From 2020 to 2015, it was predicted that the demand for medicinal plants in India will increase at an annual pace of between 17 and 23 percent to meet the needs of both domestic and international consumers. Small-scale farmers stand to gain financially and economically from a well-organized medicinal plant production and administration system. Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha are the three main Indian medical traditions, and together they are expected to bring in more than $500 million annually. In 2015, the gap between demand and supply of MAPs was predicted to be between 50,000 and 250,000 tons. In 2020, this hole was predicted to grow from 250,000 to 500,000 metric tons. Modified accelerated production (MAP) industries provide labor opportunities in economically depressed states, raising the standard of living and tax base of the area.
Challenges and Strategies of Marketing of Medicinal PlantsAI Publications
Fieldwork undertaken in specific locations between 2019 and 2021 is crucial to the findings of this study. This study draws on secondary data collected from interviews with key informants at medical drug manufacturing firms in Rajasthan's Jaisalmer area. The study's overarching goal is to assess the current state of the market for medicinal plants, with a focus on easily accessible varieties, as well as the opportunities, threats, and tactics associated with marketing these products in the region under investigation.
Studies in Ethnobotany Focus on Traditional Plant Applications and Indigenous...AI Publications
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Forest, Animal and Fisheries Research that discusses the field of ethnobotany. Ethnobotany studies the relationships between plants and traditional societies, including how indigenous groups use plants for food, medicine, and other purposes. The article provides background on ethnobotany and discusses research on traditional plant knowledge and medicinal plant use among indigenous groups in India and other areas. It describes the authors' fieldwork methods for collecting plant specimens and interviewing traditional healers to document ethnobotanical knowledge and medicinal plant uses.
Invasive Alien Plants: Valuable Elixir with Pharmacological and Ethnomedicina...ijtsrd
Use of herbal medicines is propagating day-by-day and several tribes still rely upon this green treasure against their ailments. Being unfortunate to the environment, invasive plants species hold supreme remedies that are unique. Besides ethnoremedial uses they embrace anticancerous, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antitubercular and other pharmacological attributes in them. In the present review, authors aimed to compile the segregated ethnomedicinal information of invasive plant species. The literature study revealed a significant ethnoremedial importance of invasive alien weeds that may serve to establish a ground for future researchers to explore in pharmacognostic field with safe and natural drug resource. Shaiphali Saxena | P. B. Rao"Invasive Alien Plants: Valuable Elixir with Pharmacological and Ethnomedicinal Attributes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11636.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/11636/invasive-alien-plants-valuable-elixir-with-pharmacological-and-ethnomedicinal-attributes/shaiphali-saxena
Relative Abundance and ethnomedicinal Uses of some Plant Species found in Fed...AI Publications
This research was aimed to identify and determine the ethnomedicinal potential as well as the relative abundance of some selected plants in Federal University Dutsin-ma permanent site. A total of 40 plants were collected and identified from four different sites (behind senate building, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Agriculture and hostel area). In every study site, 30quadrats of 10 m X 10 m (100 sq m) size were randomly laid to study trees, herbsand shrubs species. The tree species includes all the saplings, poles and trees present in the study area. The shrubs and herbs species were studied by laying 50 quadrats of 1m X 1m (1sq m) size randomly in each study site. A totalof 33 plants were found to possess medicinal history, the plants were identified using morphological features into trees, shrubs and herbs. The total density, frequency and relative abundance of plant species collected behind senate building (Federal University Dutsin-ma) was found to be 340/ha, 260 and 26 respectively. In Faculty of Science, the total density, frequency and relative abundance of plant species collected was found to be 340/ha, 240 and 24 respectively. The total density, frequency and relative abundance of plant species collected around Faculty of Agriculture was 420/ha, 280 and 28 respectively, while at hostel area, the total density, frequency and relative abundance of plant species collected was found to be 420/ha, 280 and 28 respectively. Different plants species were collected, identified and found to possess some medicinal properties, these plants includes Sclerocaryabirrea, Sida alba, Euphorbia hirta, Sennaoccidentalis, Acacia ataxacantha, Sennaobtusifoliaand Cleome monophylla.
ABSTRACT- Aritar is hilly area and altitude of the area varies from 800-3000 meter. The region harbor different tribal communities like Lepcha, Bhutia, Sherpa, Limboo, Newar, Chettri, Bhaun, Rai, Tamang, Sunwar, and Gurung. Due to the diversity of different tribal communities, traditional healers of different groups are found in this area. Medicinal importances of different plants were recorded after conducting interview with traditional healers, old man, women of different tribal communities of the area. The traditional medicinal uses of 50 plants species belonging to 38 families are reported in my study.
Key-words- Ethnomedicinal, Aritar, East Sikkim, Traditional healers, Lepcha, Bhutia, Sherpa, Limboo, Newar, Chettri, Bhaun, Rai, Tamang, Sunwar, Gurung
This document discusses conservation biology and the importance of plants. It begins by explaining that biology is concerned with all life and how everything is connected through energy transfer. It then focuses on plants as the primary producers that all life relies on. Conservation biology is defined as figuring out relationships between living things and preserving life, especially endangered species, for future generations through habitat preservation and preventing human intervention. Several examples of species facing extinction due to beliefs in their medicinal properties are provided. The importance of plants for medicine both now and potentially in the future is discussed. Several cases of plants being overharvested are examined. Reasons for lack of conservation efforts and careers in conservation biology, especially with federal and state agencies, are outlined. Salaries for
The document reviews 80 medicinal plant species used in traditional Ethiopian medicine, their growth forms, parts used, habitats, and treatments. Leaves and roots are the most commonly used plant parts to prepare remedies. The plants grow in various habitats like forests, grasslands, cultivated lands, and home gardens. They are used to treat diseases like stomachaches, asthma, malaria, skin diseases, and headaches. Major threats to medicinal plants are habitat destruction from activities like agriculture, deforestation, and urbanization. Quality control of herbal medicines employs techniques like chromatography and microscopic and macroscopic examination.
Challenges and Strategies of Marketing of Medicinal PlantsAI Publications
Fieldwork undertaken in specific locations between 2019 and 2021 is crucial to the findings of this study. This study draws on secondary data collected from interviews with key informants at medical drug manufacturing firms in Rajasthan's Jaisalmer area. The study's overarching goal is to assess the current state of the market for medicinal plants, with a focus on easily accessible varieties, as well as the opportunities, threats, and tactics associated with marketing these products in the region under investigation.
Studies in Ethnobotany Focus on Traditional Plant Applications and Indigenous...AI Publications
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Forest, Animal and Fisheries Research that discusses the field of ethnobotany. Ethnobotany studies the relationships between plants and traditional societies, including how indigenous groups use plants for food, medicine, and other purposes. The article provides background on ethnobotany and discusses research on traditional plant knowledge and medicinal plant use among indigenous groups in India and other areas. It describes the authors' fieldwork methods for collecting plant specimens and interviewing traditional healers to document ethnobotanical knowledge and medicinal plant uses.
Invasive Alien Plants: Valuable Elixir with Pharmacological and Ethnomedicina...ijtsrd
Use of herbal medicines is propagating day-by-day and several tribes still rely upon this green treasure against their ailments. Being unfortunate to the environment, invasive plants species hold supreme remedies that are unique. Besides ethnoremedial uses they embrace anticancerous, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antitubercular and other pharmacological attributes in them. In the present review, authors aimed to compile the segregated ethnomedicinal information of invasive plant species. The literature study revealed a significant ethnoremedial importance of invasive alien weeds that may serve to establish a ground for future researchers to explore in pharmacognostic field with safe and natural drug resource. Shaiphali Saxena | P. B. Rao"Invasive Alien Plants: Valuable Elixir with Pharmacological and Ethnomedicinal Attributes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11636.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/11636/invasive-alien-plants-valuable-elixir-with-pharmacological-and-ethnomedicinal-attributes/shaiphali-saxena
Relative Abundance and ethnomedicinal Uses of some Plant Species found in Fed...AI Publications
This research was aimed to identify and determine the ethnomedicinal potential as well as the relative abundance of some selected plants in Federal University Dutsin-ma permanent site. A total of 40 plants were collected and identified from four different sites (behind senate building, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Agriculture and hostel area). In every study site, 30quadrats of 10 m X 10 m (100 sq m) size were randomly laid to study trees, herbsand shrubs species. The tree species includes all the saplings, poles and trees present in the study area. The shrubs and herbs species were studied by laying 50 quadrats of 1m X 1m (1sq m) size randomly in each study site. A totalof 33 plants were found to possess medicinal history, the plants were identified using morphological features into trees, shrubs and herbs. The total density, frequency and relative abundance of plant species collected behind senate building (Federal University Dutsin-ma) was found to be 340/ha, 260 and 26 respectively. In Faculty of Science, the total density, frequency and relative abundance of plant species collected was found to be 340/ha, 240 and 24 respectively. The total density, frequency and relative abundance of plant species collected around Faculty of Agriculture was 420/ha, 280 and 28 respectively, while at hostel area, the total density, frequency and relative abundance of plant species collected was found to be 420/ha, 280 and 28 respectively. Different plants species were collected, identified and found to possess some medicinal properties, these plants includes Sclerocaryabirrea, Sida alba, Euphorbia hirta, Sennaoccidentalis, Acacia ataxacantha, Sennaobtusifoliaand Cleome monophylla.
