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Microbiology 1st
- 1. Mb-202 3(2-1) Basic Microbiology BSc.(Hons.)Agriculture
- 2. Course Contents • Introductionto Microbiology ( microoranisms,types,classification,their benificial and detrimental aspects) • History of Microbiology – Contribution of scientists, Golden age of microbiology • Branches of microbiology
- 3. Course Contents • Differencesbetween Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell • A single Bacterial cell – cell types, their classification – Cell wall – Different structures which are external and internal to cell wall e.g. Glycocalyx, flagella, cell membrane, ribosomes, ER, chromosomes etc.
- 4. Course Contents • Bacterialgrowth, requirements, curves and measurements • Bacterial endospore formation ---------------Mid Term---------------- • Bacterial Genetics – Genes, genotype, phenotype, nuclear material – Nucleotides, genetic code, DNA & RNA structure
- 5. Course Contents • DNAReplication process • Transcription • Translation • Introduction to viruses, their Classification and Replication • Introduction to Fungi, Classification and Importance
- 6. Course Contents • Introductionto immune system and immunity ---------------Final---------------
- 7. Materials required forthis class. • Textbooks Prescott's Principles of Microbiology by J Willey, Sherwood and Woolverton Foundations in Microbiology by Talaro and Chess Microbiology: An Introduction. by Totora, Funke and Case
- 8. M I CR O B I O L O G Y WITH DISEASES BY BODY SYSTEM SECOND EDITION An Introduction toAn Introduction to MicrobiologyMicrobiology
- 9. What is aMicrobe • Smaller than 0.1mm • Includes bugs, things, germs, viruses, protozoan, bacteria, animalcules, small parasites
- 10. Why study Microbiology •Microbes are related to all life. – In all environments – Many beneficial aspects – Related to life processes (food web, nutrient cycling) – Only a minority are pathogenic. – Most of our problems are caused by microbes
- 11. • Emerging infectiousdiseases (EID’s) – Weapons of mass destruction – New evolutionary features – Response to man encroaching on the environment • Can you name an example?
- 12. Microbes in research •10 trillion human cells 10x this number microbes • Easy to grow • Biochemistry is essentially the same • Simple and easy to study
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- 14. Diversity of Microbes •Bacteria-single celled prokaryotes • Protozoa-eukaryotic, single celled, colonial, many ways of nutrition • Fungi- absorb nutrients, single celled filamentous • Viruses-acellular entities • Others- worms, insects
- 16. • Prokaryotes • Peptidoglycancell walls • Binary fission • For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis Bacteria Figure 1.1a
- 17. • Prokaryotic • Lackpeptidoglycan • Live in extreme environments • Include: – Methanogens – Extreme halophiles – Extreme thermophiles Archaea: Halobacteria not from book
- 18. • Eukaryotes • Chitincell walls • Use organic chemicals for energy • Molds and mushrooms are multicellular consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae • Yeasts are unicellular Fungi Figure 1.1b
- 19. • Eukaryotes • Absorbor ingest organic chemicals • May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella • Most free some parasites Protozoa Figure 1.1c
- 20. • Eukaryotes • Cellulosecell walls • Use photosynthesis for energy (primary producers) • Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds • Metabolically diverse Algae Figure 1.1d
- 21. • Acellular • Consistof DNA or RNA core • Core is surrounded by a protein coat • Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope • Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell Viruses Figure 1.1e
- 22. • Eukaryote • Multicellular animals •Parasitic flatworms and round worms are called helminths. • Microscopic stages in life cycles. Multicellular Animal Parasites Figure fluke
- 23. The Scientific Method •Make an observation • Make a hypothesis • Test the hypothesis • Draw your conclusions • Repeat • Theory/Law
- 24. Scientific Method Hypothesis Laboratory experimentation or field Studies Data collection and analysis Conclusion, either reject or accept hypothesis Theory or Law
- 25. Abiogenesis vs Biogenesis “Spontaneous Generation” was an early belief that living things can arise from vital forces present in nonliving and decaying matter. (Ex: maggots from meat or mushrooms from rotting wood The alternative hypothesis that living organisms can arise only from preexisting life forms is called “Biogenesis”
- 26. • The hypothesisthat living organisms arise from nonliving matter is called spontaneous generation. According to spontaneous generation, a “vital force’ forms life. • The Alternative hypothesis, that the living organisms arise from preexisting life, is called biogenesis. The Debate Over Spontaneous Generation
- 27. • 1668: FranciscoRedi filled six jars with decaying meat. Evidence Pros and Cons Conditions Results 3 jars covered with fine net No maggots 3 open jars Maggots appeared From where did the maggots come? What was the purpose of the sealed jars? Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?
