This document discusses key elements of meteorology and the meteorological environment. It describes atmospheric pressure, air temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind speed and direction, and cloud movement/weather. It covers instruments used to measure these elements like barometers, thermometers, hygrometers, and rain gauges. It also discusses effects of exposure to high and low altitudes/pressures on humans.
The elements which comprise the meteorological environment are:
Atmospheric pressure,
Air temperature,
Humidity,
Rainfall,
Direction and speed of wind and
Movement of clouds and character of weather.
The elements which comprise the meteorological environment are:
Atmospheric pressure,
Air temperature,
Humidity,
Rainfall,
Direction and speed of wind and
Movement of clouds and character of weather.
It is a prolonged period of excessive heat often accompanied by excessive humidity.
Heat waves occurs when there are a number of consecutive days with above average temperature , than the body can not tolerate .
The unusual and uncomfortable hot whether can impact on the human and animal health and cause disruption to community infrastructure such as power supply, public transport and other services.
The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) has given the following criteria for Heat Waves: Heat Waves need not be considered till the maximum temperature of a station reaches at least 40°C for Plains and at least 30°C for Hilly regions. When the normal maximum temperature of a station is less than or equal to 40°C
The weather agency declares a heat wave when a place registers a temperature that is 4.5 to 6.4oC more than the normal temperature for the region on that day. If the temperature is over 6.4oC more than the normal, the IMD declares a ‘severe’ heat wave.
The IMD also uses another criteria to declare a heat wave which is based on absolute recorded temperatures. If the temperature crosses the 45oC mark , the Department declares a heat wave ; when it crosses 47, a ‘severe’ heat wave is declared.
heat waves in india
How bad has this year’s heat wave been in India?
The early heat waves of 2022 that began on March 11 have impacted 15 Indian states and Union territories (as of April 24), according to data from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) that was analysed by Down To Earth.
Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh have suffered the most among the states, with 25 heat wave and severe heat wave days each during this period.
Surprisingly, after Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, the mountainous state of Himachal Pradesh has been the most affected by heat waves this year with 21 heat wave and severe heat wave days.
The IPCC report says that every additional 0.5oC of warming will increase hot weather extremes, along with extreme precipitation and drought.
Heat waves in India are likely to “last 25 times longer by 2036-2065” if carbon emissions remain high and push global temperature rise to 4oC by the end of the century, according to an international climate report published October 28, 2021, covering the G20 countries.
Wet-bulb temperature is a measure of humidity in the air. Factoring in humidity along with the heat, called the heat index, helps us determine what the temperature actually ‘feels like’.
Humidity combined with heat is deadlier for human health and wellbeing.
Humans with their sweat-based cooling system, have been well-designed to beat the heat. But there is a limit to the level of heat and humidity we can cope with. A wet-bulb temperature of 35°C is considered the maximum limit of humidity that humans can handle. Beyond this, the body can no longer effectively cool itself via perspiration.
Wet-bulb temperature is a measure of humidity in the air. Factoring in humidity along with the heat, called the heat index, helps us determine w
Scholarly notes for Environmental and Public Heath Learners in tertiary institutions.As recommended by Dr Tumwebaze Mathias PhD, Bishop Stuart University
Waste matter discharged from the body, especially feces and urine.
Human waste (Human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system and the human metabolism, namely feces and urine.
Climate is a long term Pattern of weather in a particular area
Weather can change from hour to hour, day to day, month to month
A regions weather pattern usually tracked for at least 30 years are considered it’s climate
Different part of world have different climate
DEFINITION
It is a meteorological condition including temperature, rain/precipitation and wind that characteristically prevail in a particular region.
TYPE
Today climate scientists split earth in to approximately five main type of climate-
1.Tropical climate
2.Dry climate
3.temperate climate
4.continetal climate
5.polar climate
ELEMENTS
Climate consists of following elements:-
1. Atmospheric pressure. 6.cloud and weather
2. Temperature
3. Humidity
4. Rain/Precipitation
5.wind
CLIMATE CHANGE
• It refers to any distinct change in measures of climate lasting for a long period of time, including major changes in temperature, rainfall, snow, or wind patterns lasting for decades or longer. Climate change may result from:
• Natural factors
such as changes in the Sun’s energy or slow changes in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun; natural processes within the climate system (e.g., changes in ocean circulation)
• Human activities
That change the atmosphere’s make-up (e.g, burning fossil fuels) and the land surface (e.g., cutting down forests, planting trees, building developments in cities and suburbs, etc.).
It is a prolonged period of excessive heat often accompanied by excessive humidity.
Heat waves occurs when there are a number of consecutive days with above average temperature , than the body can not tolerate .
The unusual and uncomfortable hot whether can impact on the human and animal health and cause disruption to community infrastructure such as power supply, public transport and other services.