ABSTRACT- Aritar is hilly area and altitude of the area varies from 800-3000 meter. The region harbor different tribal communities like Lepcha, Bhutia, Sherpa, Limboo, Newar, Chettri, Bhaun, Rai, Tamang, Sunwar, and Gurung. Due to the diversity of different tribal communities, traditional healers of different groups are found in this area. Medicinal importances of different plants were recorded after conducting interview with traditional healers, old man, women of different tribal communities of the area. The traditional medicinal uses of 50 plants species belonging to 38 families are reported in my study.
Key-words- Ethnomedicinal, Aritar, East Sikkim, Traditional healers, Lepcha, Bhutia, Sherpa, Limboo, Newar, Chettri, Bhaun, Rai, Tamang, Sunwar, Gurung
This document discusses conservation biology and the importance of plants. It begins by explaining that biology is concerned with all life and how everything is connected through energy transfer. It then focuses on plants as the primary producers that all life relies on. Conservation biology is defined as figuring out relationships between living things and preserving life, especially endangered species, for future generations through habitat preservation and preventing human intervention. Several examples of species facing extinction due to beliefs in their medicinal properties are provided. The importance of plants for medicine both now and potentially in the future is discussed. Several cases of plants being overharvested are examined. Reasons for lack of conservation efforts and careers in conservation biology, especially with federal and state agencies, are outlined. Salaries for
The document reviews 80 medicinal plant species used in traditional Ethiopian medicine, their growth forms, parts used, habitats, and treatments. Leaves and roots are the most commonly used plant parts to prepare remedies. The plants grow in various habitats like forests, grasslands, cultivated lands, and home gardens. They are used to treat diseases like stomachaches, asthma, malaria, skin diseases, and headaches. Major threats to medicinal plants are habitat destruction from activities like agriculture, deforestation, and urbanization. Quality control of herbal medicines employs techniques like chromatography and microscopic and macroscopic examination.
The document discusses strategies for conserving medicinal plants, which include both in-situ conservation of plants in their natural habitats as well as ex-situ conservation methods like gene banks, herbal gardens, and nurseries. It outlines threats to medicinal plants from habitat loss and overharvesting and the need to protect endangered species. Various national and international agencies have formulated policies aimed at sustainably using plant resources while preserving biodiversity and supporting traditional knowledge.
Medicinal plants are in use in many countries and cultures as a source of medicine. Biotechnological tools like tissue culture are important for selection, multiplication and conservation of medicinal plants genotypes. In addition, in-vitro regeneration plays a great role in the production of high-quality plant-based medicine. Plant tissue culture techniques offer an integrated approach for the production of standardized quality phytopharmaceutical through mass production of consistent plant material for physiological characterization and analysis of active ingredients. A number of medicinal plants reported to regenerate in vitro from their various parts but still, fewer are grown in soil, while their micropropagation on a mass scale has rarely been achieved. Micropropagation protocols for cloning of some medicinal plants had been developed by using different concentrations of plant growth regulators in a Murashige and Skoog media variant (Murashige and Skoog, 1962). Regeneration occurred via organogenesis and embryogenesis in response to auxins and cytokinins. The production of secondary metabolite is also becoming familiar by tissue culture for pharmaceutical use. The integrated approaches of culture systems will provide the basis for the future development of safe, effective, and high-quality products for consumers.
This survey was aimed to determine the indigenous
knowledge of communities around Lake Victoria Region
regarding the treatment and management of Tuberculosis.
Opinion leaders suggested the names and locations of known
Traditional Medical Practitioners (TMPs) in the study locale. A
sample of 102 TMPS from Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania residing
around Lake Victoria Basis in East Africa participated in the
study. Snow ball sampling technique was used to draw 22 TB
patients claimed to have been treated by TMPs. It was
established that local people have remarkable detailed knowledge
of species identity, characteristics and their specific uses in the
treatment and management of Tuberculosis. The main parts of
the plants used include the root, bark, leaves and seeds in various
combinations. It is concluded that local people have vast
knowledge regarding the treatment of tuberculosis which is
largely confined to the elderly, exploit the medicinal plants nonsustainably,
and use crude plant extracts as concoctions for
treating and/or managing TB. It is recommended that traditional
knowledge should be documented, and top priority be given to
the conservation of the habitat by launching special programs for
raising people’s awareness about sustainable utilization of
medicinal plant species and conservation.
Gram Mooligai Co. Ltd.- Gerry Bodekar, in Commonwealth Forestry Conference, 2005, Sri lanka.
A public ltd. co.- women's micro-enterprise for herbal medicines
IRJET- Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Investigation of Indigofera Nummularii...IRJET Journal
This document reports on a study investigating the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial potential of Indigofera nummulariifolia, a plant used ethnomedicinally to treat liver complaints. Extracts of the plant were prepared using different solvents and screened for phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of compounds like glycosides, tannins, flavonoids etc. in the extracts. In antimicrobial assays, the extracts showed zones of inhibition against test microbes. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of 25mg/mL and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations of 50mg/mL were observed for most extracts. The results provide support for the traditional
Biodiversity Exploitation for Traditional Healthcare Delivery in Montane Fore...AI Publications
Biodiversity exploitation in montane highlands remain an important source of raw materials for traditional healthcare delivery, survival and sustenance of the population in communities that are reliant thereof. Belo and Njinikom Sub-Divisions on the fringes of the Ijim Montane forest stronghold are rich in biodiversity resources though under degradation. The exploitation of the biodiversity have thrived a spectre of traditional healing practices hatched by indigenous knowledge. The edgy perception of being socially irrelevant, illusory and ill-suited by the state and modern hospitals are sullying this practice. This study was based on the premise that traditional healing practices are the major ways in which biodiversity is exploited and used for traditional healthcare provision. The methodology uses correlational and comparative research designs of field investigations. Purposive random sampling technique was used to administer 250 questionnaires to selected key respondents from the entire population. Findings reveal that the practice of traditional healing is enshrined in the mysteries of indigenous knowledge which is methodical in concoctions, decoctions, injections, ritual practices and incantations, which to an extent have bestowed effective healthcare to contemporary communities through resources they find it hard to stay aloof. This study posits that if the state, modern hospitals and tradi-practitioners holistically find common ground through collaborative agreements, such issuant and commonplace signatures would continue to support the current shady healthcare tragedy. It shall provide the communities with solutions to some indigenous diseases still portraying dreadful hallmarks and being a nuisance to the population where general welfare of all and sundry ought to be esteemed and primeval.
Plants as potential source of antimicrobial agentsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes research on plants as potential sources of antimicrobial agents. It discusses how overuse of antibiotics has led to antimicrobial resistance and the need to find new sources of antimicrobials. Plants have historically been used as medicines. The document lists 19 plants that have been found to have antimicrobial effects in studies, including Achyranthus aspera, Quercus infectoria, Coccinia grandis, and others. It extracts tested against various bacteria and fungi. The conclusion is that plants represent a promising source for new antimicrobial agents due to the emergence of drug resistance and side effects of current antimicrobial drugs.
Plants as potential source of antimicrobial agentsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes research on plants as potential sources of antimicrobial agents. It discusses how overuse of antibiotics has led to antimicrobial resistance and the need to find new sources of antimicrobials. Plants have historically been used as medicines. The document lists 19 plants that have been found to have antimicrobial effects in studies, including Achyranthus aspera, Quercus infectoria, Coccinia grandis, and others. It extracts tested against various bacteria and fungi. The conclusion is that plants represent a major source for discovery of new antimicrobial compounds.
