Pseudomonas aeruginosa WS-1 shows potential as a biopesticide for managing fruit rot and die back disease in chili caused by Colletotrichum capsici. In laboratory experiments, P. aeruginosa WS-1 inhibited the growth of C. capsici in dual plate cultures and produced antifungal compounds including chitinases, proteases, hydrogen cyanide, and siderophores. In greenhouse tests, treatment of chili seedlings with P. aeruginosa WS-1 prior to inoculation with C. capsici resulted in similar disease control as the fungicide carbendazim. This suggests that P. aeruginosa WS-1 could provide effective biological control of the disease under field conditions.
Application of certain bacterial and fungal species for controlling Meloidogy...Premier Publishers
Bacillus subtilis (Bs) and B. megaterium (Bm), Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf) as well as Trichoderma harziamum (Th), Trichoderma vierns (Tvr)and T. viride (Tv) were applied alone as well as in combination in pot experiment for controlling M. incognita in Cowpea. Results showed that Bs, Bp and Pf had nematicidal effects against M. incognita parameters viz., J2 in soil and roots, galls and egg-masses compared to untreated check. Bm alone had highly nematicidal activity against J2 in soil, while Bs was the best against J2 in roots, galls and egg-masses. Bs + Bm in combination was effective against M. incognita parameters. The tested species of Trichoderma also reduced the parameters of M. incognita.Th alone was highly effective in reducing the tested nematode parameters, followed by Tvr and Tv treatments. Tv + Tvr highly reduced the numbers of J2 in soil and roots, while Th+Tv+Tvr significantly reduced the galls and egg-masses numbers. All treatments also increased the growth parameters of cowpea viz., shoot length, fresh and dry shoot weights, and leaf numbers.
Bio efficacy of pseudomonas fluorescens isolated from chickpea fields as plan...Shazia Shahzaman
Chickpea is an economically important food crop, which is subjected to infection by a host of fungal, viral and bacterial pathogens. Thirty isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens were isolated from the rhizosphere of Chickpea fields. These were tested against F. oxysporum in dual culture method. Among these, four (Pf 1, Pf 3, Pf 5 and Pf
8) isolates were showed bright fluorescence under UV light were further tested. All the cultural and biochemical studies confirmed them to be P. fluorescens. The isolates also showed positive response for siderophore production and plant growth promoting activity on Chickpea cultivar Bital 98. Among these isolates Pf 3 and Pf 5 shown significant results by increasing root length and shoot length. Both the Pf 3 and Pf 5 isolates were found significantly superior than other isolates in increasing the shoot length (12.7 cm) and root length (24.5 cm) over control. The isolates Pf 3 was recorded high vigor index (3830) followed by Pf 5 (3648). The least vigor index was recorded by Pf 1 (2631).
Defence development of biopesticide for the control of root pathogenic fung...Shazia Shahzaman
Thesis titled "Development of Biopesticide for the control of Root Pathogenic Fungi in Chickpea using Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ".
• Supervised by Prof. Dr. M. Inam-ul-Haq.
• Isolation and Characterization of Rhizbacterial isolates from Rawalpindi District
• Utilization of PGPR antagonistic potential in the form of biopesticide formulation against Fungal Root Infecting Pathogens.
• The Developed formulations with best shelf life and Rhizobacterial viability were evaluated for their efficacy under open field conditions for disease control and plant growth enhancement.
Trichoderma is a filamentous fungus that is widely distributed in the soil, plant material, decaying vegetation, and wood. It belongs to the family Hypocreaceae. They have high potential for colonizing their habitats and have various applications in food industry, agriculture, as a biocontrol agent with mechanism involving antibiosis, competition, mycoparasitism, promotion of plant growth, solubilization and sequestration of inorganic plant nutrients, inducing resistance and inactivating pathogen’s enzymes and also as a source of transgene. The major driving force for investigation of biocontrol with Trichoderma is sustainability. As a plant symbiont and effective mycoparasites, numerous species of this genus have the potential to become biofungicides. the extensive studies on Trichoderma, including its diverse physiological traits available, is still progressing and making these fungi versatile model organisms for research on both industrial fermentations as well as natural phenomena. Jasmine Chughasrani | Abhishikta Dasgupta | Rutuja Das "Applications of Trichoderma- A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38341.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/38341/applications-of-trichoderma-a-review/jasmine-chughasrani
— The microbiological content of Lettuce (a vegetable), commonly vended in the Benin metropolis of Edo state were evaluated. Five vending locations were chosen for the study. Whole and soft rot samples were purchased and analysed for microbiological composition. Results showed high counts in soft rot samples in lettuce. Nutrient agar plated lettuce samples had bacterial counts in the range of 2.0x 103 to 4.7x10 7. Pseudomonas species was the dominant species found in lettuce samples. Bacillus species was isolated from one location in the lettuce samples. Mac Conkey agar plated lettuce plated had bacterial counts in the range of 2.3 x 10 3 to 5.7x 10 7. Enterobacter species, E. coli, and Klebsiella species were the dominant species isolated. Though, Proteus species was isolated from lettuce samples obtained from location five only. The study observes that consuming soft rot samples could pose a risk of introducing pathogens to the consumer due to their high microbial counts and could be detrimental to the health of the consumer.