The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) has given the following criteria for Heat Waves: Heat Waves need not be considered till the maximum temperature of a station reaches at least 40°C for Plains and at least 30°C for Hilly regions. When the normal maximum temperature of a station is less than or equal to 40°C
The weather agency declares a heat wave when a place registers a temperature that is 4.5 to 6.4oC more than the normal temperature for the region on that day. If the temperature is over 6.4oC more than the normal, the IMD declares a ‘severe’ heat wave.
The IMD also uses another criteria to declare a heat wave which is based on absolute recorded temperatures. If the temperature crosses the 45oC mark , the Department declares a heat wave ; when it crosses 47, a ‘severe’ heat wave is declared.
heat waves in india
How bad has this year’s heat wave been in India?
The early heat waves of 2022 that began on March 11 have impacted 15 Indian states and Union territories (as of April 24), according to data from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) that was analysed by Down To Earth.
Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh have suffered the most among the states, with 25 heat wave and severe heat wave days each during this period.
Surprisingly, after Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, the mountainous state of Himachal Pradesh has been the most affected by heat waves this year with 21 heat wave and severe heat wave days.
The IPCC report says that every additional 0.5oC of warming will increase hot weather extremes, along with extreme precipitation and drought.
Heat waves in India are likely to “last 25 times longer by 2036-2065” if carbon emissions remain high and push global temperature rise to 4oC by the end of the century, according to an international climate report published October 28, 2021, covering the G20 countries.
Wet-bulb temperature is a measure of humidity in the air. Factoring in humidity along with the heat, called the heat index, helps us determine what the temperature actually ‘feels like’.
Humidity combined with heat is deadlier for human health and wellbeing.
Humans with their sweat-based cooling system, have been well-designed to beat the heat. But there is a limit to the level of heat and humidity we can cope with. A wet-bulb temperature of 35°C is considered the maximum limit of humidity that humans can handle. Beyond this, the body can no longer effectively cool itself via perspiration.
Wet-bulb temperature is a measure of humidity in the air. Factoring in humidity along with the heat, called the heat index, helps us determine w
Scholarly notes for Environmental and Public Heath Learners in tertiary institutions.As recommended by Dr Tumwebaze Mathias PhD, Bishop Stuart University
Waste matter discharged from the body, especially feces and urine.
Human waste (Human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system and the human metabolism, namely feces and urine.
Climate is a long term Pattern of weather in a particular area
Weather can change from hour to hour, day to day, month to month
A regions weather pattern usually tracked for at least 30 years are considered it’s climate
Different part of world have different climate
DEFINITION
It is a meteorological condition including temperature, rain/precipitation and wind that characteristically prevail in a particular region.
TYPE
Today climate scientists split earth in to approximately five main type of climate-
1.Tropical climate
2.Dry climate
3.temperate climate
4.continetal climate
5.polar climate
ELEMENTS
Climate consists of following elements:-
1. Atmospheric pressure. 6.cloud and weather
2. Temperature
3. Humidity
4. Rain/Precipitation
5.wind
CLIMATE CHANGE
• It refers to any distinct change in measures of climate lasting for a long period of time, including major changes in temperature, rainfall, snow, or wind patterns lasting for decades or longer. Climate change may result from:
• Natural factors
such as changes in the Sun’s energy or slow changes in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun; natural processes within the climate system (e.g., changes in ocean circulation)
• Human activities
That change the atmosphere’s make-up (e.g, burning fossil fuels) and the land surface (e.g., cutting down forests, planting trees, building developments in cities and suburbs, etc.).
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
2. Meteorology
• the branch of science concerned with the
processes and phenomena of the
atmosphere, especially as a means of
forecasting the weather.
3. Meteorological Environment
• Following Elements comprise
Meteorological Environment
1. Atmospheric pressure
2. Air Temperature
3. Humidity
4. Rainfall
5. Direction & speed of wind
6. Movement of clouds & character of weather
4. ‘Climate’
• A geographical concept
summation of the whole range
representing a
of
meteorological environment
5. Measurement
• Instrument used to measure atmospheric
pressure are called Barometer.
• 3 types
– Fortins Barometer
– 'Kew pattern' Station Barometer : used in Indian
Meteorological
dept
– Barograph- continuous record of atmospheric
pressure
7. Effect of exposure to High Altitude
(Low Pressure)
• Human is physiologically adapted to live at
One atm pressure.
• Air is less dense- partial pressure of O2 is
also less.
• Cant survive above 25000 F
• Physiological Effects
– Increase in respiration
– Increase in concentration of Hb
– Increase in Cardiac output.
8. Effect of sudden exposure to High
Altitudes
Acute Mountain sickness
• Relatively common,
harmless, transient
condition
• c/b
– Headache
– Insomnia
– Breathlessness
– N,V
– Impaired vision
High altitude pulmonary
odema
• Rare below 12000 F
• Appear on about 3rd day
of high altitude.
