This document discusses the history and scope of microbiology. It begins by defining microbiology as the study of microorganisms, which are tiny creatures that can only be seen under a microscope. It then describes the branches of microbiology, including pure microbiology which focuses on taxonomy and integration of microbes, and applied microbiology which examines medical, veterinary, industrial, and other applications. The document continues by outlining the major groups of microorganisms and how they are named and classified. It concludes with an overview of the key discoveries and scientists that helped establish microbiology as a field, including the germ theory of disease and development of antibiotics.
Microbiology essentially began with the development of the microscope. Although others may have seen microbes before him, it was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch draper whose hobby was lens grinding and making microscopes, who was the first to provide proper documentation of his observations.
Contribution of Various Scientist in the field of Microbiology,Louis Pasteur,Robert Koch,Alexander Fleming,Anton van Leeuwenhoek,Edward Jenner,Paul Ehrlich,Dmitri Iwanowski,M.Beijerinck
Microbiology essentially began with the development of the microscope. Although others may have seen microbes before him, it was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch draper whose hobby was lens grinding and making microscopes, who was the first to provide proper documentation of his observations.
Contribution of Various Scientist in the field of Microbiology,Louis Pasteur,Robert Koch,Alexander Fleming,Anton van Leeuwenhoek,Edward Jenner,Paul Ehrlich,Dmitri Iwanowski,M.Beijerinck
Brief discription about the Golden age of Microbiology and two important scientists Louis Pasteur and Joseph lister ,and their contributions to the field of microbiology .
Giving basic concepts regarding culture media and its classification on the basis of different properties like physical state, chemical composition and utility purposes.
When fresh liquid medium is inoculated with a given number of bacteria and incubated for sufficient period of time, it gives a characteristic growth pattern of bacteria.
If the bacterial population is measured periodically and log of number of viable bacteria is plotted in a graph against time, it gives a characteristic growth curve which is known as growth curve or growth cycle.
Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments. These organisms can live in soil, the ocean and inside the human gut. Humans' relationship with bacteria is complex. Sometimes bacteria lend us a helping hand, such as by curdling milk into yogurt or helping with our digestion.
To understand the basic concepts of the biology of microorganisms and its mechanism of action in host cells.
-Dr SUBASHKUMAR R
Associate Professor in Biotechnology
Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore
Brief discription about the Golden age of Microbiology and two important scientists Louis Pasteur and Joseph lister ,and their contributions to the field of microbiology .
Giving basic concepts regarding culture media and its classification on the basis of different properties like physical state, chemical composition and utility purposes.
When fresh liquid medium is inoculated with a given number of bacteria and incubated for sufficient period of time, it gives a characteristic growth pattern of bacteria.
If the bacterial population is measured periodically and log of number of viable bacteria is plotted in a graph against time, it gives a characteristic growth curve which is known as growth curve or growth cycle.
Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments. These organisms can live in soil, the ocean and inside the human gut. Humans' relationship with bacteria is complex. Sometimes bacteria lend us a helping hand, such as by curdling milk into yogurt or helping with our digestion.
To understand the basic concepts of the biology of microorganisms and its mechanism of action in host cells.
-Dr SUBASHKUMAR R
Associate Professor in Biotechnology
Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore
Medical Microbiology begins with a review of the immune system, focusing on the body's response to invading microorganisms. Bacteria are then covered, first with a series of chapters presenting the general concepts of bacterial microbiology and then with chapters detailing the major bacterial pathogenes of humans. Similar sections cover virology, mycology, and parasitology. In each section, the introductory chapters stress the mechanisms of infection characteristic of that type of microorganism, thus providing the reader with a framework for understanding rather than memorizing the clinical behavior of the pathogens. The final section of the book Introduction to Infectious Diseases, is arranged by organ system and provides transition for clinical considerations.
Evolution of the Immune System
The immune system consists of factors that provide innate and acquired immunity, and has evolved to become more specific, complex, efficient, and regulated. One of the principal functions of the human immune system is to defend against infecting and other foreign agents by distinguishing self from non-self (foreign antigens) and to marshal other protective responses from leukocytes. The immune system, if dysregulated, can react to self antigens to cause autoimmune diseases or fail to defend against infections.
Organization/Components/Functions
The immune system is organized into discrete compartments to provide the milieu for the development and maintenance of effective immunity. Those two overlapping compartments: the lymphoid and reticuloendothelial systems (RES) house the principal immunologic cells, the leukocytes. Leukocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow during postnatal life include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and T and B lymphocytes. Hematopoietic and lymphoid precursor cells are derived from pluripotent stem cells. Cells that are specifically committed to each type of leukocyte (colony-forming units) are consequently produced with the assistance of special stimulating factors (e.g. cytokines).