Application of certain bacterial and fungal species for controlling Meloidogy...Premier Publishers
Bacillus subtilis (Bs) and B. megaterium (Bm), Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf) as well as Trichoderma harziamum (Th), Trichoderma vierns (Tvr)and T. viride (Tv) were applied alone as well as in combination in pot experiment for controlling M. incognita in Cowpea. Results showed that Bs, Bp and Pf had nematicidal effects against M. incognita parameters viz., J2 in soil and roots, galls and egg-masses compared to untreated check. Bm alone had highly nematicidal activity against J2 in soil, while Bs was the best against J2 in roots, galls and egg-masses. Bs + Bm in combination was effective against M. incognita parameters. The tested species of Trichoderma also reduced the parameters of M. incognita.Th alone was highly effective in reducing the tested nematode parameters, followed by Tvr and Tv treatments. Tv + Tvr highly reduced the numbers of J2 in soil and roots, while Th+Tv+Tvr significantly reduced the galls and egg-masses numbers. All treatments also increased the growth parameters of cowpea viz., shoot length, fresh and dry shoot weights, and leaf numbers.
Bio efficacy of pseudomonas fluorescens isolated from chickpea fields as plan...Shazia Shahzaman
Chickpea is an economically important food crop, which is subjected to infection by a host of fungal, viral and bacterial pathogens. Thirty isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens were isolated from the rhizosphere of Chickpea fields. These were tested against F. oxysporum in dual culture method. Among these, four (Pf 1, Pf 3, Pf 5 and Pf
8) isolates were showed bright fluorescence under UV light were further tested. All the cultural and biochemical studies confirmed them to be P. fluorescens. The isolates also showed positive response for siderophore production and plant growth promoting activity on Chickpea cultivar Bital 98. Among these isolates Pf 3 and Pf 5 shown significant results by increasing root length and shoot length. Both the Pf 3 and Pf 5 isolates were found significantly superior than other isolates in increasing the shoot length (12.7 cm) and root length (24.5 cm) over control. The isolates Pf 3 was recorded high vigor index (3830) followed by Pf 5 (3648). The least vigor index was recorded by Pf 1 (2631).
Defence development of biopesticide for the control of root pathogenic fung...Shazia Shahzaman
Thesis titled "Development of Biopesticide for the control of Root Pathogenic Fungi in Chickpea using Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ".
• Supervised by Prof. Dr. M. Inam-ul-Haq.
• Isolation and Characterization of Rhizbacterial isolates from Rawalpindi District
• Utilization of PGPR antagonistic potential in the form of biopesticide formulation against Fungal Root Infecting Pathogens.
• The Developed formulations with best shelf life and Rhizobacterial viability were evaluated for their efficacy under open field conditions for disease control and plant growth enhancement.
Trichoderma is a filamentous fungus that is widely distributed in the soil, plant material, decaying vegetation, and wood. It belongs to the family Hypocreaceae. They have high potential for colonizing their habitats and have various applications in food industry, agriculture, as a biocontrol agent with mechanism involving antibiosis, competition, mycoparasitism, promotion of plant growth, solubilization and sequestration of inorganic plant nutrients, inducing resistance and inactivating pathogen’s enzymes and also as a source of transgene. The major driving force for investigation of biocontrol with Trichoderma is sustainability. As a plant symbiont and effective mycoparasites, numerous species of this genus have the potential to become biofungicides. the extensive studies on Trichoderma, including its diverse physiological traits available, is still progressing and making these fungi versatile model organisms for research on both industrial fermentations as well as natural phenomena. Jasmine Chughasrani | Abhishikta Dasgupta | Rutuja Das "Applications of Trichoderma- A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38341.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/38341/applications-of-trichoderma-a-review/jasmine-chughasrani
— The microbiological content of Lettuce (a vegetable), commonly vended in the Benin metropolis of Edo state were evaluated. Five vending locations were chosen for the study. Whole and soft rot samples were purchased and analysed for microbiological composition. Results showed high counts in soft rot samples in lettuce. Nutrient agar plated lettuce samples had bacterial counts in the range of 2.0x 103 to 4.7x10 7. Pseudomonas species was the dominant species found in lettuce samples. Bacillus species was isolated from one location in the lettuce samples. Mac Conkey agar plated lettuce plated had bacterial counts in the range of 2.3 x 10 3 to 5.7x 10 7. Enterobacter species, E. coli, and Klebsiella species were the dominant species isolated. Though, Proteus species was isolated from lettuce samples obtained from location five only. The study observes that consuming soft rot samples could pose a risk of introducing pathogens to the consumer due to their high microbial counts and could be detrimental to the health of the consumer.