ABSTRACT- The diversity, floristic composition of medicinal plants in the two block of Rajouri was studied. A total of
25 plant species belong to 23 families were recorded Rutaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rosaceae, Amerenthaceae, Polygoneaceae,
Fabaceae, Apocynaceae the all were diverse families. The present studied documented to ethanobotanical information of
25 plant species belong to 23 families were collected and identified by their vernacular and scientific name. In which 10
species ware harb, 9 were sharb, and 9 were tree out of 25 species flower of 5 plants species, roots of 4 plants species,
Leaf of 9 plants species ,Fruits of 5 plants species, seed of 3 plants species,stem and bark of 3 plant species,tuber and
aerial portion of 2 plant species respectively. The gujjar and bukkerwal tribes used all 25 species of plants to treat various
diseases.
Key-words- Ethnomedicinal plants, Traditional knowledge Gujjar-Bakerwaltribes, Rajouri
Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Effects of Leaf and Root Extracts o...inventionjournals
Crotalaria brevidens (slenderleaf) leaves and shoots are used as food and have medicinal properties when consumed by human beings. It also acts as an agent in promotion of suicidal germination of striga, a parasitic plant that is a major problem weed for maize and millet growers. In view of its medicinal importance, and there being increased tolerance of many microorganisms towards known antibiotics, there is a need to establish the anti microbial properties of extracts obtained from its roots, stem, leaf and other body parts against pathogenic microorganism. Even though this plant is reported to have immense medicinal value in treating stomach related ailments, malaria and many other tropical diseases, before this study little was known about the antimicrobial potentials of its roots, stem and leaves against three candidate microorganisms namely; Candida albicans, staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. This study was thus initiated to investigate (1) the antimicrobial effects of slenderleaf on Candida albicans, staphylococcus aureus and E. coli, and (2) establish the presence of phenols, steroids, glycosides, saponins, quinones, tannins, terpenoids and flavonoids in its crude leaf and root extracts. The plant roots and leaves used during these studies were collected, shade dried and blended to obtain a fine powder. Ethanol was used as the solvent to extract the pure components by dissolving 25g of leaves and 6g of roots separately in 150ml of ethanol in each case. After seven days, the extract was filtered and the filtrate put in a rotary evaporator to obtain a pure solid sample of the extract. A stock solution was made with 3g of the leaf extract that resulted by dissolving in 40ml distilled water making a concentration of 75mg/ml. the stock was diluted to 3.75mg/ml, 11.25mg/ml, 18.75mg/ml and 37.5mg/ml as 5%, 15%, 25% and 50% respectively. A control with distilled water (0%) was used. This was then replicated thrice to minimize variability and arranged in a completely randomized design. The screening of antimicrobial activity of crude extracts was done by measuring the zone of inhibition using agar diffusion method. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means separated and compared using least significance difference (LSD) at (p<0.05). There was a clear zone observed around the discs impregnated in the extract and transferred to the inoculated petri dishes. High inhibition was observed on Escherichia coli at a concentration of 37.5mg/ml. phytochemical screening showed presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, anthraquinones, phenols, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides as secondary metabolites. The crude extracts obtained in these studies clearly indicated antimicrobial properties against the three tested microorganisms, and therefore there is need to determine the main active components for studies that may lead to the discovery of new natural drugs.
The document discusses various in situ conservation methods for medicinal plants, including biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries, sacred groves, reserved and protected forests, and wetlands. It defines each method and provides examples of areas in India that utilize each approach. In situ conservation aims to protect medicinal plants within their natural habitats to maintain genetic diversity while allowing sustainable use of resources. Methods engage local communities and consider ecological, social, and economic factors.
A Survey on Ethnoveterinary Medicines used by the Tribal Peoples of Kalasapad...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study on the ethnoveterinary medicines used by tribal peoples in the Kalasapadi Hills of Tamil Nadu, India. The study involved interviewing 36 informants to document their traditional knowledge of using 49 plant species from 30 genera and 31 families to treat livestock ailments. Some key findings include: bark being the most commonly used plant part; many preparations combining parts from multiple plants to treat more than one ailment; and some plant species having a high medicinal potential and fidelity level according to informants. The study aims to preserve this indigenous knowledge and resources for future generations while also informing potential pharmacological investigations and new drug developments.
This document summarizes a research study that examined the influence of consuming Rhyncophorus bilineatus var Papua on raising the CD4 blood levels of HIV/AIDS patients in Papua Province in 2016. The study involved 14 HIV-positive subjects aged 17-49 who were given capsules containing an extract of R. bilineatus var Papua. Blood tests showed the extract contains amino acids and fatty acids. Statistical analysis found no effect on nutritional status but a significant effect on raising CD4 blood levels, supporting the use of R. bilineatus var Papua to strengthen immunity in HIV patients.
This document discusses biodiversity and conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variability among living organisms, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. It notes key goals of the Convention on Biological Diversity including conservation, sustainable use, and equitable benefit-sharing. It then discusses factors influencing biodiversity, threats like habitat loss and climate change, and the ecological, economic, and scientific roles of biodiversity. The document provides information on biodiversity in India and conservation efforts there like the Biological Diversity Act. It summarizes India's rich biodiversity and threats facing it.
Diversity of edible and medicinal wild mushrooms of Bilaspur District of Chha...Open Access Research Paper
India is a tropical country with a wide range of climatic conditions; it is a natural habitat for a large range of wild mushrooms. Chhattisgarh, which is the central part of India, has Tropical Forests providing ideal growing conditions for diverse wild mushrooms flora including many edible and therapeutic fungi. The present study explores the biodiversity of naturally growing wild edible and medicinal fungi from the different forest-associated tribal/rural areas in Bilaspur. A total of 15 species of wild edible mushrooms including 8 fungi having therapeutic properties were collected and identified. The identified species were found saprophytic and mycorrhizal. Moreover, the majority of popular edible mushroom species were recorded during either the early or the late rainy season. Therefore, the present study generated a database on mushrooms diversity in the Bilaspur District of Chhattisgarh that will help for its sustainable management.
Ethnobotany as an interdisciplinary science is, therefore, in a position to contribute to development of the wealth of traditional knowledge of the indigenous people concerning their natural systems and environment, their knowledge on utilization and maintenance of plant resources on a long-term basis without damaging or destroying their habitats.
Ethnobotanical data can be utilized by economic botanists to discover new plant resources, to provide fresh ideas for environment planners, as a tool for basic selection of plant species for development of drugs by pharmacologists, phytochemists and clinicians, as a new source of history through the study of plant names by linguists, as a source for locating new germ plasm for agriculturists, etc. Some works on ethnobotany performed only in last decades of 20th century.
Transference of Ethnobotanical Knowledge and Threat & Conservation Status of ...CrimsonPublishersAAOA
Transference of Ethnobotanical Knowledge and Threat & Conservation Status of Medicinal Plants in Ethiopia: Anthropological and Ethnobotanical Perspectives by Alemayehu Kefalew in Archaeology & Anthropology: Open Access
In Ethiopia, the use of traditional medicine for primary health care is becoming accepted and popular. However, it is under great risks when looked from the point of losing the knowledge transfer and the degradation of the vital medicinal plants. Thus, this review was initiated to briefly look into how is the very common way of transferring indigenous knowledge and to look at the threats & conservation effort of medicinal plants in the country. The review indicates that indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants is transferred from a practitioner father to elder son as he is he is getting older. However, if there is no elder son it would be passed over to any one among the family who is supposed to be loyal to keep the knowledge secret; but if the practitioner does not have families, the knowledge passes to any one among his relatives who is believed to keep the knowledge secret. This review also showed that the main reasons for the degradation of medicinal plants in Ethiopia are environmental degradation, agricultural expansion, deforestation, over harvesting of species and invasive alien species.
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open access Archaeology journals please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/aaoa/
his guideline should be read in conjunction with other ICH guidelines relevant to the
conduct of clinical trials (e.g., E2A (clinical safety data management), E3 (clinical study
reporting), E7 (geriatric populations), E8 (general considerations for clinical trials), E9
(statistical principles), and E11 (pediatric populations)).
This ICH GCP Guideline Integrated Addendum provides a unified standard for the European
Union, Japan, the United States, Canada, and Switzerland to facilitate the mutual acceptance
of data from clinical trials by the regulatory authorities in these jurisdictions. In the event of
any conflict between the E6(R1) text and the E6(R2) addendum text, the E6(R2) addendum
text should take priority.
