‘dome shape’-thickness about 0.1mm
diameter and 0.25-0.3mm in length.
4. STAGES OF MERISTEM CULTURE
• Murashige- reported 3 stages of culture
• Stage1- culture establishment stage- explant may develop into
single or multiple shoot- explants supplied with Cytokinin-
BA, kinetin, 2iP.
• Stage 2- objective- multiply propagule- axillary shoot
proliferation-maintains higher genetic stability. Axillary shoot
proliferation- high level Cytokinin utilized to overcome apical
dominance.
• Stage 3- regeneration of adventitious roots- shoot in stage 2-
NAA followed by IBA,IAA, 2,4-D , other auxins- used for
induction of root generation
7. • Remove young twigs- cut tip portion of that twig- 1cm.
• Surface sterilize shoot tip- sodium hypochlorite solution- 10mins
• Explant rinsed with distlled water for 4 times
• Transfer explant to sterilized petriplate.
• Dissect outer leaves of shoot tip- apex region gets exposed-
separated with the scalpel.
• Apex region transferred- MS Media
• Incubate- 16hrs at 25ºC.
• Single/ multiple shoot developed- transfer to hormone free
medium- root development.
• Transfer plants to pot with compost- green condition for
hardening.
8. Application
1. Virus elimination-
• Plants- more than one type of virus.
2. Micropropagation
• Asexual/ vegetative parts of the plant is used in tissue culture –
micropropagation.
3. Storage of Genetic resources
• Many plants produce seeds that are highly heterozygous in nature and
that is accepted for storing genetic resources- invitro.
4. Plant breeding
• Hybrid plant produce abortive/ non-viable seed which are unable to
develop into the mature plants in short time- meristem culture- speed
up the process of breeding programme
9. ADVANTAGES
• Lack of vascular tissue.
• High auxin concentration.
• Production of virus free plant- eg: TMV, SMV
• Facilitation of exchange between location.
• Cryopreservation or in vitro condition of germplasm.
DISADVANATGES
• Isolation is difficult.
• Low survival rate and regeneration rate.
10. APPLICATION
1. Virus elimination- meristem plant produces heterozygous
seeds- stored in invitro condition
2. Micropropagation- vegetative/ asexual propagation of whole
plant.
3. Storage of genetic resources
4. Use of plant breeding- hybrid plants can grow
11. CONCLUSION
There are numerous methods used for tissue culture given that
there are different types of tissue that requires specific conditions
for culture process. Meristem culture is an effective method to
produce virus free plant by rapid multiplication. It is used for
cloning purpose, genetic modification of given plant or simply to
accelerate/increase yield of plant of interest.
It has great significance in biological studies, due to wide range
of application. The process may be complex, requires lot of
care, to avoid effects of contamination.