Potential of Entomopathogenic Bacillus thuringiensis as Plant Growth Promotin...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Bacillus thuringiensis has been used as an effective bioinsecticide because it produces the proteins Cry and Cyt, which are highly toxic to insects in certain situations. However, recently, B. thuringiensis was used as a biological control agent that can suppress plant disease. In this study, the antagonistic activities of B. thuringiensisAS17 japonensisand AS18 kurstaki against the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (FOL) were examined using a dual culture technique. Furthermore, B. thuringiensis strains suppressed the development of wilt symptoms caused by FOL in tomato plants. After inoculating six strains of B. thuringiensis suspension following inoculation of FOL, the development of wilt symptoms became less than control, especially with B. thuringiensisAS17 japonensis and AS20 CR371-H. Furthermore, we proved that B. thuringiensis strains are plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that can promote plant growth. Seed germination and shoot elongation were promoted by treating the tomato seeds with a bacterial culture filtrate and a bacterial suspension.
Mass Production of Paecilomyces Lilacinus by using Different Cultivation Medi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Paecilomyces lilacinus is a common saprophytic, filamentous fungus. Morphological characters of Paecilomyces lilacinus were separate mycelium, hyaline, conidia white to pink colored and formation of phialides. The growth of Paecilomyces lilacinus carried out on SDA media at room temperature was better than incubator. Various solid substrates like Rice, Wheat bran, and Sorghum were evaluated for the mass multiplication of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus. Added dextrose and antibiotics in solid media for mass multiplication at room temperature. Among all the substrate Wheat bran recorded the maximum spore count of 7. 1 10-8 spore/ml followed by Sorghum 5. 4 10-8 spore/ml and Rice 5. 1 10-8 spore/ml after 20 days. Also dry mycelia weight or biomass of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus without an incubator was more than using an incubator.
Testing the ability against Bacillus cereus of actinobacteria strains isolate...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study aimed to test the antibacterial activity of Bacillus cereus of actinobacterial isolates isolated from marine sponges in the Kien Giang Sea, Vietnam. That can select the strains with high resistance to identify them. There were 198 actinobacterial isolates tested. Based on the ability of antimicrobial activity to B. cereus, 82/198 had the against B. cereus, in which there were six isolates with high (7.3%), 52 medium (25.6%), and 21 weak resistance (67.1%). Selection of six isolates with the best resistance to B. cereus (ND1.7a, ND2.7c, HD1-3e, HD1-6a, HD2.3b, and H6b) identified by PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results identified five strains of Streptomyces (Streptomyces tateyamensis ND1.7a, Streptomyces althioticus HD1.3e, Streptomyces flaveolus HD1.6a, Streptomyces olivaceus HD2.3d, and Streptomyces albidoflavus H6b) and one strain of genus Microbacterium (Microbacterium tumbae ND2.7c).
Degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim from Aqueous Solutions using Selec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Together with pharmaceutical residues, personal care products encompassing prescription drugs, fragrances, and cosmetics have been detected in groundwater and other aquatic environments, hence compromising the quality of water. Their classification as micropollutants is due to their antibacterial resistance potential, persistence, and ecotoxicity. Biodegradation has been identified as a potential mechanism in their removal. The focus of this study focus was bioaugmentation; (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeroginosa) to enhance the degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim in model aqueous solutions. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the pharmaceuticals. The efficacy of the bacterial strains to degrade selected drugs was evaluated by making the two drugs the sole source of energy and carbon. From the experimental data, the highest percentage biodegradation was recorded; Pseudomonas aeroginosa (86 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (79 %) for TMP and NVP respectively.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for th...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus,
Colletotrichum
falcatum
. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for
identifying effective antifungal compound against
C.
falcatum.
Among the plants
screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of
Psoralea corylifolia
alone inhibited 100
per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under
in vitro
conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes
viz.
,
Pseudomonas fluorescens
,
Bacillus megaterium
and
Gluconacetobacter
diazotrophicus
which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts
exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC
-
MS
analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the
presence of
7H
-
furo [3,2
-
G] (1) benzopyran
-
7
-
one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be
the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8
–
methoxypsoralen formed during
biosynthesis.
Laboratory manual for fusarium research 3rd edition Lester BurgessMarcos Buitrago
Authors of this laboratory manual are Lester W. Burgess, Brett A. Summerell, Suzanne Bullock, Kathryn P. Gott and David Backhouse.