Ethnobotanical documentation of some plants among Igala people of Kogi Statetheijes
This document summarizes an ethnobotanical study conducted among the Igala people of Kogi State, Nigeria. The researchers documented 130 plant species from 53 families that are used for ethnomedicinal and cultural purposes. Some key findings include:
- Many plant species have multiple uses as medicines and for other cultural activities. Leaves are the most commonly used plant part.
- Younger generations have less knowledge about the traditional uses of plants, threatening the loss of important indigenous knowledge.
- Proper documentation is needed to preserve ethnobotanical knowledge and promote conservation of local biodiversity for future generations.
Applications Of Radioisotopes In AgricultureDaniel Wachtel
This document discusses the various applications of radioisotopes in agriculture. It describes how radioisotopes are used to study plant nutrition and fertilizer uptake, manage insect pests through techniques like sterile insect technique, and improve crops through induced mutation. Radioisotopes are also used to process and preserve foods, extending shelf life and reducing post-harvest losses. International organizations like IAEA and FAO support research on using nuclear techniques to boost agricultural productivity in a sustainable manner.
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
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The document discusses strategies for conserving medicinal plants, which include both in-situ conservation of plants in their natural habitats as well as ex-situ conservation methods like gene banks, herbal gardens, and nurseries. It outlines threats to medicinal plants from habitat loss and overharvesting and the need to protect endangered species. Various national and international agencies have formulated policies aimed at sustainably using plant resources while preserving biodiversity and supporting traditional knowledge.
Medicinal plants are in use in many countries and cultures as a source of medicine. Biotechnological tools like tissue culture are important for selection, multiplication and conservation of medicinal plants genotypes. In addition, in-vitro regeneration plays a great role in the production of high-quality plant-based medicine. Plant tissue culture techniques offer an integrated approach for the production of standardized quality phytopharmaceutical through mass production of consistent plant material for physiological characterization and analysis of active ingredients. A number of medicinal plants reported to regenerate in vitro from their various parts but still, fewer are grown in soil, while their micropropagation on a mass scale has rarely been achieved. Micropropagation protocols for cloning of some medicinal plants had been developed by using different concentrations of plant growth regulators in a Murashige and Skoog media variant (Murashige and Skoog, 1962). Regeneration occurred via organogenesis and embryogenesis in response to auxins and cytokinins. The production of secondary metabolite is also becoming familiar by tissue culture for pharmaceutical use. The integrated approaches of culture systems will provide the basis for the future development of safe, effective, and high-quality products for consumers.
This survey was aimed to determine the indigenous
knowledge of communities around Lake Victoria Region
regarding the treatment and management of Tuberculosis.
Opinion leaders suggested the names and locations of known
Traditional Medical Practitioners (TMPs) in the study locale. A
sample of 102 TMPS from Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania residing
around Lake Victoria Basis in East Africa participated in the
study. Snow ball sampling technique was used to draw 22 TB
patients claimed to have been treated by TMPs. It was
established that local people have remarkable detailed knowledge
of species identity, characteristics and their specific uses in the
treatment and management of Tuberculosis. The main parts of
the plants used include the root, bark, leaves and seeds in various
combinations. It is concluded that local people have vast
knowledge regarding the treatment of tuberculosis which is
largely confined to the elderly, exploit the medicinal plants nonsustainably,
and use crude plant extracts as concoctions for
treating and/or managing TB. It is recommended that traditional
knowledge should be documented, and top priority be given to
the conservation of the habitat by launching special programs for
raising people’s awareness about sustainable utilization of
medicinal plant species and conservation.
Gram Mooligai Co. Ltd.- Gerry Bodekar, in Commonwealth Forestry Conference, 2005, Sri lanka.
A public ltd. co.- women's micro-enterprise for herbal medicines
IRJET- Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Investigation of Indigofera Nummularii...IRJET Journal
This document reports on a study investigating the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial potential of Indigofera nummulariifolia, a plant used ethnomedicinally to treat liver complaints. Extracts of the plant were prepared using different solvents and screened for phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of compounds like glycosides, tannins, flavonoids etc. in the extracts. In antimicrobial assays, the extracts showed zones of inhibition against test microbes. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of 25mg/mL and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations of 50mg/mL were observed for most extracts. The results provide support for the traditional
Biodiversity Exploitation for Traditional Healthcare Delivery in Montane Fore...AI Publications
Biodiversity exploitation in montane highlands remain an important source of raw materials for traditional healthcare delivery, survival and sustenance of the population in communities that are reliant thereof. Belo and Njinikom Sub-Divisions on the fringes of the Ijim Montane forest stronghold are rich in biodiversity resources though under degradation. The exploitation of the biodiversity have thrived a spectre of traditional healing practices hatched by indigenous knowledge. The edgy perception of being socially irrelevant, illusory and ill-suited by the state and modern hospitals are sullying this practice. This study was based on the premise that traditional healing practices are the major ways in which biodiversity is exploited and used for traditional healthcare provision. The methodology uses correlational and comparative research designs of field investigations. Purposive random sampling technique was used to administer 250 questionnaires to selected key respondents from the entire population. Findings reveal that the practice of traditional healing is enshrined in the mysteries of indigenous knowledge which is methodical in concoctions, decoctions, injections, ritual practices and incantations, which to an extent have bestowed effective healthcare to contemporary communities through resources they find it hard to stay aloof. This study posits that if the state, modern hospitals and tradi-practitioners holistically find common ground through collaborative agreements, such issuant and commonplace signatures would continue to support the current shady healthcare tragedy. It shall provide the communities with solutions to some indigenous diseases still portraying dreadful hallmarks and being a nuisance to the population where general welfare of all and sundry ought to be esteemed and primeval.
Plants as potential source of antimicrobial agentsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes research on plants as potential sources of antimicrobial agents. It discusses how overuse of antibiotics has led to antimicrobial resistance and the need to find new sources of antimicrobials. Plants have historically been used as medicines. The document lists 19 plants that have been found to have antimicrobial effects in studies, including Achyranthus aspera, Quercus infectoria, Coccinia grandis, and others. It extracts tested against various bacteria and fungi. The conclusion is that plants represent a promising source for new antimicrobial agents due to the emergence of drug resistance and side effects of current antimicrobial drugs.
Plants as potential source of antimicrobial agentsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes research on plants as potential sources of antimicrobial agents. It discusses how overuse of antibiotics has led to antimicrobial resistance and the need to find new sources of antimicrobials. Plants have historically been used as medicines. The document lists 19 plants that have been found to have antimicrobial effects in studies, including Achyranthus aspera, Quercus infectoria, Coccinia grandis, and others. It extracts tested against various bacteria and fungi. The conclusion is that plants represent a major source for discovery of new antimicrobial compounds.
ABSTRACT- The diversity, floristic composition of medicinal plants in the two block of Rajouri was studied. A total of
25 plant species belong to 23 families were recorded Rutaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rosaceae, Amerenthaceae, Polygoneaceae,
Fabaceae, Apocynaceae the all were diverse families. The present studied documented to ethanobotanical information of
25 plant species belong to 23 families were collected and identified by their vernacular and scientific name. In which 10
species ware harb, 9 were sharb, and 9 were tree out of 25 species flower of 5 plants species, roots of 4 plants species,
Leaf of 9 plants species ,Fruits of 5 plants species, seed of 3 plants species,stem and bark of 3 plant species,tuber and
aerial portion of 2 plant species respectively. The gujjar and bukkerwal tribes used all 25 species of plants to treat various
diseases.
