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1. lANGUAGE &
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2. 2
LANGUAGE
AND
GENDER

3. GENDER STATUS AND SOCIETY
× Gender Boundaries - Boundaries require markers to
indicate gender such as: voice, physique, dress,
behavior, hair style, kinetics, and language use
× Gender stereotypes: oversimplified but strongly held
ideas of the characteristics of men and women
× Gender roles: tasks and activities a culture assigns to
the sexes
× Gender stratification: a division in society where all
members are hierarchically ranked according to gender
3

4. What is genderlect?
× describe the way that the conversation of men and
women are not right and wrong, superior and
inferior - they are just different
× predicts that men and women in conversation will
use different conversational rituals based on the
way their gender is socialized to converse
4

5. WHY IS THERE A DIFFERENCE?
• languages can be sexist; English makes certain distinctions of a gender-
based kind, • e.g., actor–actress, waiter–waitress, and master–mistress.
• men and women are biologically different and that this difference has
serious consequences for gender
• social organization is best perceived as some kind of hierarchical set of
power relationships
• Language behavior is largely learned behavior. Men learn to be men
and women learn to be women, linguistically speaking.
• vernacular forms express machismo - men who act like women are
strongly criticized, men consciously or unconsciously strive toward
speech norms that reject styles associated with women `
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6. 6
LANGUAGE AND
SOCIAL CLASS
OR ETHNICITY

7. Ethnic Group
× a socially defined category of people
who identify with each other based on
common ancestral, social, cultural or
national experience
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8. Obviously then..
× There is no racial or physiological basis of any
kind for this particular type of linguistic variation.
× In the past, there was a belief that there was an
inherent connection between ‘language’ and
‘race’.
× Any human being can learn any human
language.
8

9. It remains true, however, that
Language may be an important or even essential concomitant of
ethnic-group membership.
× Linguistic characteristics may be the most defining criteria for
ethnic-group membership.
× Ethnic-group differentiation in a mixed community, then, is a
particular type of social differentiation, and as such, will often
have linguistic differentiation associated with it.
× The different ethnic groups therefore maintain their
separateness and identity as much through language as
anything else.
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10. LANGUAGE
AND POWER
10

11. Categories of Power:
× Practical - physical actions, violence, skill,
money, goods or services
× Knowledge/ideas - using knowledge to
influence others
× Position - power gained from position in a
hierarchy
× Personal - personality, nurturing or caring
11

12. • conversation is ideological
conversations are human interactions where power is encoded
• all conversations are potentially “unequal encounters”
language encodes world views and status which develops a power
relationship
× Power is being exerted …
When one speaker is able to infer or decode inferences that lead to an
inequality of relationship with the listener
When our mind is moved from what we want it to dwell on to being
engaged by a text (written or spoken)
12

13. POLITENESS IN POWER
× Politeness - it is the consideration of social factors (social
distance in terms of solidarity or formality), social status, type of
situation or context, intonation, etc. when communicating with
others.
× - Positive politeness: a type of politeness based on solidarity
between speakers and hearers who share values and attitudes,
and in which formal expressions in addressing are avoided.
× - Negative politeness: a type of politeness based on formality
between speakers and hearers in which formal expressions in
addressing are used in order to protect hearers' face and avoid
intruding on them.
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14. 2.
SHORT
ACTIVITY
14

15. HOW GENDER
AND LANGUAGE
EXISTS?
Show and explain a situation
15

16. 16
HOW language
AND ethnicity
EXISTS?
Show and explain a situation

17. 17
HOW language
AND power
EXISTS?
Show and explain a situation

18. 3.
LESSON
TAKEWAYS
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19. 19

20. Want big impact?
You have to take
bigger risks.
THE WORLD DOES NOT
ONLY REVOLVES
AROUND YOU.
20

21. Nurture it, develop it, and let it
evolve and grow just like you.
21

22. 22

23. 23
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-powerpoint presentation maker
-grammarian
-content creator
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