Fusarium Research Laboratory
Department of Crop Sciences
University of Sydney
August, 1994
Biological control of larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Cole...Premier Publishers
The use of synthetic insecticide has been faced with challenges of resistance among other drawbacks. This has necessitated the search for bio-pesticide that are environmentally friendly, non-toxic to humans and have a residual effect. This study evaluated the entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana for biological control of larger grain borer (LGB) Prostephanus truncatus in maize grains. Pathogenicity examination of dead adult LGB in maize grains treated with conidia of B. bassiana was done to confirm the source of LGB mortality in B. bassiana treated maize grains. Adult dead LGB were subjected to high humidity and observed for the growth of white mould (Muscadine disease), which was cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar and identified. Eighty six percent of the dead insects from treated maize grains showed fungal growth B. bassiana. Mortality of LGB generally increased with the concentration and the exposure time of the treatments. The “weight of grain dust”, “percentage of grain damaged” and “percentage of grain weight loss” were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the untreated maize kernels. Beauvaria bassiana formulation was effective in controlling LGB and is recommended for maize storage. Further studies should be conducted to test the formulation under farmer situations in order to deal with practical challenges.
Identification and evaluation of antifungal compounds from botanicals for the...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus, Colletotrichum falcatum. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for identifying effective antifungal compound against C. falcatum. Among the plants screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of Psoralea corylifolia alone inhibited 100 per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under in vitro conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes viz., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megaterium and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC-MS analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the presence of 7H-furo [3,2-G] (1) benzopyran-7-one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8 – methoxypsoralen formed during biosynthesis.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for the Control of Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen, Colletotrichum falcatum.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 164-172.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0044.pdf
Isolation, identification of antagonistic rhizobacterial strains obtained fro...Shazia Shahzaman
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), are associated with roots, found in the rhizosphere and can directly or indirectly enhance the plant growth. In this study soil was collected from rhizosphere of chickpea fields of different areas of Rawalpindi division of Pakistan. PGPR were isolated, screened and characterized. Eight isolates of rhizobacteria (RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RTR, RT and RK) were isolated from Rawalpindi division and were characterized. The antagonistic activity of these PGPR isolates against root infecting fungi (Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium spp.,) was done and production of indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore and P-solubilization was evaluated. The isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD and RT were found to be positive in producing siderophore, IAA and P-solubilization. Furthermore, most of the isolates showed antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, and Verticillium spp. The rhizobacterial isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD, RTR, RT and RK were used as bio-inoculants that might be beneficial for chickpea cultivation as the rhizobacterial isolates possessed the plant growth promoting characters i.e. siderophore, IAA production, phosphate solubilization. In in vitro tests, Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus spp. inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungal root pathogens. The isolates (RHA and RPG) also significantly increased (60-70%) seed germination, shoot length, root length of the chickpea. The incidence of fungi was reduced by the colonization of RHA and RPG which enhanced the seedling vigor index and seed germination. The observations revealed that isolates RHA and RPG is quite effective to reduce the fungal root infection in greenhouse, and also increases seed yields significantly. These rhizobacterial isolates appear to be efficient yield increasing as well as effective biocontrol agent against fungal root pathogen.
The study was carried out with the aim of sourcing for bacteria from the natural environment having antifungal capabilities to control and inhibit postharvest fungal spoilage of fruits and vegetables caused by Botrytis cinerea. Soil and water samples were collected from Heriot Watt University environment and Dr Ruth Fowler’s garden and inoculated using the spread plate technique; identification was carried out using Microbact Identification kits; and isolates assayed for antifungal activities against Botrytis cinerea. Forty eight bacteria species were isolated out of which sixteen (16) belonging to genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Escherichia, Burkholderia, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Proteus showed antifungal activities. Bacteria species Pseudomonas stutzeri and Burkholderia cepacia had the highest zones of inhibition with average radii of 3.06 and 3.20 cm respectively. The bacteria had the potential to inhibit mycelial and spore growth at varying levels thus making them possible candidates for further tests and studies. Considering the aim of the study, further research into identifying these antifungal isolates inhibitory compounds and metabolites is highly recommended.
Endophytes are tiny organisms present in living tissues of distinct plants and have been extensively studied for their endophytic microbial complement. Roots of Rosmarinus officinalis were subjected to the isolation of endophytic fungi and screened for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria. Genomic DNA from active fungal strain of Trichoderma harzianum was isolated, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified using ITS4 and ITS5 primers and sequenced for genetic inference in fungus. The crude extract of T. harzianum isolate with Ethyl acetate was showed significant antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, B. subtilis and E. coli. The antimicrobial activity was highest against P. aeruginosa at concentration of 40μg/ml, followed by S. aureus and K. pneumonia at the same concentration. The lowest antimicrobial activity was against by S. aureus at concentration of 60μg/ml. The current
Potential of Entomopathogenic Bacillus thuringiensis as Plant Growth Promotin...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Bacillus thuringiensis has been used as an effective bioinsecticide because it produces the proteins Cry and Cyt, which are highly toxic to insects in certain situations. However, recently, B. thuringiensis was used as a biological control agent that can suppress plant disease. In this study, the antagonistic activities of B. thuringiensisAS17 japonensisand AS18 kurstaki against the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (FOL) were examined using a dual culture technique. Furthermore, B. thuringiensis strains suppressed the development of wilt symptoms caused by FOL in tomato plants. After inoculating six strains of B. thuringiensis suspension following inoculation of FOL, the development of wilt symptoms became less than control, especially with B. thuringiensisAS17 japonensis and AS20 CR371-H. Furthermore, we proved that B. thuringiensis strains are plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that can promote plant growth. Seed germination and shoot elongation were promoted by treating the tomato seeds with a bacterial culture filtrate and a bacterial suspension.