- 28. • 1765: LazzaroSpallanzani boiled nutrient solutions in flasks. Evidence Pro and Con Conditions Results Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed No microbial growth Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?
- 29. • Pasteur’s S-shapedflask kept microbes out but let air in. The Theory of Biogenesis Figure 1.3
- 30. A timeline ofMicrobiology • Some highlights – 1665 Hooke – 1673 van Leeuwenhoek’s microscopes – 1735 Linnaeus Nomenclature – 1798 Jenner vaccine – 1857 Pasteur Fermentation – 1876 Koch germ theory of disease
- 31. Historical review ofthe Science of Microbiology Robert Hook – 1665 – Englishman, used a primitive compound (two magnifying lenses) microscope, reported that life’s smallest units were little boxes – Cells, his work started the process of the development of the Cell theory of life
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- 33. Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek–1673 - probably the first person to observe living cells with a simple microscope, ground his own lenses and described what we know today as bacteria – rod shaped , spiral shaped , etc. “animalcules”
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- 35. Francesco Redi –1668 – opposed the prevailing theory of Spontaneous Generation, maggots in meat , He used covered jars to show that maggots came from flies –strong evidence against spontaneous generation Now we teach the theory of Biogenesis – Life comes from Life But issue of Spontaneous Generation was actively believed for many more years
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- 37. Edward Jenner iscredited with first vaccine – in epidemics of smallpox during the late 1700’s he observed that milk maids didn’t get the disease, cattle had a similar disease – cowpox, milk maids had cow pox lesions, but not small pox, he purposefully took scrapings from cowpox blister and scraped a 8 year old volunteer. With the material – child got mild illness but not small pox, Vaccination comes from Latin word “vacca” meaning cow. Jenner laid the foundation for Pasteur’s later work with other vaccinations.
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- 39. Pasteur – Frenchsceintist that dealt the death blow to the spontaneous generation theory. He devised the ingenious curved necked flasks that prevented contaminated air from reaching boiled beef broth – the broth remained uncontaminated even though exposed to the air He was very lucky – no endopores present, or it would have failed (resitant to boiling)
- 40. 1. He developedprocess we call Pasteuriztion – he heated wine to kill contaminating microbes – cured sick wine (today we heat treatment to kill pathogens in milk also) 2. He proved that fermentation was caused by a microbe – yeast 3. He developed vaccines for rabies and anthrax. Vaccines led to immunity to diseases that routinely killed many people, used to help people long before they understood how they even worked (science of Immunology) 4. He began the revolution in science that led to the Golden Age of Microbiology (from 1857- 1914)
- 42. Robert Koch -Developed Koch’s postulates – important technique for determining the actual microbial cause agent of a disease – more later, German, contemporary of Pasteur, several very important contributions 1. He discovered the tuberculosis bug (tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis) 2. He discovered the cause of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) – from blood of dead cattle, cultured bacteria in pure culture, injected bacteria in live cattle and they died, then again cultured the bacteria in pure culture. This led to the Establishment of a procedure for determining microbial cause of disease
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- 44. Koch’s and Pasteur’swork helped establish the “Germ Theory of Disease” - that microorganisms cause disease (in people, animals, and even plants)
- 45. Iwanowski 1892 -Discovered that plant disease can be caused by small organisms that were so small they passed through filters , Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was later identified as the cause - beginning of virology (Today we have discovered new and weird things like viroids, prions)
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- 47. Paul Ehrlich, Germandoctor, wanted to find a “magic bullet” an agent that would kill the disease agent without hurting the patient. Developed Salvarsan, “salvation from syphilis”agent 2. This was an arsenical – arsenic compound, that was effective against syphilis Antimicrobial agent, medicine to treat a microbial disease, it was chemical – chemotherapy