Key-words- Ethnomedicinal plants, Traditional knowledge Gujjar-Bakerwaltribes, Rajouri
Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Effects of Leaf and Root Extracts o...inventionjournals
Crotalaria brevidens (slenderleaf) leaves and shoots are used as food and have medicinal properties when consumed by human beings. It also acts as an agent in promotion of suicidal germination of striga, a parasitic plant that is a major problem weed for maize and millet growers. In view of its medicinal importance, and there being increased tolerance of many microorganisms towards known antibiotics, there is a need to establish the anti microbial properties of extracts obtained from its roots, stem, leaf and other body parts against pathogenic microorganism. Even though this plant is reported to have immense medicinal value in treating stomach related ailments, malaria and many other tropical diseases, before this study little was known about the antimicrobial potentials of its roots, stem and leaves against three candidate microorganisms namely; Candida albicans, staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. This study was thus initiated to investigate (1) the antimicrobial effects of slenderleaf on Candida albicans, staphylococcus aureus and E. coli, and (2) establish the presence of phenols, steroids, glycosides, saponins, quinones, tannins, terpenoids and flavonoids in its crude leaf and root extracts. The plant roots and leaves used during these studies were collected, shade dried and blended to obtain a fine powder. Ethanol was used as the solvent to extract the pure components by dissolving 25g of leaves and 6g of roots separately in 150ml of ethanol in each case. After seven days, the extract was filtered and the filtrate put in a rotary evaporator to obtain a pure solid sample of the extract. A stock solution was made with 3g of the leaf extract that resulted by dissolving in 40ml distilled water making a concentration of 75mg/ml. the stock was diluted to 3.75mg/ml, 11.25mg/ml, 18.75mg/ml and 37.5mg/ml as 5%, 15%, 25% and 50% respectively. A control with distilled water (0%) was used. This was then replicated thrice to minimize variability and arranged in a completely randomized design. The screening of antimicrobial activity of crude extracts was done by measuring the zone of inhibition using agar diffusion method. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means separated and compared using least significance difference (LSD) at (p<0.05). There was a clear zone observed around the discs impregnated in the extract and transferred to the inoculated petri dishes. High inhibition was observed on Escherichia coli at a concentration of 37.5mg/ml. phytochemical screening showed presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, anthraquinones, phenols, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides as secondary metabolites. The crude extracts obtained in these studies clearly indicated antimicrobial properties against the three tested microorganisms, and therefore there is need to determine the main active components for studies that may lead to the discovery of new natural drugs.
The document discusses various in situ conservation methods for medicinal plants, including biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries, sacred groves, reserved and protected forests, and wetlands. It defines each method and provides examples of areas in India that utilize each approach. In situ conservation aims to protect medicinal plants within their natural habitats to maintain genetic diversity while allowing sustainable use of resources. Methods engage local communities and consider ecological, social, and economic factors.
A Survey on Ethnoveterinary Medicines used by the Tribal Peoples of Kalasapad...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study on the ethnoveterinary medicines used by tribal peoples in the Kalasapadi Hills of Tamil Nadu, India. The study involved interviewing 36 informants to document their traditional knowledge of using 49 plant species from 30 genera and 31 families to treat livestock ailments. Some key findings include: bark being the most commonly used plant part; many preparations combining parts from multiple plants to treat more than one ailment; and some plant species having a high medicinal potential and fidelity level according to informants. The study aims to preserve this indigenous knowledge and resources for future generations while also informing potential pharmacological investigations and new drug developments.
This document summarizes a research study that examined the influence of consuming Rhyncophorus bilineatus var Papua on raising the CD4 blood levels of HIV/AIDS patients in Papua Province in 2016. The study involved 14 HIV-positive subjects aged 17-49 who were given capsules containing an extract of R. bilineatus var Papua. Blood tests showed the extract contains amino acids and fatty acids. Statistical analysis found no effect on nutritional status but a significant effect on raising CD4 blood levels, supporting the use of R. bilineatus var Papua to strengthen immunity in HIV patients.
This document discusses biodiversity and conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variability among living organisms, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. It notes key goals of the Convention on Biological Diversity including conservation, sustainable use, and equitable benefit-sharing. It then discusses factors influencing biodiversity, threats like habitat loss and climate change, and the ecological, economic, and scientific roles of biodiversity. The document provides information on biodiversity in India and conservation efforts there like the Biological Diversity Act. It summarizes India's rich biodiversity and threats facing it.
Diversity of edible and medicinal wild mushrooms of Bilaspur District of Chha...Open Access Research Paper
India is a tropical country with a wide range of climatic conditions; it is a natural habitat for a large range of wild mushrooms. Chhattisgarh, which is the central part of India, has Tropical Forests providing ideal growing conditions for diverse wild mushrooms flora including many edible and therapeutic fungi. The present study explores the biodiversity of naturally growing wild edible and medicinal fungi from the different forest-associated tribal/rural areas in Bilaspur. A total of 15 species of wild edible mushrooms including 8 fungi having therapeutic properties were collected and identified. The identified species were found saprophytic and mycorrhizal. Moreover, the majority of popular edible mushroom species were recorded during either the early or the late rainy season. Therefore, the present study generated a database on mushrooms diversity in the Bilaspur District of Chhattisgarh that will help for its sustainable management.
Ethnobotany as an interdisciplinary science is, therefore, in a position to contribute to development of the wealth of traditional knowledge of the indigenous people concerning their natural systems and environment, their knowledge on utilization and maintenance of plant resources on a long-term basis without damaging or destroying their habitats.
Ethnobotanical data can be utilized by economic botanists to discover new plant resources, to provide fresh ideas for environment planners, as a tool for basic selection of plant species for development of drugs by pharmacologists, phytochemists and clinicians, as a new source of history through the study of plant names by linguists, as a source for locating new germ plasm for agriculturists, etc. Some works on ethnobotany performed only in last decades of 20th century.
Transference of Ethnobotanical Knowledge and Threat & Conservation Status of ...CrimsonPublishersAAOA
Transference of Ethnobotanical Knowledge and Threat & Conservation Status of Medicinal Plants in Ethiopia: Anthropological and Ethnobotanical Perspectives by Alemayehu Kefalew in Archaeology & Anthropology: Open Access
In Ethiopia, the use of traditional medicine for primary health care is becoming accepted and popular. However, it is under great risks when looked from the point of losing the knowledge transfer and the degradation of the vital medicinal plants. Thus, this review was initiated to briefly look into how is the very common way of transferring indigenous knowledge and to look at the threats & conservation effort of medicinal plants in the country. The review indicates that indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants is transferred from a practitioner father to elder son as he is he is getting older. However, if there is no elder son it would be passed over to any one among the family who is supposed to be loyal to keep the knowledge secret; but if the practitioner does not have families, the knowledge passes to any one among his relatives who is believed to keep the knowledge secret. This review also showed that the main reasons for the degradation of medicinal plants in Ethiopia are environmental degradation, agricultural expansion, deforestation, over harvesting of species and invasive alien species.
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his guideline should be read in conjunction with other ICH guidelines relevant to the
conduct of clinical trials (e.g., E2A (clinical safety data management), E3 (clinical study
reporting), E7 (geriatric populations), E8 (general considerations for clinical trials), E9
(statistical principles), and E11 (pediatric populations)).
This ICH GCP Guideline Integrated Addendum provides a unified standard for the European
Union, Japan, the United States, Canada, and Switzerland to facilitate the mutual acceptance
of data from clinical trials by the regulatory authorities in these jurisdictions. In the event of
any conflict between the E6(R1) text and the E6(R2) addendum text, the E6(R2) addendum
text should take priority.
Ethnobotanical documentation of some plants among Igala people of Kogi Statetheijes
This document summarizes an ethnobotanical study conducted among the Igala people of Kogi State, Nigeria. The researchers documented 130 plant species from 53 families that are used for ethnomedicinal and cultural purposes. Some key findings include:
- Many plant species have multiple uses as medicines and for other cultural activities. Leaves are the most commonly used plant part.
- Younger generations have less knowledge about the traditional uses of plants, threatening the loss of important indigenous knowledge.
- Proper documentation is needed to preserve ethnobotanical knowledge and promote conservation of local biodiversity for future generations.
Applications Of Radioisotopes In AgricultureDaniel Wachtel
This document discusses the various applications of radioisotopes in agriculture. It describes how radioisotopes are used to study plant nutrition and fertilizer uptake, manage insect pests through techniques like sterile insect technique, and improve crops through induced mutation. Radioisotopes are also used to process and preserve foods, extending shelf life and reducing post-harvest losses. International organizations like IAEA and FAO support research on using nuclear techniques to boost agricultural productivity in a sustainable manner.