Mass Production of Paecilomyces Lilacinus by using Different Cultivation Medi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Paecilomyces lilacinus is a common saprophytic, filamentous fungus. Morphological characters of Paecilomyces lilacinus were separate mycelium, hyaline, conidia white to pink colored and formation of phialides. The growth of Paecilomyces lilacinus carried out on SDA media at room temperature was better than incubator. Various solid substrates like Rice, Wheat bran, and Sorghum were evaluated for the mass multiplication of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus. Added dextrose and antibiotics in solid media for mass multiplication at room temperature. Among all the substrate Wheat bran recorded the maximum spore count of 7. 1 10-8 spore/ml followed by Sorghum 5. 4 10-8 spore/ml and Rice 5. 1 10-8 spore/ml after 20 days. Also dry mycelia weight or biomass of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus without an incubator was more than using an incubator.
Testing the ability against Bacillus cereus of actinobacteria strains isolate...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study aimed to test the antibacterial activity of Bacillus cereus of actinobacterial isolates isolated from marine sponges in the Kien Giang Sea, Vietnam. That can select the strains with high resistance to identify them. There were 198 actinobacterial isolates tested. Based on the ability of antimicrobial activity to B. cereus, 82/198 had the against B. cereus, in which there were six isolates with high (7.3%), 52 medium (25.6%), and 21 weak resistance (67.1%). Selection of six isolates with the best resistance to B. cereus (ND1.7a, ND2.7c, HD1-3e, HD1-6a, HD2.3b, and H6b) identified by PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results identified five strains of Streptomyces (Streptomyces tateyamensis ND1.7a, Streptomyces althioticus HD1.3e, Streptomyces flaveolus HD1.6a, Streptomyces olivaceus HD2.3d, and Streptomyces albidoflavus H6b) and one strain of genus Microbacterium (Microbacterium tumbae ND2.7c).
Degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim from Aqueous Solutions using Selec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Together with pharmaceutical residues, personal care products encompassing prescription drugs, fragrances, and cosmetics have been detected in groundwater and other aquatic environments, hence compromising the quality of water. Their classification as micropollutants is due to their antibacterial resistance potential, persistence, and ecotoxicity. Biodegradation has been identified as a potential mechanism in their removal. The focus of this study focus was bioaugmentation; (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeroginosa) to enhance the degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim in model aqueous solutions. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the pharmaceuticals. The efficacy of the bacterial strains to degrade selected drugs was evaluated by making the two drugs the sole source of energy and carbon. From the experimental data, the highest percentage biodegradation was recorded; Pseudomonas aeroginosa (86 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (79 %) for TMP and NVP respectively.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for th...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus,
Colletotrichum
falcatum
. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for
identifying effective antifungal compound against
C.
falcatum.
Among the plants
screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of
Psoralea corylifolia
alone inhibited 100
per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under
in vitro
conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes
viz.
,
Pseudomonas fluorescens
,
Bacillus megaterium
and
Gluconacetobacter
diazotrophicus
which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts
exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC
-
MS
analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the
presence of
7H
-
furo [3,2
-
G] (1) benzopyran
-
7
-
one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be
the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8
–
methoxypsoralen formed during
biosynthesis.
Laboratory manual for fusarium research 3rd edition Lester BurgessMarcos Buitrago
Authors of this laboratory manual are Lester W. Burgess, Brett A. Summerell, Suzanne Bullock, Kathryn P. Gott and David Backhouse.
Fusarium Research Laboratory
Department of Crop Sciences
University of Sydney
August, 1994
Biological control of larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Cole...Premier Publishers
The use of synthetic insecticide has been faced with challenges of resistance among other drawbacks. This has necessitated the search for bio-pesticide that are environmentally friendly, non-toxic to humans and have a residual effect. This study evaluated the entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana for biological control of larger grain borer (LGB) Prostephanus truncatus in maize grains. Pathogenicity examination of dead adult LGB in maize grains treated with conidia of B. bassiana was done to confirm the source of LGB mortality in B. bassiana treated maize grains. Adult dead LGB were subjected to high humidity and observed for the growth of white mould (Muscadine disease), which was cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar and identified. Eighty six percent of the dead insects from treated maize grains showed fungal growth B. bassiana. Mortality of LGB generally increased with the concentration and the exposure time of the treatments. The “weight of grain dust”, “percentage of grain damaged” and “percentage of grain weight loss” were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the untreated maize kernels. Beauvaria bassiana formulation was effective in controlling LGB and is recommended for maize storage. Further studies should be conducted to test the formulation under farmer situations in order to deal with practical challenges.
Identification and evaluation of antifungal compounds from botanicals for the...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus, Colletotrichum falcatum. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for identifying effective antifungal compound against C. falcatum. Among the plants screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of Psoralea corylifolia alone inhibited 100 per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under in vitro conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes viz., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megaterium and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC-MS analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the presence of 7H-furo [3,2-G] (1) benzopyran-7-one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8 – methoxypsoralen formed during biosynthesis.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for the Control of Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen, Colletotrichum falcatum.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 164-172.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0044.pdf
Isolation, identification of antagonistic rhizobacterial strains obtained fro...Shazia Shahzaman
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), are associated with roots, found in the rhizosphere and can directly or indirectly enhance the plant growth. In this study soil was collected from rhizosphere of chickpea fields of different areas of Rawalpindi division of Pakistan. PGPR were isolated, screened and characterized. Eight isolates of rhizobacteria (RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RTR, RT and RK) were isolated from Rawalpindi division and were characterized. The antagonistic activity of these PGPR isolates against root infecting fungi (Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium spp.,) was done and production of indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore and P-solubilization was evaluated. The isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD and RT were found to be positive in producing siderophore, IAA and P-solubilization. Furthermore, most of the isolates showed antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, and Verticillium spp. The rhizobacterial isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD, RTR, RT and RK were used as bio-inoculants that might be beneficial for chickpea cultivation as the rhizobacterial isolates possessed the plant growth promoting characters i.e. siderophore, IAA production, phosphate solubilization. In in vitro tests, Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus spp. inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungal root pathogens. The isolates (RHA and RPG) also significantly increased (60-70%) seed germination, shoot length, root length of the chickpea. The incidence of fungi was reduced by the colonization of RHA and RPG which enhanced the seedling vigor index and seed germination. The observations revealed that isolates RHA and RPG is quite effective to reduce the fungal root infection in greenhouse, and also increases seed yields significantly. These rhizobacterial isolates appear to be efficient yield increasing as well as effective biocontrol agent against fungal root pathogen.
The study was carried out with the aim of sourcing for bacteria from the natural environment having antifungal capabilities to control and inhibit postharvest fungal spoilage of fruits and vegetables caused by Botrytis cinerea. Soil and water samples were collected from Heriot Watt University environment and Dr Ruth Fowler’s garden and inoculated using the spread plate technique; identification was carried out using Microbact Identification kits; and isolates assayed for antifungal activities against Botrytis cinerea. Forty eight bacteria species were isolated out of which sixteen (16) belonging to genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Escherichia, Burkholderia, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Proteus showed antifungal activities. Bacteria species Pseudomonas stutzeri and Burkholderia cepacia had the highest zones of inhibition with average radii of 3.06 and 3.20 cm respectively. The bacteria had the potential to inhibit mycelial and spore growth at varying levels thus making them possible candidates for further tests and studies. Considering the aim of the study, further research into identifying these antifungal isolates inhibitory compounds and metabolites is highly recommended.
Endophytes are tiny organisms present in living tissues of distinct plants and have been extensively studied for their endophytic microbial complement. Roots of Rosmarinus officinalis were subjected to the isolation of endophytic fungi and screened for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria. Genomic DNA from active fungal strain of Trichoderma harzianum was isolated, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified using ITS4 and ITS5 primers and sequenced for genetic inference in fungus. The crude extract of T. harzianum isolate with Ethyl acetate was showed significant antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, B. subtilis and E. coli. The antimicrobial activity was highest against P. aeruginosa at concentration of 40μg/ml, followed by S. aureus and K. pneumonia at the same concentration. The lowest antimicrobial activity was against by S. aureus at concentration of 60μg/ml. The current
Molecular detection and antimicrobial activity of Endophytic fungi isolated f...DrGhazwan
Endophytes are tiny organisms present in living tissues of distinct plants and have been extensively studied for their endophytic microbial complement. Roots of Rosmarinus officinalis were subjected to the isolation of endophytic fungi and screened for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria. Genomic DNA from active fungal strain of Trichoderma harzianum was isolated, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified using ITS4 and ITS5 primers and sequenced for genetic inference in fungus. The crude extract of T. harzianum isolate with Ethyl acetate was showed significant antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, B. subtilis and E. coli. The antimicrobial activity was highest against P. aeruginosa at concentration of 40μg/ml, followed by S. aureus and K. pneumonia at the same concentration. The lowest antimicrobial activity was against by S. aureus at concentration of 60μg/ml. The current study is confirmed that the antimicrobial activity is due to bioactive compounds founded in endophytic fungi.
Prevalence, occurrence and biochemical characterization of Xanthomonas campes...INNS PUBNET
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria the causal organism of bacterial spot in tomato results in heavy losses both in the form of quality and. In this study a survey was carried out to report the incidence of bacterial spot disease of tomato in district Swat. We reported maximum disease incidence in tehsil Kabal (71.66%), followed by Charbagh (61.66%) and Barikot (58.33%). For resistant screening a total of 13 tomato germplasms were screened against the disease. The foliar severity ranged from 3.33% to 73.33%, while severity for fruits was ranged from 18.33% to 30.66%. In case of phenotypic data the highest numbers of fruits obtained were 34, plant height 79.5cm and fruit weight was 470 grams/ten tomatoes. While the lowest average numbers of fruits were 6.67, plant height 45.7cm and fruit weight recorded was 215.67 grams/ten tomatoes. Line 1288 showed highest level of resistance followed by Red-stone. However, line 9708 showed highest susceptibility when exposed to artificial inoculation. Our study showed that bacterial spot is a major issue in some part of Pakistan and germplasm screening are linked to increased host resistance and could offer an important contribution to future integrated bacterial spot management programs.
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activities of Crude Extracts of Cochlospermum...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of
Choclospermum planchonii leaf were tested against some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms.
The phytochemical screenings of the extracts were also carried out. The leaf extracts of the plant exhibited
antibacterial activities against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii and reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 28923),
Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853. The methanolic leaf extracts
exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 0.31
and 1.25 mg/ml; and its zones of inhibition on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 13
mm. The petroleum ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) ranging between 2.50mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml and its inhibition zone ranging between 4mm and 8mm. The
phytochemical constituents present in the plant were alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and
sterols. The methanolic extracts of the leaf exhibited potentially biological activity than other extracts. This
indicates that the plant leaf could be useful in the treatment of human infections caused by these pathogens. The
antibacterial activities of the methanolic leaf extract may be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds.
Isolation and Screening of Soil Actinomycetes for Antimicrobial Activity OlakunleAjibola
Antimicrobial resistance in pathogens has greatly increased of late and now pose a serious public health problem globally. New antimicrobials are continuously needed to inhibit the growth of these resistant strains.
The aim of this study was to isolate and screen soil actinomycetes and evaluate their secondary metabolites for antimicrobial activities against selected pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
Evaluation of four plants compost teas against fungi responsible for Corn dam...IJEABJ
Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereals in Côte d'Ivoire. However, Corn seeds and seedlings are susceptible to infection by a number of soilborne fungi which caused seeds decay before or after germination. The objective of this study is to evaluate the suppressive effect of Four plants compost teas (Chromolaena odorata, Ricinus communis, Nicotiana tabacum, Azadiracta indica) on Corn damping off. In vitro assays showed a most suppressive effect of C. odorata and R. communis compost teas on mycelial growth of pathogenic fungi. Results of in vivo trials showed significant reduction of Corn seedlings diseases incidence and high seed germination percent after treatment with C. odorata, R. communis and A. indica compost teas. No efficiency effect was noted with N. tabacum compost tea. This study demonstrated the usefulness of compost tea as an efficient biological tool for the control of fungi responsible of corn damping-off.
Determination of antibacterial activity of various broad spectrum antibiotics...Open Access Research Paper
Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) of rice (Oryza sativa L.) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, is arguably the most holistic pathosystem of rice throughout the worldwide due to its growing concern as this disease is wide spread, devastating and its control measures are still not well understood. In vitro evaluation of various broad spectrum antibiotics viz., streptomycin sulphate, kanamycin sulphate, chloramphenicol, ampicilin trihydrate and benzylpenicillin, was carried out to determine the best chemistry against the destructive pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae at different concentrations. Inhibition zones appeared on petri plates for the growth of bacteria were very clear around the paper disks. Chloramphenicol proved to be the most effective antibiotic to control the bacterium as it suppressed the bacterial growth to greater extent and only the 6.25 mean bacterial colonies were appeared in the petri plates, followed by the ampicillin trihydrate which showed to be the second most effective antibiotic against the pathogen growth and retarded to 12.00 mean bacterial colonies. The maximum diameter of inhibition zone (28.31 mm) was showed by the Chloramphenicol at 100 ppm followed by ampicillin trihydrate which gave proved to be second most effective antibiotic to control the pathogen and gave maximum inhibition zone (25.02 mm) at 100 ppm concentration. All the antibiotics showed significant results at higher concentrations. The study suggests that the experiments in the field must be conducted to prove the effectiveness of these broad spectrum antibiotics in the natural environmental conditions as there is a possibility of some variation in the field results because of various factors which influence the chemical management of plant diseases in the field.