- 48. • Syphilis spirochete:T. pallidum Paul Ehrlich
- 49. Joseph Lister –1860’s, English surgeon that applied ideas of the germ theory to surgery, remembered the work of Semmelweis in Hungary in the 1840’s, if a Dr. would wash their hands childbed fever was prevented. He knew that phenol would kill bacteria; (phenol is the basic agent of today’s – Lysol) 1. First antiseptic use in surgery, chemicals used as agents on tissue before surgery (tissue treated with an antimicrobial agent – antiseptic, betadine) disinfectants are chemicals, used on a surface 2. Also proved that microbes cause surgical infections
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- 51. Lister • Antisepsis insurgery
- 52. Alexander Fleming -Scottish physician and bacteriologist - 1928 Observed mold growing on a bacteria culture, there was a ring of clearing around the mold where the bacteria didn’t grow, the mold was later found to be a Penicillium species and the naturally secreted chemical was called penicillin, an antibiotic 1. Antibiotics are natural agents 2. Synthetic drugs are chemicals produced in labs (sulfas) 3. Problems with them - toxicity, resistance, allergic reactions 4. Fleming’s work - shelved until early WWII, sulfas were failing, needed penicillin to cure battle field wounds 5. Now have thousands of antibiotics and synthetics (and a significant problem – resistance)
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- 54. Salk - Poliovaccine, 1950’s polio was a scary epidemic, Salk developed a vaccine by treating the virus with formalin (IPV) inactivated polio virus Sabin 1963 live Polio virus vaccine, attenuated –altered virus, OPV-oral polio vaccine The work done on polio revolutionized the science of virology and we are seeing the results today in advances with Hepatitis and HIV viral infections - tissue culture and other techniques
- 55. Watson and Crick,DNA, 1953
- 56. DNA Double helix •Double Helix
- 57. Jacob and Monod– 1965 Did research on RNA and protein synthesis in bacteria – last necessary step in understanding how genetics works on a cellular level (Replication, Transcription, Translation – protein synthesis – expression of traits)
- 58. The Golden Ageof Microbiology • 1857-1914 • Beginning with Pasteur’s work, discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs
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- 60. Microbiology • Classification, Taxonomy, •Binomial Nomenclature
- 61. The Classification ofLiving Things • Living organisms are assigned to groups based upon their similarities. • Systematics is the discipline of identifying and classifying organisms.
- 62. Domains • The highest– largest category, recent addition • 3 domains – 1. Archaea – ancient “bacteria”, unicellular like bacteria, also simple cell structure (prokaryote – no nucleus) but have distinct metabolism (chemistry) allowing them to exist in “extreme” environments – 2. Bacteria – unicellular, prokaryote, found everywhere (Old kingdom name – Monera) – 3. Eukarya – unicellular to multicellular, complex and organized cells with nuclei and organelles (mitochondria)
- 63. Domain Archaea • Archaeaare single- celled organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus. - Prokaryote • Archaea can be found in environments that are too hostile for other life forms.
- 64. Domain Bacteria • Bacteriaare single- celled organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus. (Prokaryote also) • Bacteria are found almost everywhere on the planet Earth.
- 65. Domain Eukarya • Thecells of all eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus. Members of the Domain Eukarya are further categorized into one of four Kingdoms. (know these kingdoms)
- 66. Microbiology • Check yournotes; Older 5 kingdom scheme is still widely used • Monera – bacteria (Prokaryotic) • Protista – Protozoans (Eukaryotic) • Fungi - yeast, molds, etc. (Eukaryotic) • Plant – photosynthetic producers (Eukaryotic) • Animals – heterotrophic consumers (Eukaryotic)
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- 68. Categories of Classification Domain- Dumb Kingdom - King Phylum - Philip Class – Came Order - Over Family - For Genus - Good Species - __
- 69. Categories of Classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus SpeciesLeast inclusive Most inclusive
- 70. Scientific Names • Binomial(two name) Genus first and first letter capitalized, then species not capitalized. If written or typed – either underline or italicize – Genus name, species name – Homo sapiens - italicized – Escherichia coli (Bacterial spp.) – underlined – Or – Escherichia coli (italicized)