Cells of the immune system intercommunicate by ligand-receptor interactions between cells and/or via secreted molecules called cytokines. Cytokines produced by lymphocytes are termed lymphokines (i.e., interleukins and interferon-γ) and those produced by monocytes and macrophages are termed monokines.
Lymphoid System
Cells of the lymphoid system provide highly specific protection against foreign agents and also orchestrate the functions of other parts of the immune system by producing immunoregulatory cytokines. The lymphoid system is divided into 1) central lymphoid organs, the thymus and bone marrow, and 2) peripheral lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosal and submucosal tissues of the alimentary and respiratory tracts. The thymus instructs certain lymphocytes to differentiate into thymus-dependent (T) lymphocytes and selects most of them to die in...
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...
branches, history and scope of microbiology
1. HISTORY AND SCOPE OF
MICROBIOLOGY
BY
DR JAWAD NAZIR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, LAHORE
2. History and scope of Microbiology
Microbiology?
Study of Microorganisms
Microorganisms are tiny creatures which can not
be seen by the naked eye and can only be
visualized under microscope
3. History and scope of Microbiology
Branches of Microbiology
Pure Microbiology
Taxonomic arrangement
Integrative arrangement
Applied Microbiology
4. History and scope of Microbiology
Branches of Microbiology
Taxonomic Arrangement:
Bacteriology
Mycology
Phycology
Virology
Protozoology
Immunology
5. History and scope of Microbiology
Branches of Microbiology
Integrative Arrangement:
Microbial cytology
Microbial physiology
Microbial genetics
Microbial ecology
Microbial taxonomy
Cellular Microbiology
Molecular Microbiology
6. History and scope of Microbiology
Branches of Microbiology
Applied Microbiology:
Medical Microbiology
Veterinary Microbiology
Public Health Microbiology
Industrial Microbiology
Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Agriculture Microbiology
Plant Microbiology
Soil Microbiology
7. History and scope of Microbiology
Branches of Microbiology
Applied Microbiology:
Food and Dairy Microbiology
Environmental Microbiology
Water/Aquatic Microbiology
Aero-microbiology
Microbial Biotechnology
Vaccinology
Chemotherapy
8. History and scope of Microbiology
Naming Microorganisms
To identify all species of life on Earth
Linnaeus – (1707-1778) Father of modern taxonomy
Created Binomial nomenclature
2 names- Genus-species
Names are italicized or underlined. The genus is capitalized
and the specific epithet is lower case.
9. History and scope of Microbiology
Naming Microorganisms
Names may be descriptive or honor a scientist:
Staphylococcus aureus
Describes the clustered arrangement of the cells
(staphylo-) and the golden color of the colonies.
Escherichia coli
Honors the discoverer, Theodor Eshcerich, and
describes the bacterium’s habitat, the large intestine
or colon.
10. History and scope of Microbiology
Naming Microorganisms
After the first use, scientific names may be
abbreviated with the first letter of the genus
and the specific epithet:
• Staphylococcus aureus and Esherichia coli are
found in the human body. S. aureus is on skin and
E. coli, in the large intestine.
12. History and scope of Microbiology
Bacteria
Prokaryotes
Peptidoglycan cell walls
Binary fission
For energy, use organic
chemicals, inorganic
chemicals, or photosynthesis
13. History and scope of Microbiology
Archaea
Prokaryotic
Lack peptidoglycan
Live in extreme environments
Include:
Methanogens
Extreme halophiles
Extreme thermophiles
(Taq polymerase)
Non-pathogenic
14. History and scope of Microbiology
Fungi
Eukaryotes
Chitin cell walls
Use organic chemicals for
energy
Yeasts are unicellular
Molds and mushrooms
Multicellular
Hyphae
15. History and scope of Microbiology
Protozoa
Eukaryotes
Absorb or ingest organic
chemicals
May be motile via
pseudopods, cilia, or
flagella
16. History and scope of Microbiology
Algae
Eukaryotes
Cellulose cell walls
Use photosynthesis for
energy
Produce molecular
oxygen and organic
compounds
17. History and scope of Microbiology
Virus
Acellular
Consist of DNA or RNA core
Core is surrounded by a
protein coat
Coat may be enclosed in a
lipid envelope
Viruses are replicated only
when they are in a living
host cell
18. History and scope of Microbiology
Classification of Microorganisms
In 1978, Carl Woese devised system based upon the
cellular organization of the organisms in 3 domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
19. History and scope of Microbiology
Cell Theory
In 1665, Robert Hooke reported that living things
were composed of little boxes or cells.