Evaluate the Efficiency of Gamma Irradiation and Chitosan on Shelf-Life of St...IJEABJ
Chitosan play an important role as an antifungal against Botrytis cinerea and the effect was a concentration dependent. The obtained results of in vitro experiment demonstrated that chitosan (4%) decreased radial growth of B. cinereato 2 %. Invivo the severity of infection reduced from 59.8 and 100.0 to 9.7, 33.8 and 40.1 in first, second and third week’s storage periods at 13C, respectively. Also, chitosan coating (4%) significantly caused an increase in fruit firmness whereas TSS was decreased with an increase by increasing in storage time. However,Vitamin C gave fluctuated results by increasing storage time. Gamma irradiation at 2.5 KGy reduced severity (%) of infected fruits from 55.5, 100 and 100 to 31.7, 45.9 and 49.9 and in healthy fruits severity (%) reduced from 48.9, 100 and 100 to 23.3, 25.1 and 29.1 in different storage periods 1, 2 and 3 weeks, respectively. Similarly, chitosan as well as gamma irradiation combination induced a significant increase of peroxidase enzyme (POD) activity. Induced changes in surface morphology and damage of cell structure caused by using chitosan shown by scanning electron microscopy. Also, gamma irradiation causes changes in hyphea structure and in surface morphology but combination of gamma irradiation with chitosan was more effective in altering fungus morphology and cell structure damage and no spore forming. This providing the efficiency of combination on reducing disease severity (%) of strawberry.
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Ang Chong Yi Navigating Singaporean Flavors: A Journey from Cultural Heritage...Ang Chong Yi
In the heart of Singapore, where tradition meets modernity, He embarks on a culinary adventure that transcends borders. His mission? Ang Chong Yi Exploring the Cultural Heritage and Identity in Singaporean Cuisine. To explore the rich tapestry of flavours that define Singaporean cuisine while embracing innovative plant-based approaches. Join us as we follow his footsteps through bustling markets, hidden hawker stalls, and vibrant street corners.
Roti Bank Hyderabad: A Beacon of Hope and NourishmentRoti Bank
One of the top cities of India, Hyderabad is the capital of Telangana and home to some of the biggest companies. But the other aspect of the city is a huge chunk of population that is even deprived of the food and shelter. There are many people in Hyderabad that are not having access to
3. Biocontrol of Colletotrichum capsici in chilli. Chandra et al.
Statistical analysis
Each experiment was repeated three times. Data was combined
and subjected to ANOVA (SPSS 11.5 for Windows) and compared
using Tukey’s multiple range test (P =0.05).
RESULTS
In vitro interaction of P. aeruginosa WS-1 against
C. capsici in dual solid culture
In dual culture, significant growth inhibition of C. capsici
by P. aeruginosa WS-1 was observed in solid culture
medium. Growth of mycelium was restricted near bacterial
streaks and continued away from it. An increase in
incubation period was proportionate to growth inhibition of
C. capsici up to 6 days. Quantitatively, P. aeruginosa WS-1
demonstrated 53.21 and 41.57% inhibition, respectively for
circular and semi-circular streaks after 144 h of incubation
(Fig. 2). A phase contrast microscopic study of the mycelia
from the interacting zone showed hyphal shriveling and
deformities, tip swelling, short branching and finally lysis
(Fig. 3).
In vitro antifungal bioassay
Morphological abnormalities of hyphae in dual culture
forced us to detect the production of different secondary
metabolites by P. aeruginosa WS-1. The antagonist pro-
duced mainly chitinase, protease, hydrogen cyanide, vola-
tile compounds and siderophores (Table 1). The strain
formed clear zones around spots when they were grown in
chitin and gelatin media which confirms chitinase and pro-
tease activity, respectively. The volatile compound pro-
duced by P. aeruginosa WS-1 inhibited the growth of C.
capsici by up to 57%. Furthermore, after 24 h of incubation
the colour of the picric acid-saturated filter paper strips
became light brown and with increasing incubation time the
colour of the filter strips changed to reddish-brown which
indicates strong cyanogenic activity of the strain. The blue
colour of the CAS medium was due to the Fe-dye complex
and when siderophores produced by WS-1 the iron released
from the Fe-dye complex resulted in a change of colour to
orange, which indicates the hydroxamate nature of sidero-
phores.
P. aeruginosa WS-1 treatment and challenge
inoculation in a greenhouse
The data of disease incidence on chilli in 2009 are sum-
marized in Table 2. Disease incidence (DI) was signifi-
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 24 48 72 96 120 144
Hours of incubation
Radialdiameter(mm)
Control
Half circle
Circle
Fig. 2 Inhibition of C. capsici by P. aeruginosa WS-1 under dual plate
culture using circular (O) and semicircular (U) method. Data repre-
sents the mean of triplicate sets of experiments. The vertical bars indicate
the standard deviation (SD).
A B1 B2
B 3 B4
Fig. 3 Phase contrast microscopic observation of mycelium inhibited by P. aeruginosa WS-1. A: Hyphae of control plate showing normal hyphal
structure. B (1-4): Hyphae of treated plate showing: 1. Short branching, 2. Tip swelling, 3. Hyphal shriveling, 4. Hyphal deformities.
Table 1 Secondary metabolites production and enzymatic activity of P.
aeruginosa WS-1.
Metabolites Rate of production
Siderophore production +++
Volatile substances (HCN) production +++
Protease activity ++
Chitinase activity +
Amylase activity -
Pectinase activity -
Cellulase activity -
‘+++’ Stronger production, ‘++’ Moderate production, ‘+’ Low production, ‘-’No
production.
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