The document discusses the history and development of medical microbiology from its earliest concepts to modern times. It describes key contributions from Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, who first observed microorganisms under a microscope; Louis Pasteur, considered the father of microbiology; Joseph Lister, the father of modern surgery; and Robert Koch, the father of bacteriology. It was during the 1800s that microbiology emerged as a scientific discipline, aided by advances like staining techniques, pure culture isolation, and Koch's postulates for identifying microbes that cause disease. The early 1900s marked the discovery of viruses and antibiotics like penicillin. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the scientific milestones that established microbiology
COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION OF CLINICAL SAMPLESNCRIMS, Meerut
Principles of Sample Collection:
Aseptic precautions to minimize chances of
contamination.
Appropriate anatomic sites
Adequate volume
Adequate no. of samples
Appropriate time
Appropriate container with proper labelling
Before initiation of anti-microbials
Adequate information in request form
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION OF CLINICAL SAMPLESNCRIMS, Meerut
Principles of Sample Collection:
Aseptic precautions to minimize chances of
contamination.
Appropriate anatomic sites
Adequate volume
Adequate no. of samples
Appropriate time
Appropriate container with proper labelling
Before initiation of anti-microbials
Adequate information in request form
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
A pure culture theoretically contains a single bacterial species. There are a number of procedures available for the isolation of pure cultures from mixed populations. A pure culture may be isolated by the use of special media with specific chemical or physical agents that allow the enrichment or selection of one
organism over another.
this presentation show details regarding how the concept of agricultural microbiology came into existance and also the contribution of various scientists
Microbiological analysis of food products is the use of biological, biochemical, molecular or chemical methods for the detection, identification or enumeration of microorganisms in a material. Here some of the common methods have been described.
It has been developed for the detection, enumeration & identification of bacteria & yeasts in clinical specimens.
It is an instrument used for automatic computer-assisted identification of bacteria
It mainly involves staining, motility test, cultural characteristics, a series of biochemical tests.
The automatic bacteria identification system automatically identifies the bacteria in very short time.
A pure culture theoretically contains a single bacterial species. There are a number of procedures available for the isolation of pure cultures from mixed populations. A pure culture may be isolated by the use of special media with specific chemical or physical agents that allow the enrichment or selection of one
organism over another.
this presentation show details regarding how the concept of agricultural microbiology came into existance and also the contribution of various scientists
Microbiological analysis of food products is the use of biological, biochemical, molecular or chemical methods for the detection, identification or enumeration of microorganisms in a material. Here some of the common methods have been described.
It has been developed for the detection, enumeration & identification of bacteria & yeasts in clinical specimens.
It is an instrument used for automatic computer-assisted identification of bacteria
It mainly involves staining, motility test, cultural characteristics, a series of biochemical tests.
The automatic bacteria identification system automatically identifies the bacteria in very short time.
Definition of Microbiology
Classification of Microorganism
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Parasite
Contribution of :-
Louis Pasteur
Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek
Robert Koch
Joseph Lister
Paul Ehrlich
Edward Jenner
Hans Christian Gram
Ernst Ruska
Alexander Fleming
Goodpasture
Karry B Mullis
History of microbiology- Pharmaceutical MicrobiologySanchit Dhankhar
Scientific study of organisms (both eukaryotes and prokaryotes) and agents too small to be seen clearly by the unaided eye.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms / microbes which is visible only with a microscope.
Derived from the Greek word “mikros” - ‘small’ and “bios” - ‘life’.
The diverse group of organisms includes algae, archae, bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses.
Most of the microorganisms are harmless.
99% are good. Eg: Cynobacteria (blue green algae)
1% are bad. Eg: Pathogens
The belief in the spontaneous generation of life from nonliving matter was introduced by Aristotle, who lived around 350 BC.
According to Aristotle, it was:
“readily observable that aphids arise from the dew which falls on plants, fleas from putrid matter, mice from dirty hay.”
This belief remained unchallenged for more than 2000 years.
Formation of life from non living things- ABIOGENESIS.
Aristotle suggested that flies and maggots developed from decaying organic matter.
Epicuris suggested that worms and other animals originated from soil and manure by the action of sun and rain.
Theory of Spontaneous generation was disproved by Francesco Redi,Lazzaro Spallanzani,Louis Pasteur and Theodore Schwann.They argued that life originated from “pre existing life only”-BIOGENESIS.
Francesco Redi took 3 containers filled with meat particles.1st was kept unclosed,2nd covered with paper and 3rd was covered with cork or guaze.After inhibition the 1st container had maggot being produced because flies were attracted by the odour of the meat and they laid eggs after some days developed to maggots.2nd and 3rd container did not contain maggots.
Theory of Spontaneous generation was disproved by Francesco Redi,Lazzaro Spallanzani,Louis Pasteur and Theodore Schwann.They argued that life originated from “pre existing life only”-BIOGENESIS.
Francesco Redi took 3 containers filled with meat particles.1st was kept unclosed,2nd covered with paper and 3rd was covered with cork or guaze.After inhibition the 1st container had maggot being produced because flies were attracted by the odour of the meat and they laid eggs after some days developed to maggots.2nd and 3rd container did not contain maggots.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. Microbiology is the study of living organisms of
microscopic size.
Medical microbiology is the subdivision concerned with
the causative agents of infectious disease of man, the
response of the host to infection and various methods of
diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
The term microbe was first used by Sedillot in 1878, but
now is commonly replaced by microorganisms.
Concept of Contagion
Long before microbes had been seen, observations
on communicable diseases had given rise to the concept of
contagion: The spread of disease by contact, direct or
indirect. This idea was implicit in the laws enacted in early
biblical times to prevent the spread of leprosy.
3. Contributions of Antony von Leeuwenhoek
“Father of microbiology”
1. He constructed the first microscope: Consisted of a single
biconvex lens that magnified about x200.
2. The first person to observe microorganisms: Microorganisms were
first seen by Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1673) and he found many
microorganisms in materials such as water, mud, saliva and the
intestinal contents of healthy subjects, and he named them as “
animalcules” which are well established entities belonging to
bacteria, viruses and several other pathogens.
3. Accurate description of bacteria: He first accurately described the
different shapes of bacteria as cocci (spheres), bacilli (rods) and
spirochetes (spiral filaments) and communicated them to Royal
Society of London in 1683.
Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis)
From earliest times, people had believed and supported
spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) that living organisms could
develop from nonliving matter.
It was Louis Pasteur who disproved the theory.
4. SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
Contributions of Louis Pasteur
“Father of modern microbiology”, “Father of medical microbiology”,
1. Coined the term microbiology
2. Proposed germ theory of disease
3. Disapproved theory of spontaneous generation
4. Developed sterilization techniques
5. Developed methods and techniques for cultivation of
microorganisms
6. Studies on pebrine (silk worm disease), anthrax, chicken cholera
and hydrophobia
7. Pasteurization
8. Coined the term vaccine
9. Discovery of attenuation and chicken cholera vaccine
10. Developed live attenuated anthrax vaccine
11. Developed rabies vaccine
12. Noticed Pneumococci
5. Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
“Father of modern surgery”
Developed a system of antiseptic surgery— designed to prevent
microorganisms from entering wounds. The approach was remarkably
successful and transformed surgery after Lister published his findings in
1867. It also provided strong evidence for the role of microorganism in
disease because phenol, which killed bacteria, also prevented wound
infections.
He established the guiding principle of antisepsis for good surgical practice
and was milestone in the evolution of surgical practice from the era of
‘laudable pus’ to modern aseptic techniques. For this work he is called the
“Father of modern surgery”
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
“Father of bacteriology”.
1. The direct demonstration of the role of bacteria in carrying disease came
by the study of anthrax by Koch. Winner of the Nobel Prize in 1905,
Robert Koch is known as “Father of bacteriology”.
2. Staining techniques: He described methods for the easy microscopic
examination of bacteria in dried, fixed films stained with aniline dyes
(1877).