• As PE develops there
also develops
– Cough
– Irregular breathing (cheyne
stokes breathing)
– Oligouria
– Mental confusion
– Hallucination, stupor, coma
9. Effect of exposure to Low Altitude
(High Pressure)
Increased Depth
Gases in blood (O2, N2,
CO2) dissolve increasingly
N2: Narcotic action
CO2: increase narcotic action of N2
O2: Convulsions, death.
Person Comes up: gases released (undissolved)—Air
embolism
•Pressure increase 1
atm / 33 F
•Max 10 ATM reached
10. 2. Air Temperature
• Represents Degree of hot/coldness of air.
• Influenced by
– Latitude of place
– Altitude
– Direction of wind
– Proximity to sea
11. Air Temperature
• Measurement : Thermometer
• Commonly used are Mercury thermometers
– Boils at high temperature (356.73 degree celcius)
– Has regular expansion
– Levels can be seen easily.
• Alcohol thermometer used at many places
since it has advantage of not solidifying even
at lowest known temperatures.(*freezing
point of mercury: -38.83 degree celcius)
12. Air Temperature
• Essential conditions for use of
thermometers:
– Air should have free access to the bulb
– Should be protected against radiant heat.
Stevenson screen
Used in all meteorological observatories in India
14. Types of Thermometers
1. Dry bulb thermometer
2. Wet bulb thermometer
3. Maximum thermometer
4. Minimum thermometer
5. Six’s maximum and minimum thermometer
6. Globe thermometer
7. Wet globe thermometer
8. Silvered thermometer
9. Kata thermometer
15. Dry & Wet bulb thermometer
•Ordinary thermometer
•Mounted in stevenson’s screen
at a height of 1.20- 1.80m above
ground level
•The wick is covered by wet
muslin cloth
•Shows lower temp as dry bulb
•If both show same temp that
means the air is saturated with
moisture (rare)
22. Wet Bulb Globe Temperature
• It is used by industrial hygienists, athletes, and
the military to determine appropriate exposure
levels to high temperatures.
• In hot areas, some US military installations display a
flag to indicate the heat category based on the
WBGT.
• The military publishes guidelines for water intake
and physical activity level for acclimated and
unacclimated individuals in different uniforms based
on the heat category.
23. Heat stress indices
• Include
– Equatorial comfort index
– Heat stress index
– Predicted four hour sweat rate
26. Effects of Cold stress
• Hypothermia :
– c/b numbness, loss of sensation, muscular
weakness, desire for sleep, coma and death.
• Immersion/ trench foot
• Frostbite
27. 3. Humidity
• Moisture
• Amount of moisture which air can hold
depends upon its temperature.
• Humans are very sensitive to humidity, as
the skin relies on the air to get rid of
moisture.
• Expressed as
– Absolute humidity
– Relative humidity
28. Absolute humidity
• Weight of water vapor in a unit volume of
air
• Expressed as gms per cubic meter of air
29. Relative humidity
• Most common way of describing atmospheric
moisture.
• Relative humidity is the ratio of the amount of
water vapour actually in the air to the
maximum amount of water vapour for
saturation at that particular temp & pressure.
• A reading of 100 percent relative humidity
means that the air is totally saturated with
water vapor and cannot hold any more,
creating the possibility of rain.
30. Relative humidity
• The process of sweating is our body's attempt to keep
cool and maintain its current temperature.
• If the air is at 100-percent relative humidity, sweat will
not evaporate into the air. As a result, we feel much
hotter than the actual temperature when the relative
humidity is high.
• If the relative humidity is low, we can feel much cooler
than the actual temperature because our sweat
evaporates easily, cooling us off.
• Very low RH causes skin cracks, dry flakes, itch, irritates
mucous membrane in nose, throat (itchy throat).
• Dry nasal passages permit bacteria to incubate causing
persistent infection.
31.
32. Dew point
• The temperature at which water vapour in
the air becomes saturatedand
water droplets begin to form (condensation
begins)
37. 4. Precipitation
• Collective term used for rain, snow, hail,
dew, and frost i.e. all forms of water
precipitated from the atmosphere.
• Measured by rain guages
43. 6. Clouds
• Are observed for their form, amount,
direction, height.
• Gives insight into sequence of weather.
• From the state of sky and evolution of
clouds, weather is described as fine, fair,
unsettled, bad, thunderous.
Editor's Notes
1 40% death chance. Cause delirium convulsion or complete loss or partial los of consiousness, ice bath is treatment, rectal temp is measured
2 failure of thermoregulation system of body
3. Due to imbalance and inadequate replacement of water and salt loss in perspiration symptom like dizziness weakness and fatigue
4. In people doing heavy work in hot and humid climate due to loss of na cl
5. Person collapse. Due to vasodilation blood goes to lower limbs and les blood supply to heart resulting in low BP and less blood supply to brain. Head low position in shade is treatment 5- 10 mins
1 l h20 / hr for heavy worker in hot and humid climate and is half for sedentary worker. Extra salt in water advised for thpse who r nit acclamatised for 10 days of work
Affected part should be warmed 44c for 20 mins repeateadly