Similar to Demand and Supply Situation for Medicinal Plants (20)
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Minds and Machines: Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Investment Decisions ...AI Publications
In the evolving landscape of financial decision-making, this study delves into the intricate relationships among Emotional Intelligence (EI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Investment Decisions (ID). By scrutinizing the direct influence of human emotional intelligence on investment choices and elucidating the mediating role of AI in this process, our research seeks to unravel the complex interplay between minds and machines. Through empirical analysis, we reveal that EI not only directly impacts ID but also exerts its influence indirectly through AI-mediated pathways. The findings underscore the pivotal role of emotional awareness in investor decision-making, augmented by the technological capabilities of AI. It suggests that most investors are influenced by the identified emotional intelligence when making investment decisions. Furthermore, AI substantially impacts investors' decision-making process when it comes to investing; nevertheless, AI partially mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and investment decisions. This nuanced understanding provides valuable insights for financial practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, emphasizing the need for holistic strategies that integrate emotional and technological dimensions in navigating the intricacies of modern investment landscapes. As the synergy between human intuition and artificial intelligence becomes increasingly integral to financial decision-making, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the symbiotic relationship between minds and machines in investments.0
Bronchopulmonary cancers are common cancers with a poor prognosis. It is the leading cause of death by cancer in Algeria and in the world. Behind this unfavorable prognosis hides numerous disparities according to age, sex, and exposure to risk factors, ranking 4th among incident cancers and developing countries including Algeria, all sexes combined. It ranks 2nd cancers in men and 3rd among women. Whatever the age observed, the incidence of this cancer is higher in men than in women, however the gap is narrowing to the detriment of the latter. The results of scientific research agree to relate trends in incidence and mortality rates to tobacco consumption, including passive smoking. Furthermore, other risk factors are mentioned such as exposure to asbestos in the workplace or to radon for the general population, or even genetic predisposition. However, the weight of these etiological and/or predisposing factors is in no way comparable to that of tobacco in the genesis of lung cancer and the resulting mortality. We provide a literature review in our article on the descriptive and analytical epidemiology of lung cancer.
Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thaila...AI Publications
The objective of this paper is to present Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thailand agriculture and enhancing farmer productivity. In view of the demand for organic fertilizers, efforts should also be made to enhance and to develop more effective of compost, bio-fertilizer, and bio-pesticides currently used by farmers. Likewise, emphasis should also be laid on the cultivation of legumes and other crops that can enhance the fertility of the soil, as practiced by farmers in many developing countries to fertilize their lands. On the other hand, most of the farmers who practice this farm system found that they are adopting a number of SLMs and interested in joining the meeting or training to gain more and more knowledge.
Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Tha...AI Publications
The objective os this study is to present Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Thailand and Vietnam with SLM practices. Farmer’s adoption and investment in SLM is a key for controlling land degradation, enhancing the well-being of society, and ensuring the optimal use of land resources for the benefit of present and future generations (World Bank, 2006; FAO, 2018). And agriculture remains an essential element of lives of many farmers in term of the strong cultural and symbolic values that attach current working generation to do and to spend time for it but not intern of income generating.
Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (p≥0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.
Evaluation of In-vitro neuroprotective effect of Ethanolic extract of Canariu...AI Publications
The ethanolic extract of canarium solomonense leaves (ecsl) was studied for its neuroprotective activity. The neuroprotective activity of ECSL was found to have a significant impact on neuronal cell death triggered by hydrogen peroxide (MTT assay) in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor blocker, is frequently used to induce cognitive impairment in laboratory animals. Injections of scopolamine influence multiple cognitive functions, including motor function, short-term memory, and attention. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, memory enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was evaluated. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, ECSL was found to have a substantial effect on the memory of scopolamine- induced amnesic rats. Our experimental data indicated that ECSL can reverse scopolamine induced amnesia and assist with memory issues.
The goal of neuroprotection is to shield neurons against damage, whether that damage is caused by environmental factors, pathogens, or neurodegenerative illnesses. Inhibiting protein-based deposit buildup, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, as well as rectifying abnormalities of neurotransmitters like dopamine and acetylcholine, are some of the ways in which medicinal herbs have neuroprotective effects [1-3]. This review will focus on the ways in which medicinal herbs may protect neurons.
A phytochemical and pharmacological review on canarium solomonenseAI Publications
The genus Canarium L. consists of 75 species of aromatic trees which are found in the rainforests of tropical Asia, Africa and the Pacific. The medicinal uses, botany, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities are now reviewed. Various compounds are tabulated according to their classes their structures are given. Traditionally canarium solomonense have been used to treat a broad array of illnesses. Pharmacological actions for canarium solomonense as discussed in this review include antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antitumor activity.
Influences of Digital Marketing in the Buying Decisions of College Students i...AI Publications
This research investigates the influence of digital marketing channels on purchasing decisions among college students in Ramanathapuram District. The study highlights that social media marketing, online advertising, and mobile marketing exhibit substantial positive effects on purchase decisions. However, email marketing's impact appears to be more complex. Moreover, the study explores how demographic variables like gender and academic level shape these effects. Notably, freshman students display varying susceptibility to specific digital marketing messages compared to their junior, senior, or graduate counterparts. These findings offer crucial insights for marketers aiming to tailor their strategies effectively to the preferences and behaviors of college students. By understanding the differential impacts of various digital marketing channels and considering demographic nuances, marketers can refine their approaches, optimize engagement, and ultimately enhance the effectiveness of their campaigns in targeting this demographic.
A Study on Performance of the Karnataka State Cooperative Agriculture & Rural...AI Publications
The Karnataka State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank Limited is the apex bank of all the primary co-operative agriculture and rural development banks in the state. All the PCARD Banks in the state are affiliated to it. The KSCARD Bank provides financial accommodation to the PCARD Banks for their lending operations. In order to quick sanction and disbursement of loans and supervision over the PCARD Banks the KSCARD Bank has opened district level branches. Bank has established Women Development Cell to promote entrepreneurship among women in 2005. The Bank is identifying women borrowers in the rural areas by assigning suitable projects to motivate their self-confidence to lead independent life. Progress made in financing women entrepreneurs women.
Breast hamartoma is a rare, well-circumscribed, benign lesion made up of a variable quantity of glandular, adipose and fibrous tissue. This is a lesion that can affect women at any age from puberty. With the increasingly frequent use of imaging methods such as mammography and ultrasound as well as breast biopsy, cases of hamartoma diagnosed are increasing. The diagnosis of these lesions is made by mammography. The histological and radiological aspects are variable and depend on its adipose tissue content. The identification of these lesions is important in order to avoid surgical excisions. We report radio-clinical and pathological records of breast hamartoma.
A retrospective study on ovarian cancer with a median follow-up of 36 months ...AI Publications
Ovarian cancer is relatively common but serious and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to highlight the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this malignant pathology managed at the Bejaia university hospital center. This is a retrospective and descriptive study over a period of 3 years (2019 - 2022) carried out on 20 patients who developed ovarian cancer. The average age of the patients was 50 years old, 53.23% of whom were over 45 years old. The CA-125 blood test was positive in 18 out of 20 patients. The tumors were discovered on ultrasound in 87.10% of cases and at laparotomy in 12.90%. Total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was the most performed procedure (64.52%). The early postoperative course was simple. 15 patients underwent second look surgery (16.13%) for locoregional recurrences. Epithelial tumors were the most frequent histological type (93.55%), including 79% in the advanced stage ( IIIc -IV) and 21% in the early stage (Ia- Ib ). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 80% of patients. With a median follow-up of 36 months, 2 patients were lost to follow-up. The evolution was favorable in 27.42% and in 25.81% deaths occurred late postoperatively. Ovarian cancer is not common but serious given the advanced stages and the high rate of late postoperative deaths which were largely observed in patients deprived of adequate neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy.
More analysis on environment protection and sustainable agriculture - A case ...AI Publications
This study presents a case of tea and coffee crops , esp. environment protection and sustainable agriculture in Son La and Thai Nguyen of Vietnam. Research results show us that The process of having an agricultural product goes through many steps such as planting, planning, harvesting, packing, transporting, storing and distributing. - The State adopts policies to encourage innovation of agricultural production models and methods towards sustainability, adapting to climate change, saving water, and limiting the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. chemicals and products for environmental treatment in agriculture; develop environmentally friendly agricultural models. Our research limitation is that we can expand for other crops, industries and markets as well.
Assessment of Growth and Yield Performance of Twelve Different Rice Varieties...AI Publications
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of growth and yield performance of twelve different rice varieties under north Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra” was carried out during the kharif season of the year 2021 and 2022 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, At Nare, Taluka Wada, District Palghar, Maharashtra, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The twelve varieties namely Zini, Jaya, Dandi, Rahghudya, Govindbhog, Dangi, Gurjari, VNR-7, VNR-8, VNR-9, Karjat-3, and Karjat-5 were replicated thrice. The plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, number of panicles (m²), and length of panicle (cm) were noted to the maximum with cv. “VNR-7”. The highest number of seeds per panicle, test weight (gm), grain yield (q/ha), and straw yield (q/ha) were recorded with the cv. “VNR-7”. While the lowest number of days to 50% flowering was also recorded with cv. “VNR-7” during the year 2021 and 2022.