In 1858, Rudolf Virchow said cells arise from
preexisting cells.
Cell Theory. All living things are composed of cells
and come from preexisting cells
20. History and scope of Microbiology
First observation of microbes
1673-1723, Antoni van
Leeuwenhoek described
live microorganisms that
he observed (Animalcules)
Teeth scrapings
Rain water
Peppercorn infusions.
21. History and scope of Microbiology
The hypothesis that living organisms arise from
nonliving matter is called spontaneous generation.
According to spontaneous generation, a “vital force’
forms life.
The Alternative hypothesis, that the living organisms
arise from preexisting life, is called biogenesis.
The Debate Over Spontaneous Generation
22. History and scope of Microbiology
1668: Francisco Redi filled six jars with decaying meat.
Evidence Pro and Con
Conditions Results
3 jars covered with fine net No maggots
3 open jars Maggots appeared
From where did the maggots come?
What was the purpose of the sealed jars?
Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?
23. History and scope of Microbiology
1745: John Needham put boiled nutrient broth into
covered flasks.
Conditions Results
Nutrient broth heated, then
placed in sealed flask
Microbial growth
From where did the microbes come?
Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?
Evidence Pro and Con
24. History and scope of Microbiology
1765: Lazzaro Spallanzani boiled nutrient solutions in
flasks.
Conditions Results
Nutrient broth placed in flask,
heated, then sealed
No microbial growth
Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?
Evidence Pro and Con
25. History and scope of Microbiology
1861: Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms
are present in the air.
Conditions Results
Nutrient broth placed in flask,
heated, not sealed
Microbial growth
Nutrient broth placed in flask,
heated, then sealed
No microbial growth
Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?
Evidence Pro and Con
26. History and scope of Microbiology
Pasteur’s S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in.
The Theory of Biogenesis
27. History and scope of Microbiology
Golden age of Microbiology
1857-1914
Beginning with Pasteur’s work, discoveries
included the relationship between microbes and
disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs
28. History and scope of Microbiology
Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for
fermentation.
Fermentation is the conversation of sugar to
alcohol to make beer and wine.
Microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of
food.
Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid
spoil wine by turning it to vinegar (acetic acid).
Fermentation and Pasteurization
29. History and scope of Microbiology
Pasteur demonstrated that these
spoilage bacteria could be killed
by heat that was not hot enough
to evaporate the alcohol in wine.
This application of a high heat for
a short time is called
pasteurization.
Fermentation and Pasteurization
Figure 1.4
30. History and scope of Microbiology
1835: Agostino Bassi showed a silkworm disease
was caused by a fungus.
1865: Pasteur believed that another silkworm
disease was caused by a protozoan.
1840s: Ignaz Semmelwise advocated handwashing
to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from
one obstetric patient to another.
The Germ Theory of Disease
31. History and scope of Microbiology
1860s: Joseph Lister used a chemical disinfectant to
prevent surgical wound infections after looking at
Pasteur’s work showing microbes are in the air, can
spoil food, and cause animal diseases.
1876: Robert Koch provided proof that a bacterium
causes anthrax and provided the experimental
steps, Koch’s postulates, used to prove that a
specific microbe causes a specific disease.
The Germ Theory of Disease
32. History and scope of Microbiology
Pathogen must be present in all cases of disease
Pathogen must be isolated and grown in lab in pure
culture
Pathogen from pure cultures must cause disease
when inoculated into healthy, susceptible lab animal
Same pathogen must be isolated from the diseased
lab animal
The Germ Theory of Disease
Koch’s postulates
33. History and scope of Microbiology
1796: Edward Jenner inoculated a person with
cowpox virus. The person was then protected
from smallpox.
Called vaccination from vacca for cow
The protection is called immunity
Vaccination
34. History and scope of Microbiology
Treatment with chemicals is chemotherapy.
Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious
disease can be synthetic drugs or antibiotics.
Antibiotics are chemicals produced by bacteria and
fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes.
Quinine from tree bark was long used to treat
malaria.
1910: Paul Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic
drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis.
1930s: Sulfonamides were synthesized.
The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy
35. History and scope of Microbiology
1928: Alexander Fleming
discovered the first
antibiotic.
He observed that
Penicillium fungus made
an antibiotic, penicillin,
that killed S. aureus.
1940s: Penicillin was
tested clinically and mass
produced.
The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy