1. Introduction: Tissue Culture is the in vitro culture of cells, tissues, organs or whole plant under controlled nutritional and environmental Conditions(T. Thorp, 2007).
The science of plant tissue culture takes its roots from the discovery of Cells (Robert Hooke in 1665) and propounding of cell theory.
In 1838, Schleiden and Schwann proposed that cell is the basic structural unit of all living organisms. They visualized that cell is capable of autonomy and therefore it should be possible for each cell if given an environment to regenerate into whole plants.
2. Plant Tissue Culture: Past & Present Prospects
In 1902, a German physiologist, Gottieb Haberlandt for the first time attempted to culture isolated single palisade cells from leaves in knop’s salt solution.
The cell remained alive for up to 1 month, increased in size, accumulated starch but failed to divide.
Though he was unsuccessful but he laid the foundation of tissue culture so he is regarded as Father of Plant Tissue Culture.
In the Subsequent years different landmark discoveries were made. Some of them are:
Use of specialized media for aseptic culture of Orchid seeds (Knudson, 1925) and other workers also demonstrated that plants could be propagated in vitro from the minuscule seeds of the Orchidaceae.
Further culture of other plant tissue was not possible due to lack of knowledge of the specific hormones to be added to the culture media.
This limitation was overcomed by the elucidation of the nature of Auxin, IAA, by Thimann and Went(1930) that plants would be subsequently regenerated through the use of IAA or its analogs.
Discovery of Cytokinins, specially Kinetin(6-furfurylaminopurine) by Miller et al. (1956), the regeneration of intact plants from tissue of many herbaceous species became a practical reality.
A process where an embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos (SEs) are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in embryo formation.
Embryos formed by somatic embryogenesis are called Embryoids.
The process was discovered for the first time in Daucas carota L. (carrot) by Steward (1958), Reinert (1959).
history
Lampe & Mills (1933) were the first to report the proliferation of immature endosperm tissue of Maize, grown on medium containing extract of potato.
La Rue (1947) observed that in nature, in maize , the pericarp ruptured & the endosperm exhibited a white tissue mass.
A process where an embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos (SEs) are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in embryo formation.
Embryos formed by somatic embryogenesis are called Embryoids.
The process was discovered for the first time in Daucas carota L. (carrot) by Steward (1958), Reinert (1959).
history
Lampe & Mills (1933) were the first to report the proliferation of immature endosperm tissue of Maize, grown on medium containing extract of potato.
La Rue (1947) observed that in nature, in maize , the pericarp ruptured & the endosperm exhibited a white tissue mass.
The presentation gives overview of production of secondary metabolites using callus culture as well as tissue culture techniques. Various batch and continuous culturing process are described on the basis of secondary metabolite to be synthesised.
A presentation covering the process of protoplast culture including protoplast isolation, protoplast fusion, culture of protoplast, its application, factors affecting protoplast culture and the future of protoplasts.
Somatic embryogenesis, in plant tissue culture 2KAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Types of somatic embryogenesis
Developmental stages
Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis
Importance
Conclusions
References
The process of regeneration of embryos from somatic cells, tissue or organs is regarded as somatic or asexual embryogenesis.
opposite of zygotic or sexual embryogenesis.
Embryo-like structures which can develop into whole plants in a way that is similar to zygotic embryos are formed from somatic cells.
The isolation, culture and fusion of protoplasts is a fascinating field in plant research. Protoplast isolation and their cultures provide millions of single cells (comparable to microbial cells) for a variety of studies.
The slides describing about the different techniques of seed production, as the seed is the basic part of any production program. Therefore, please provide review about these techniques.
Micropropagation and commercial exploitation in horticulture cropsDheeraj Sharma
Micro-propagation – principles and concepts, commercial exploitation in horticultural crops. Techniques - in vitro clonal propagation, direct organogenesis, embryogenesis, micrografting, meristem culture. Hardening, packing and transport of micro-propagules.
Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition. It is widely used to produce clones of a plant in a method known as micropropagation
The presentation gives overview of production of secondary metabolites using callus culture as well as tissue culture techniques. Various batch and continuous culturing process are described on the basis of secondary metabolite to be synthesised.
A presentation covering the process of protoplast culture including protoplast isolation, protoplast fusion, culture of protoplast, its application, factors affecting protoplast culture and the future of protoplasts.
Somatic embryogenesis, in plant tissue culture 2KAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Types of somatic embryogenesis
Developmental stages
Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis
Importance
Conclusions
References
The process of regeneration of embryos from somatic cells, tissue or organs is regarded as somatic or asexual embryogenesis.
opposite of zygotic or sexual embryogenesis.
Embryo-like structures which can develop into whole plants in a way that is similar to zygotic embryos are formed from somatic cells.
The isolation, culture and fusion of protoplasts is a fascinating field in plant research. Protoplast isolation and their cultures provide millions of single cells (comparable to microbial cells) for a variety of studies.
The slides describing about the different techniques of seed production, as the seed is the basic part of any production program. Therefore, please provide review about these techniques.
Micropropagation and commercial exploitation in horticulture cropsDheeraj Sharma
Micro-propagation – principles and concepts, commercial exploitation in horticultural crops. Techniques - in vitro clonal propagation, direct organogenesis, embryogenesis, micrografting, meristem culture. Hardening, packing and transport of micro-propagules.
Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition. It is widely used to produce clones of a plant in a method known as micropropagation
Medicinal plants are in use in many countries and cultures as a source of medicine. Biotechnological tools like tissue culture are important for selection, multiplication and conservation of medicinal plants genotypes. In addition, in-vitro regeneration plays a great role in the production of high-quality plant-based medicine. Plant tissue culture techniques offer an integrated approach for the production of standardized quality phytopharmaceutical through mass production of consistent plant material for physiological characterization and analysis of active ingredients. A number of medicinal plants reported to regenerate in vitro from their various parts but still, fewer are grown in soil, while their micropropagation on a mass scale has rarely been achieved. Micropropagation protocols for cloning of some medicinal plants had been developed by using different concentrations of plant growth regulators in a Murashige and Skoog media variant (Murashige and Skoog, 1962). Regeneration occurred via organogenesis and embryogenesis in response to auxins and cytokinins. The production of secondary metabolite is also becoming familiar by tissue culture for pharmaceutical use. The integrated approaches of culture systems will provide the basis for the future development of safe, effective, and high-quality products for consumers.
Demand and Supply Situation for Medicinal PlantsAI Publications
From 2020 to 2015, it was predicted that the demand for medicinal plants in India will increase at an annual pace of between 17 and 23 percent to meet the needs of both domestic and international consumers. Small-scale farmers stand to gain financially and economically from a well-organized medicinal plant production and administration system. Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha are the three main Indian medical traditions, and together they are expected to bring in more than $500 million annually. In 2015, the gap between demand and supply of MAPs was predicted to be between 50,000 and 250,000 tons. In 2020, this hole was predicted to grow from 250,000 to 500,000 metric tons. Modified accelerated production (MAP) industries provide labor opportunities in economically depressed states, raising the standard of living and tax base of the area.
this slide is tells us about general tissue culture history and history about discovery of plant tissue culture.
it include advantage of virus free planting
nduced Mutation by Colchicine Treatment of Somatic Embryos in ‘Namwa’ Banana ...drboon
Hexaploids of the ‘Namwa’ banana (Musa sp ABB) were obtained by in vitro colchicine treatment of somatic embryos. Somatic embryos were induced on a medium containing MS medium supplemented with 8 mg/l picloram. Somatic embryos were treated with four different concentrations of colchicine (0, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, %) in liquid MS medium supplemented with 0.22 mg/l zeatin, and shaken (60 rpm) at 25 0C in darkness for 48, 72 or 96 hours. Higher colchicine concentrations exhibited higher mortality rates ranging from 8–20%, 48–62% and 80–90% mortality on concentrations 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 % colchicine respectively. Mortality rate generally increased with increased treatment time. Hexaploids were obtained at a frequency of 2 % with treatments 0.05 % colchicine for 96 hours, and 1 % colchicine for 48 hours as determined by flow cytometry.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...
Prospect of tissue culture in india
1. Prospect Of Tissue Culture
in India
M.Sc. 2nd Semester, Roll No. 19
Dept. of Life Science & Bioinformatics, AUS
2. Introduction
Tissue Culture is the in vitro culture of cells, tissues, organs or
whole plant under controlled nutritional and environmental
Conditions(T. Thorp, 2007).
The science of plant tissue culture takes its roots from the
discovery of Cells (Robert Hooke in 1665) and propounding of
cell theory.
In 1838, Schleiden and Schwann proposed that cell is the
basic structural unit of all living organisms. They visualized that
cell is capable of autonomy and therefore it should be possible for
each cell if given an environment to regenerate into whole plants.
3. Plant Tissue Culture: Past &
Present Prospects
G. Haberlandt (28-11-1854 to 30 -01-1945)
In 1902, a German physiologist,
Gottieb Haberlandt for the first time
attempted to culture isolated single
palisade cells from leaves in knop’s
salt solution.
The cell remained alive for up to
1 month, increased in size, accumulated
starch but failed to divide.
Though he was unsuccessful but
he laid the foundation of tissue culture
so he is regarded as Father of Plant
Tissue Culture.
4. In the Subsequent years different landmark discoveries were made.
Some of them are:
Use of specialized media for aseptic culture of Orchid seeds
(Knudson, 1925) and other workers also demonstrated that plants
could be propagated in vitro from the minuscule seeds of the
Orchidaceae.
Further culture of other plant tissue was not possible due to lack of
knowledge of the specific hormones to be added to the culture
media.
This limitation was overcomed by the elucidation of the nature of
Auxin, IAA, by Thimann and Went(1930) that plants would be
subsequently regenerated through the use of IAA or its analogs.
Discovery of Cytokinins, specially Kinetin(6-
furfurylaminopurine) by Miller et al. (1956), the regeneration of
intact plants from tissue of many herbaceous species became a
practical reality.
5. Further Advances
Kanta and Maheshwari (1960) developed test tube fertilization
technique and again in 1964, Guha and Maheshwari of Delhi University
produced first haploid plants from pollen grains of Datura innoxia (Anther
Culture). This is one of the path breaking discoveries in plant tissue
culture.
Medium development was a focus of range of studies in the 1960’s.
In 1962, Murashige and Skoog developed MS medium with high salt
concentration. The development of MS medium opened the path of Tissue
culture scientist to study a wide range of Plants through micropropagation.
They did a series of experiments with different concentrations of different
media constituents and finally they succeed in 1962.
6. They used different proportions of micro and macro
nutrients, vitamins, amino acids and other plant growth
regulator hormones. Non-defined additives such as
coconut milk, banana homogenate and orange juice
were also added.
Following MS Medium several other mediums were
also developed, some are: Gamborg’s (B5) medium
(1968), Chu et al. N6 medium (1975) for in vitro
Anther Culture of Oryza sativa, Nitsch Medium (1989).
Asepsis was proved to be critical & the physical
condition of the culture medium was found to be
important in the success rate of plantlets and quality of
plantlets produced in vitro.
7. Recent achievements that may predict
Potential Success in Future
Examples of recent achievements that may predict potential
success for future applications of plant tissue culture are
abundant.
8. Apple (Malus domestica Borkh), which is of native and medicinal importance. As apple
genome sequencing is going on, so availability of genome sequence and its proper annotation
would help in isolating genes and their utilization for apple improvement. It may also
facilitate the development of intergenic vectors with all the DNA sequences derived from
apple. This is an emerging Concept (Shammi Bhatti & Gopaljee Jha, 2010).
9. The valuable plant resources of India particularly of the North-east region are being lost at
an alarming rate due to varied human activities. Realizing the importance of plant genetic
resources, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources has provided a number of protocols.
This approach in which the techniques of tissue culture more precisely Micropropagation
were employed seems to be of great significance in near future.
10. Use of molecular markers to verify identity (Genetic and
phenotypic fidelity) of Micropropagated plants (2004,2006).
11. Prospects of Drug Production in
Plant Tissue Culture
Plant cell cultures have great potential for the
production of secondary metabolites. In recent years,
considerable success has been achieved in increasing
the secondary metabolites using cell suspension
cultures in several plant species.
Plant cells grown in culture have potential to produce
and accumulate chemicals similar to the parent plant
from which they were derived.
12. Future Prospects Of Tissue Culture
in India
The promise of Biotechnology may be realized by successfully
inserting horticulturally important genes into the genome of desirable
genotypes. This is been achieved by Parasexual hybridization
(Protoplast fusion)
In near future the following can help the further development of
tissue culture techniques:
Determination of Mechanism, frequency and utility of Somaclonal
variants.
New technologies can be undertaken for further understanding plant
physiology and genetics (Ali et al., 2006)
Discovery of new chemicals useful in tissue culture.
Efficient computer controlled, flow-through systems will be tailored to
meet environmental and medium requirements from explants to
finished plantlets (Kozai et al., numerous citations).
13. Mass production of plant constituents (secondary products) for
pharmaceutical, flavoring and other uses.
Tissue Culture Plants (TCPs) may have increased branching and
flowering, greater vigour and higher yield, mainly due to the
possibility of elimination of diseases.
14. Ongoing Researches In India
Development of Commercial Scale Technology for Micro -
propagation of Elite Date Palm:
Sun Agrigenetics is working on micro propagation of high
yielding, commercial cultivars of elite date palm, which will
produce true type plants on a mass scale. Using this
technique, the desert region of India comprising 100000 ha
can be planted with elite planting materials generating
revenue worth Rs 5 billion from quality date fruits.
At ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research:
Tissue culture systems in horticultural crops with reference to
management and Exploitation of Endophytes.
15. Development of Commercial Scale Technology for
Micro - propagation of Elite Red Sandalwood in
India:
Red sanders, a species endemic to Cuddapah district of
Andhra Pradesh (India), is vanishing day by day due to
conventional propagation problems, changes in habitat and
human interference in view of socio- economic conditions
of the local people. On the other hand, red sandalwood
trade is blooming as a multi-dollar-business in the global
market, mainly due to its use as highly prized timber
(approximately Rs. 3 crores per ton in the international
market), and a means of radiation containment in nuclear
reactors.
16. Conclusion
Tissue culture, and especially improved micro-
propagation, will continue to be components
fundamental to application of new and modern
technologies for the benefit of all mankind.
Further prospects of contribution of Biotechnology
to the science and world we live in are indeed very
bright.
17. References
Abdul Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed and Rosna Mat Taha, 2012, Current
Trends and Future Prospects of Biotechnological Interventions
Through Plant Tissue Culturein Seaweeds, Handbook of Marine
Macroalgae: Biotechnology and Applied Phycology, First Edition;
Altaf Hussain, Iqbal Ahmed Qarshi, Hummera Nazir and Ikram Ullah,
2012, Plant Tissue Culture: Current Status and Opportunities,
P .V. Lakshmana Rao, 1996, Plant Biotethnology:,Promises
and Challenges, Defence Science Journal, Vol 46, pp 31-39.
Pramod Tendon and Suman Kumaria, 2005, Prospects of plant
Conservation biotechnology in India with special reference to
Northeast Region, Biodiversity: Status and prospects.
18. Paul E. Read & Kee-Yoeup Paek, 2007, Plant Tissue Culture:
Past, Present and Prospects for the Future, Plant Biotechnology,
pp41-45.
Shammi Bhatti & Gopaljee Jha, 2010, Current trends and future
prospects of biotechnological interventions through tissue
culture in apple, Plant Cell Rep(Springer), pp1215-1225.