One of the revolutionary ideas put forward by Foucault is the various measures of surveillance, to ensure discipline in a society. Such a consented voyeurism always has a panopticon structure. Foucault talks about the age old prison, and how such surveillance structures are employed in other institutions from mental asylums to public schools to ensure discipline. The 184 idea of a big brother watching has gained prominence today with the internet, satellites giving rise to a virtual panopticon today.
One of the revolutionary ideas put forward by Foucault is the various measures of surveillance, to ensure discipline in a society. Such a consented voyeurism always has a panopticon structure. Foucault talks about the age old prison, and how such surveillance structures are employed in other institutions from mental asylums to public schools to ensure discipline. The 184 idea of a big brother watching has gained prominence today with the internet, satellites giving rise to a virtual panopticon today.
This PowerPoint serves as an introduction to Michel Foucault and one of his most famous theories. It includes an example of his theory in action, and a short bibliography.
Rift Valley University initially conceived as College, was established in Adama City of East Shawa Zone, Oromia National Regional State in October 2000 G.C, foreseeing the core values of good governance, commitment to quality services and community development, gender sensitivity, secularism and non-partisan, creativity, responsiveness, team work spirit, and work culture parallel to the nation’s development goals along with the purpose of producing competent, ethical and skilled manpower without making any distinction between people of different ethnic, religious, social, economic and political backgrounds.
After securing its legal personality, the then Rift Valley College strongly worked on the accreditation processes of its training and education programs from all regulatory bodies, and managed to get full accreditation from Higher Education Relevance and Quality Agency and Regional States TVET Agencies. Taking its flourishing capacity and quality service into account, the Ministry of Education, in collaboration with HERQA, granted the rank of University College in August 2007 G.C. This was not an easy task and a simple success story for the institution. The two regulatory bodies had conducted rigorous evaluation of the systems of the institution, physical facilities and learning resources of its campuses and faculties to come to decision of such status change. Afterwards, Rift Valley University College rigorously worked towards becoming a full-fledged university and realized itself as Rift Valley University in August 2014 G.C.
Currently, Rift Valley University being a pioneer and the largest Private Higher Learning Institution in Ethiopia has been delivering quality education to the citizens and foreigners who have lived in the country for different purposes. Furthermore, the University has 50 Campuses (among which Finfine Campus is one), 3 TVET Colleges and College of Open and Distance Education (32 accredited branches) with diversified fields of study across the country. Over the last two decades, thousands have joined and graduated with Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), Bachelor’s degree, and Master’s degree that enabled them to support themselves and their families. Others have also managed to create their own jobs whereby they exhibited the merits of their training and education at Rift Valley University in fostering the already established development goals of the country.
Rift Valley University initially conceived as College, was established in Adama City of East Shawa Zone, Oromia National Regional State in October 2000 G.C, foreseeing the core values of good governance, commitment to quality services and community development, gender sensitivity, secularism and non-partisan, creativity, responsiveness, team work spirit, and work culture parallel to the nation’s development goals along with the purpose of producing competent, ethical and skilled manpower without making any distinction between people of d
A discussion about the early history of functionalism and its proponents as well as the concept of structuralism and Merton's concept of Manifest and Latent Functions and Dysfunctions in social elements
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. What is critical discourse analysis.
In CDA, the notion of
‘critical’ is primarily
applied to the engagement
with power relations
associated with the
Frankfurt School of critical
theory.
In this, it argues against a
realist, neutral and
rationalist view of the
world. Instead the role is to
uncloak the hidden
power relations, largely
constructed through
language, and to
demonstrate and challenge
social inequities reinforced
and reproduced.
Discourse is a
contested and
contestable term.
James Gee (1990)
uses the term
discourse (with a
small ‘d’ to talk about
language in use, or
the way language is
used in a social
context to ‘enact’
activities and
identities. His work is
influenced by Michel
Foucault.
In terms of analysis, CDA
takes the view that texts need to
be consider in terms of what
they include but also what they
omit – alternative ways of
constructing and defining the
world. The critical discourse
analyst’s job is not to simply
read political and social
ideologies onto a text but to
consider the myriad ways in
which a text could have been
written and what these
alternatives imply for ways of
representing the world,
understanding the world and
the social actions that are
determined by these ways of
thinking and being.
3. Is based on the theories of
Michel Foucault.
Is a form of discourse
analysis, focusing on
power relationships in
society as expressed
through language and
practices.
4. Besides focusing on the meaning of a given discourse, the
distinguishing characteristic of this approach is its stress on power
relationships.
These are expressed through language and behavior, and the
relationship between language and power.
The method analyzes how the social world, expressed through
language, is affected by various sources of power.
This approach is close to social constructivism, as the researcher
tries to understand how our society is being shaped (or constructed)
by language, which in turn reflects existing power relationships.
The analysis attempts to understand how individuals view the world,
and studies categorizations, personal and institutional relationships,
ideology, and politics
5. The first step is a simple recognition that discourse is a
body of statements that are organized in a regular and
systematic way.
The subsequent four steps are based on the
identification of rules on:
How those statements
are created.
What can be said
(written) and what
cannot.
How spaces in which
new statements can be
made are created.
Making practices
material and discursive
at the same time.
Kendall and
Wickham
outline five
steps in
using
"Foucauldian
discourse
analysis".
6. A Foucauldian notion of discourse holds that:
•discourse is a culturally constructed representation of reality, not an
exact copy
•discourse constructs knowledge and thus governs, through the
production of categories of knowledge and assemblages of texts, what it
is possible to talk about and what is not (the taken for granted rules of
inclusion/exclusion). As such, it re/produces both power and knowledge
simultaneously
•discourse defines subjects framing and positioning who it is possible to
be and what it is possible to do
•power circulates throughout society and, while hierarchised, is not
simply a top-down phenomenon
•it is possible to examine regimes of power through the historicised
deconstruction of systems or regimes of meaning-making constructed in
and as discourse, that is to see how and why some categories of thinking
and lines of argument have come to be generally taken as truths while
other ways of thinking/being/doing are marginalised.
7. There are of course a range of
critiques of this social theory –
how much it denies material
reality, whether it disallows
agency, whether anything
precedes discourse and so on…
8. Turning this way of
understanding discourse into
method to apply to textual
analysis means asking of the text
or texts questions such as:
9. •What is being represented here as a truth or as a norm?
•How is this constructed? What ‘evidence’ is used? What is left out?
•What is fore grounded and back grounded? What is made problematic
and what is not? What alternative meanings/explanations are ignored?
• What is kept apart and what is joined together?
•What interests are being mobilized and served by this and what are
not?
•How has this come to be?
•What identities, actions, practices are made possible and /or desirable
and/or required by this way of thinking/talking/understanding? What
are disallowed? What is normalized and what is pathologised?
11. Ways of constituting
knowledge, together
with the social
practices, forms of
subjectivity and power
relations.
Discourses are
more than ways of
thinking and
producing
meaning.
They constitute the
'nature' of the body,
unconscious and
conscious mind and
emotional life of the
subjects they seek to
govern (Weedon, 1987, p.
108).
... a form of power that
circulates in the social field
and can attach to strategies
of domination as well as
those of resistance (
Diamond and Quinby,
1988, p. 185).
12. Foucault's work is imbued with an attention to history.
Not in the traditional sense of the word but in attending to what he
has variously termed the 'archaeology'( studying human history) or
'genealogy' (studying family history) of knowledge production.
That is, he looks at the continuities and discontinuities between
“epistemes” (taken by Foucault to mean the knowledge systems
which primarily informed the thinking during certain periods of
history: a different one being said to dominate each epistemological
age), and the social context in which certain knowledges and
practices emerged as permissible and desirable or changed.
In his view knowledge is inextricably( can’t untie or separate)
connected to power, such that they are often written as
power/knowledge.
13. Lots of
attention
given to
History of
knowledge.
Not in
traditio
nal
sense.
Termed it as
Archaeology
n Genealogy
Looks at the
continuities and
discontinuities
between
“epistemes”.
N
Social context,
which makes
certain knowledges
n practices
Permissible,
desirable n
changed.
KNOWLEDGE
POWER
14. Foucault's conceptual analysis of a major shift in (western) cultural practices, from
'sovereign power' to 'disciplinary power', is a good example of his method of
genealogy.
sovereign power:
Sovereign power involves obedience to the law of the king or central authority
figure. Foucault argues that 'disciplinary power' gradually took over from
'sovereign power' in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Even now, however,
remnants of sovereign power still remain in tension with disciplinary power.
Disciplinary power:
Discipline is a mechanism of power which regulates the behavior of individuals in
the social body. This is done by regulating the organization of space (architecture
etc.), of time (timetables) and people's activity and behavior (drills, posture,
movement). It is enforced with the aid of complex systems of surveillance.
Foucault emphasizes that power is not discipline, rather discipline is simply one
way in which power can be exercised. He also uses the term 'disciplinary society',
discussing its history and the origins and disciplinary institutions such as prisons,
hospitals, asylums, schools and army barracks. Foucault also specifies that when he
speaks of a 'disciplinary society' he does not mean a 'disciplined society'.
15. Panopticon, panopticism and surveillance:
The Panopticon, was a design for a prison produced by
Jeremy Bentham in the late eighteenth century which
grouped cells around a central viewing tower.
Although the prison was never actually built the idea
was used as a model for numerous institutions
including some prisons. Foucault uses this as a
metaphor for the operation of power and surveillance
in contemporary society.
16. Power .
Foucault argues a number of points in relation to
power and offers definitions that are directly opposed
to more traditional liberal and Marxist theories of
power.
definitions
power is not a thing but a relation
power is not simply repressive but it is productive
power is not simply a property of the State. Power is
not something that is exclusively localized in
government and the State (which is not a universal
essence). Rather, power is exercised throughout the
social body.
power operates at the most micro levels of social
relations. Power is omnipresent at every level of the
social body.
the exercise of power is strategic and war-like.
17. …as part of his attempt to understand the relationship
between language, social institutions, subjectivity and
power. Discursive fields, such as the law or the family,
contain a number of competing and contradictory
discourses with varying degrees of power to give meaning
to and organize social institutions and processes. They also
'offer' a range of modes of subjectivity (Weedon, 1987, p.
35). It follows then that,
if relations of power are dispersed and fragmented throughout
the social field, so must resistance to power be (Diamond
& Quinby, 1988, p. 185).
18. Foucault argues though, in The Order of Discourse, that the 'will to
truth' is the major system of exclusion that forges discourse and
which 'tends to exert a sort of pressure and something like a power of
constraint on other discourses', and goes on further to ask the
question 'what is at stake in the will to truth, in the will to utter this
'true' discourse, if not desire and power?' (1970, cited in Shapiro
1984, p. 113-4).
Thus, there are both discourses that constrain the production of
knowledge, dissent and difference and some that enable 'new'
knowledges and difference(s). The questions that arise, are to do
with how some discourses maintain their authority, how some
'voices' get heard whilst others are silenced, who benefits and how -
that is, questions addressing issues of power/ empowerment/
disempowerment.