Cultivating Proactive Cybersecurity Culture among IT Professional to Combat E...AI Publications
In the current digital landscape, cybercriminals continually evolve their techniques to execute successful attacks on businesses, thus posing a great challenge to information technology (IT) professionals. While traditional cybersecurity approaches like layered defense and reactive security have helped IT professionals cope with traditional threats, they are ineffective in dealing with evolving cyberattacks. This paper focuses on the need for a proactive cybersecurity culture among IT professionals to enable them combat evolving threats. The paper emphasis that building a proactive security approach and culture can help among IT professionals anticipate, identify, and mitigate latent threats prior to them exploiting existing vulnerabilities. This paper also points out that as IT professionals use reactive security when dealing with traditional attacks, they can use it collaboratively with proactive security to effectively protect their networks, data, and systems and avoid heavy costs of dealing with cyberattack’s aftermaths and business recovery.
The Impacts of Viral Hepatitis on Liver Enzymes and BilrubinAI Publications
Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. Several different viruses cause hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. The hepatitis A and E viruses typically cause acute infections. The hepatitis B, C, and D viruses can cause acute and chronic infections. Hepatitis A causes only acute infection and typically gets better without treatment after a few weeks. The hepatitis A virus spreads through contact with an infected person’s stool. Protection by getting the hepatitis A vaccine. Hepatitis E is typically an acute infection that gets better without treatment after several weeks. Some types of hepatitis E virus are spread by drinking water contaminated by an infected person’s stool. Other types are spread by eating undercooked pork or wild game. Hepatitis B can cause acute or chronic infection. Recommendation for screening for hepatitis B in pregnant women or in those with a high chance of being infected. Protection from hepatitis B by getting the hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis C can cause acute or chronic infection. Doctors usually recommend one-time screening of all adults ages 18 to 79 for hepatitis C. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent liver damage. The hepatitis D virus is unusual because it can only infect those who have a hepatitis B virus infection. A coinfection occurs when both hepatitis D and hepatitis B infections at the same time. A superinfection occurs already have chronic hepatitis B and then become infected with hepatitis D. The aim of this study is to find the effect of each type of viral hepatitis on the bilirubin (TB , DSB) , and liver enzymes; AST, ALT, ALP,GGT among viral hepatitis patients. 200 patients were selected from the viral hepatitis units in the central public health laboratory in Baghdad city, all the chosen cases were confirmed as a positive samples , they are classified into four equal group each with fifty individual and with a single serological viral hepatitis type either; anti-HAV( IgM ) , HBs Ag , anti-HCV ,or anti-HEV(IgM ). All patients were tested for; serum bilirubin ( TB ,D.SB ) , AST , ALT , ALP , GGT. Another fifty quite healthy and normal person was selected as a control group for comparison. . Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBVAST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver cell damage than AST, It is relatively specific for hepatocyte necrosis with a marked elevations in viral hepatitis. Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBV.AST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver
Determinants of Women Empowerment in Bishoftu Town; Oromia Regional State of ...AI Publications
The purpose of this study was to determine the status of women's empowerment and its determinants using women's asset endowment and decision-making potential as indicators. To determine representative sample size, this study used a two-stage sampling technique, and 122 sample respondents were selected at random. To analyze the data in this study, descriptive statistics and a probit model were used. The average women's empowerment index was 0.41, indicating a relatively lower status of women's empowerment in the study area. According to the study's findings, only 40.9% of women were empowered, while the remaining 59.1% were not. The probit model results show that women's access to the media, women's income, and their husbands' education status have a significant and positive impact on the status of women's empowerment, while the family size of households has a negative impact. As a result, it is important to enhance women's access to the media and income, promote family planning and contraception, and improve men's educational status in order to improve the status of women's empowerment.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
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There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
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In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
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source of treatment for about 80% of the rural
population in developing nations. There is a
worrisome reliance on traditional medicine in nations
experiencing expansion. At any one-time, multiple
cultures have relied on around 25 percent of the
world's senior plant taxa for medicinal purposes.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Santos, Maura & Chandran, Deepak (2023) Research
into natural goods has reached a new level of depth
and breadth in recent years. Its relevance and
extensive application are shown by its use in several
academic fields, including as studies aiming at
gaining a deeper knowledge of and reaping the
benefits of biodiversity. The economic interest, which
aims at the use of these metabolites in the production
of perfumes, dyes, medicines, and pesticides, must be
balanced with the scientific knowledge that
contributes to the development of several areas of
science, including pharmacology, botany, organic
chemistry, evolution, and chemical ecology. With a
focus on plant resources, bioprospecting, adding
value to biodiversity's products, biological activities,
essential oil, the seasonality effect, socioeconomic
approaches, and some future prospects were
discussed in this chapter as they pertain to the
sustainable use of medicinal plants from a
conservationist's point of view.
Hidayat, Syamsul & Subositi, Dyah (2023) Medicinal
plants are one of the most valuable biological
resources available to humanity. The use of plants in
medicine is on the rise, both in conventional and
alternative settings, and with the help of new and old
technology. The unfortunate corollary to this progress
is an increase in the threats to the survival of medicinal
plants in their natural settings. Therefore, it is
imperative that medicinal plants be preserved, and it
is important that any efforts to do so be consistent
with technological development. One approach to
protecting medicinal plants is to create a thorough
scientific database. The scientific database has the
potential to not only avoid the loss of information on
medicinal plants, but also to encourage the
preservation and responsible use of this information.
Numerous databases have been established all across
the world. In this section, we take a look at a variety
of database resources that might be useful in creating
a database to preserve medicinal plants.
Nazari, Mansoureh & Kordrostami, Mojtaba (2023)
There has been a huge surge in interest in growing and
utilizing medicinal plants recently. Medicinal plants
have been an integral element of folk medicine for
thousands of years around the globe. The loss of
biodiversity and the degradation of ecosystems have
been accelerated by human activity, especially the
desire for plants used in medicine. Therefore,
safeguarding threatened medicinal plants is an urgent
need. Several methods were used to ensure the long-
term survival of medicinal plants. One option that has
shown promise for achieving this goal without
significantly altering the fundamental properties of
plants is biotechnology. The science of biotechnology
offers a number of options for ensuring the continued
existence of these plants. Tissue culture is considered
by many to be a crucial technique. A full plant may be
grown from a single leaf, bud, stem, or other piece that
has undergone tissue culture. Plants can do this
because, unlike mammalian cells, they can divide,
specialize, and eventually create the complex
organism that is a plant. Because of advancements in
tissue culture, it is now possible to rapidly multiply
identical plant populations. The conservation of
important germplasm resources and native or
endangered plant species may benefit from the use of
plant tissue culture. In this chapter, we'll look at the
many ways that tissue culture has been used to
conserve medicinal plants for the future.
Shukla, Sandeep (2023) Medicinal herbs have been
used by humans as a primary method of treatment
and prevention since prehistoric times. However,
many species have been lost to extinction due to
human activities such as the degradation of habitat
and the use of non-sustainable harvesting practices for
medicinal plants. This research paper delves into the
challenges and possible rewards of medicinal plant
preservation. In this post, we'll take a look at the
threats these plants face, why it's so important to keep
them around, and what can be done to ensure they
stick around for the long haul. The immense variety of
medicinal plants may be preserved, along with the
invaluable benefits they bring to human health,
provided the challenges and opportunities facing this
sector are confronted and used.
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Leaman, Danna (2020) North America is home to
more than 2,000 unique plant species, many of which
are used for fragrance or medicinal purposes. The
Albuquerque Bio Park is working with the IUCN
Medicinal Plant Specialist Group and NatureServe to
assess the species' current conservation status and
provide an update. Protecting species and ecosystems,
engaging in sustainable wild harvesting, and
producing plants where suitable are all goals of the
IUCN Plants for People initiative. Assessing the
current state of conservation is an important step
toward this goal.
MEDICAL PLANT DEMAND AND SUPPLY
POSITIONS
Much of the plant world consists of medicinal and
aromatic plants, which are very important because
they provide essential raw ingredients for the
pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and healthcare industries.
India's traditional medical system, which has
developed over many centuries, makes use of a broad
variety of plants with therapeutic properties.
Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and other traditional
practices are all included under this umbrella term.