3. Hanging drop method: He was the first to use hanging drop method by
studying bacterial motility.
6. Methods for isolating pure cultures of bacteria: He devised a simple
method for isolating pure cultures of bacteria by plating out mixed
material on a solid culture medium and to isolate pure cultures of
pathogens.
Discoveries of the causal agents of anthrax (1876), tuberculosis
(1882), and cholera (1883).
Koch’s postulates: It was necessary to introduce criteria for proving
the claims that a microorganism isolated from a disease was indeed
causally related to it. Robert Koch proved that microorganisms cause
disease.
Koch used the criteria proposed by his former teacher, Jacob Henle
(1809-1885), to establish the relationship between Bacillus anthracis
and anthrax and published his findings in 1876. His criteria for
proving the causal relationship between a microorganism and a
specific disease are known as Koch’s postulates (1876), which are
used today to prove that a particular microorganism causes a
particular disease
Koch’s phenomenon: Koch (1890) observed that a guinea pig
already infected with the bacillus responded with an exaggerated
7. GOLDEN ERA OF MEDICAL BACTERIOLOGY
Koch’s postulates permitted Koch and his students to identify many of the causes of the
most infectious diseases of humans and animals. Koch had now assembled the techniques
needed to investigate the bacterial causes of many communicable diseases.
The powerful methodology developed by Koch introduced the “Golden era of medical
bacteriology”.
By 1882 Koch had used these techniques to isolate bacillus of tuberculosis.
PAUL EHRLICH (1854-1915)
“Father of chemotherapy”
1. Stains to cells and tissues: He applied stains to cells and tissues for the purpose of
revealing their function.
2. Acid-fastness of tubercle bacillus: He reported the acid-fastness of tubercle bacillus.
3. Methods of standardizing toxin and antitoxin: He introduced methods of standardizing
toxin and antitoxin and coined the term minimum lethal dose.
4. Side chain theory of antibody production: He proposed side chain theory of antibody
production.
5. Salvarsan introduction: He introduced salvarsan, an arsenical compound, sometimes
called the ‘magic bullet’. It was capable of destroying the spirochete of syphilis with only
moderate toxic effects. He continued his experimentation until 1912 when he announced
the discovery of neosalvarsan. Thus he created a new branch of medicine known as
chemotherapy.
Fleming discovered penicillin and Waksman streptomycin. Subsequently, several fungi have
8. GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
The period from 1854 to 1914 has been appropriately named the Golden Age of
Microbiology. During this period, rapid advances, spearheaded mainly by Pasteur and
Robert Koch, led to the establishment of microbiology as a science.
DISCOVERY OF VIRUSES
By the end of 19th century many infectious diseases had been proven to have a bacterial
aetiology. The trend continued in 20th century. But yet there remained many diseases of
common occurrence for which no bacterium could be demonstrated. These included
smallpox, chickenpox, measles and common cold. Advent of electron microscopy in 1934
by Ruska made morphological examination of viruses possible. The first human disease
proven to have a virus aetiology was yellow fever.
Iwanowski (1892), and Martinus Beijrinck (1898) in Holland, attributed the cause of
tobacco- mosaic disease to the infectious agents in bacteria-free filtrates to be living, but
fluid—contagium vivum fluidum and introduced the term virus (Latin for ‘poison’) for such
filterable infectious agents.
In 1930s viruses could be grown in bacteria free, living chick embryo—a technique
perfected by Goodpasteur.
By 1940, growth in tissue culture of susceptible mammalian cells was established. The
availability of well defined cell lines have now replaced tedious methods of growing
viruses in the living animals.
The discovery of viral and cellular oncogenes have put forth the possible mechanisms of
viral oncogenesis. Positive proof a virus causing of human malignancy was established
when the virus of human T-cell leukemia was isolated in 1980.
9. Discovery of New Organisms The discovery of new microorganisms is a continuous
phenomenon. A large number of new organisms have been discovered in recent past.
Some of these have acquired considerable importance because of the mortality and
morbidity caused by them (HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C) and others have the capability
to cause international scare (SARS CoVirus).