Over 9,000 native plant species have been catalogued
for their therapeutic properties, and another 1,500 for
their fragrant and delicious qualities. An estimated
80% of the population in developing countries uses
traditional plant-based medicines to meet their
healthcare requirements, according to research by the
World Health Organization. Many modern
medications get their active ingredients from plants,
which makes them a feasible choice for treating a
variety of conditions. Many people have easy access
to them, they have few negative consequences, are
very inexpensive, provide ecological benefits, contain
around 40 percent of the world's biodiversity, and are
home to some extremely rare species. Medicinal and
aromatic plants make up a significant amount of the
flora in these areas and are thus vital resources for the
pharmaceutical, cosmetic, fragrance, taste, and
associated industries.
Importance of the Medicinal Crops
India is known for its abundance of plant species with
medicinal and aromatic properties. More than 1,100
different plant species are used in the Indian system
of medicine. Around sixty kinds of these plants are
highly sought for and are frequently picked from
forests. The derivative chemicals of medicinal and
aromatic plants are well-known for their curative
capabilities and absence of bad effects, which may
explain the rising demand for these plants in both
developing and developed countries. As a result, the
market for therapeutic herbs has exploded. The extant
trade data shows that the global market for medicinal
plants is both quite large and has been growing
rapidly in recent years. According to the study
conducted for the World-Wide Fund for Nature, the
total import of "vegetable materials used in
pharmacy" into the European Economic Community
in 1980 was 80,738 tons. With a total of 10.05 metric
tons of plants and 14 metric tons of vegetable alkaloid
and its derivatives, India emerged as the largest
provider. The two most prominent countries
exporting medicinal plants are India and Brazil. It is
estimated that the market for Indian medicinal plants
is worth Rs.550 crore. The global industry for
cosmetics and aromatherapy might benefit greatly
from the use of extracts made from Indian medicinal
plants, especially essential oils. There is a lot of money
to be made in the medicinal and aromatic plant
industry since there is a seven percent yearly growth
rate in the worldwide demand for herbal products.
It is now generally accepted that medicinal and
aromatic plants contribute significantly to the global
economy and human wellness. However, assessing
the value of these resources, both locally and globally,
is complicated by the scarcity of trustworthy data on
the species in question. This data covers how they are
used, where they may be found, how they are
gathered or harvested, how they are grown, how
much of them are produced, and how they are traded.
The industry, like the State-run systems, is cloaked in
secrecy. While most of the information we have comes
from anecdotal reports, there has been an increased
focus in recent years on methodically collecting data
on these many factors. Several nations' assessments, as
well as global reports such as Husain's (2006) research
on the global trade, marketing, and consumption of
essential oils and McAlpine et al.'s (2007) forecast of
these variables, have been published. The demand for
medicinal plants has skyrocketed in the international
commerce sector in recent years. The direction of
trade, from developing to developed countries, is a
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defining feature of this economic phenomena. The
phenomena contribute positively to income equality.
The economies of India and China are often regarded
as the world's two most powerful trading powers. The
total value of trade has increased significantly over the
last decade, from $52.8 million to $68.7 million, a rate
of growth of 3.56% each year. There is no way to know
for sure whether we have even scratched the surface
of the market for therapeutic plants. The present level
of engagement in the program is still far below the real
capacity of the countries involved. However, Least
Developed Countries (LDCs) have some prospective
openings to increase their exports of therapeutic
crops. The worldwide market for herbal medicine was
estimated to be worth more than US $68.7 billion in
2012 by the Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO).
Table 1 Annual Demand for Prioritized Medicinal Plants
– India
World Trade in Medicinal Pants
In 2001, international trade was valued at US$1135m,
but by 2012, it had dropped to US$1034. During this
time period, annual growth rates ranged from 5% to
15% across the board. It is anticipated that the market
for this sector of the economy grew at an annualized
pace of 25 percent between 2000 and 2007.
Industrialized countries like Europe and the United
States have strict regulations on natural medicines. It's
common knowledge that these nations have stringent
requirements for the quality of goods that may be
imported into their borders. This is a major barrier for
emerging and LDC countries to enter these markets,
especially for those whose products have not been
subjected to extensive testing. The ever-increasing
interest in medicinal plants all around the globe has
created a constant market for them. However, at the
same time, illegal trades in plant components have led
to the careless collection of wild plant species, posing
a serious threat to biodiversity.
Table 2 World Export Value of Medicinal Plants
Table 3 World Exports volume of Medicinal Plant
Data on commercial activity is incomplete since most
of it goes unreported. Either those in charge of
compiling statistics are unable to recognize subtle
differences between plants, or they fail to separate
medicinal from recreational use. Documented exports
of medicinal plants from LDCs peaked at US $37
million in 2018, according to the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO), before falling to US $27 million
the following year. From 2005 through 2009, the
average yearly amount was close to $31 million in the
United States. The market for medicinal, aromatic,
and exotic plants has not yet reached its full potential,
but the business is still in its early phases in a number
of promising nations. According to the data in the
table, the total value of exported Ayurvedic and Unani
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pharmaceuticals is close to Rs.300 million. Ayurvedic
pharmacies spend over 70% of their entire raw
material budget on therapeutic plants. Since herbal
medicines are becoming more popular in both the
domestic and international markets, it stands to
reason that there would be an equal and opposite
growth in the demand for medicinal plants. Sunitha
(2014) reports that the demand for Ayurvedic
medicines in the Indian state of Kerala is expected to
expand at a CAGR of 10% to 12% over the next several
years. There are also signs that the use of
complementary and alternative medicine is on the rise
all around the globe. The Centre for Monitoring the
Indian Economy (CMIE) estimates that India's exports
of plant-based medicines and pharmaceutical
commodities in 2016–2017 were worth roughly
Rs.2,800 million. About $16 billion is traded yearly in
the international trade of medicinal plants, which are
obtained from forests as NTFPs.
Table 4 India’s Exports of Medicinal Plants and Herbal
Products
Table 5 Export of Major Medicinal Plants from India
(2020-11)
Table 6 Asian Trade in Essential Drugs in 2019
In Western countries, you may buy several
pharmaceuticals without a doctor's prescription. The
botanical components listed as basic ingredients are
included in the aforementioned pharmaceutical
medicines, albeit they are not always accessible in the
same presentation as Ayurvedic therapies inside the
Indian Medical Systems. They are often used off-label.
Materials for the manufacture of these therapeutic
compounds come, in large part, from developing
countries in an unprocessed form. The total worth of
the business created via this method is close to $800
million.
Table 7 Over counter Drugs Used in Western Countries
There has not yet been a thorough establishing of the
current corpus of information about crops,
agricultural methods, demand patterns, and market
shares. The largest distributors in the medical plant
trade often purchase many botanical species,
sometimes from different suppliers that provide
materials of various quality. The unreliable
availability of raw materials contributes to the
market's immaturity. There is a wide range in the cost
of pharmaceuticals, and the amount of active
ingredients in any particular product will vary
according on the reliability of the supplier. Frequent
rejections of export shipments are common, and the
negative externalities associated with them are
typically exaggerated. As a result of this phenomena,
the net money obtained by collectors and farmers of
medicinal crops is very variable. Zandu, Himalaya
Drugs, Baidyanath, Dabur, Natural Remedies,
Charak, Kottakal, Kerla Ayurvedic Pharmacy,
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Dhootpapeswar, and many more are only few of the
major buyers in the home market. The rising demand
for medicinal plants has resulted in an extraction rate
from natural (wild) sources that now exceeds their
regeneration rate. Unchecked and unregulated
harvesting practices, which don't take into account the
resource's long-term sustainability or preservation,
may be to blame for the observed behavior. Because of
this phenomenon, availability will always be limited.
Aconitum heterophyllum, Aegle marmelos, Withania
somnifera, Coscinium fenestratum, and Swertia
chirayatha are only few of the therapeutic plants
where this phenomenon has recently been seen.
III. CONCLUSION
Between 17 to 23 percent yearly rise in demand for
medicinal plants in India, to serve both domestic and
international markets, was predicted between 2020
and 2015. Small-scale farmers stand to gain financially
and economically from a well-organized medicinal
plant production and administration system.
Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha are the three main
Indian medical traditions, and together they are
expected to bring in more than $500 million annually.
In 2015, the gap between demand and supply of MAPs
was predicted to be between 50,000 and 250,000 tons.
In 2020, this hole was predicted to grow from 250,000
to 500,000 metric tons. Modified accelerated
production (MAP) industries provide labor
opportunities in economically depressed states,
raising the standard of living and tax base of the area.
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