Chickenpox is caused by the varicella zoster virus and causes a blistering rash. Symptoms include fever, fatigue, and a rash that leaves scabs. It is usually diagnosed based on symptoms but lab tests on fluid from blisters can confirm. Antiviral drugs like acyclovir are prescribed to reduce symptoms and complications which can include bacterial infections or pneumonia. The varicella vaccine protects against chickenpox but is not recommended for those with weak immune systems. Treatment focuses on reducing fever and itching while the rash heals in 7-10 days.
Varicella-zoster virus is responsible for causing a primary varicella infection (chickenpox) and a secondary herpes zoster infection (shingles). Although varicella typically manifests as a mild disease in otherwise healthy children, it can also manifest as a moderate-to-severe disease, most notably in immunocompromised and adult hosts. Acyclovir is the antiviral agent of choice for the management of varicella infections. Routine vaccination with Varivax has been very effective in reducing chickenpox incidence
it is an acute highly contagious /infectious diseases caused by a varicella zoster virus. chicken pox is usually a mild self limiting illness and most healthy children recover with no complication.
Anyone who has had chickenpox in the past may develop shingles, you can only get shingles if you have previously had chicken pox as it is a recurrence or reactivation of the varicella zoster virus.it is not possible to develop shingles from exposure to a person with chickenpox it is possible however to develop chickenpox as a result of exposure to a person with shingles second attacks of chickenpox are rare but do occur.
WHAT IS CHICKENPOX?
CHICKENPOX IS CAUSED BY A VIRUS CALLED VARICELLA ZOSTER.
PEOPLE WHO GET THE VIRUS OFTEN DEVELOP A RASH OF SPOT THAT LOOKS LIKE BLISTER ALL OVER THEIR BODIES.
THE BLISTERS ARE SMALL AND SIT ON A AREA OF RED SKIN THAT CAN BE ANYWHERE AND THEY ARE OF VARYING SIZE
Varicella-zoster virus is responsible for causing a primary varicella infection (chickenpox) and a secondary herpes zoster infection (shingles). Although varicella typically manifests as a mild disease in otherwise healthy children, it can also manifest as a moderate-to-severe disease, most notably in immunocompromised and adult hosts. Acyclovir is the antiviral agent of choice for the management of varicella infections. Routine vaccination with Varivax has been very effective in reducing chickenpox incidence
it is an acute highly contagious /infectious diseases caused by a varicella zoster virus. chicken pox is usually a mild self limiting illness and most healthy children recover with no complication.
Anyone who has had chickenpox in the past may develop shingles, you can only get shingles if you have previously had chicken pox as it is a recurrence or reactivation of the varicella zoster virus.it is not possible to develop shingles from exposure to a person with chickenpox it is possible however to develop chickenpox as a result of exposure to a person with shingles second attacks of chickenpox are rare but do occur.
WHAT IS CHICKENPOX?
CHICKENPOX IS CAUSED BY A VIRUS CALLED VARICELLA ZOSTER.
PEOPLE WHO GET THE VIRUS OFTEN DEVELOP A RASH OF SPOT THAT LOOKS LIKE BLISTER ALL OVER THEIR BODIES.
THE BLISTERS ARE SMALL AND SIT ON A AREA OF RED SKIN THAT CAN BE ANYWHERE AND THEY ARE OF VARYING SIZE
describing the case definitions, prevalence,modes of transmission,clinical features and presentations,treatment and prevention as a whole of common infectious diseases- small pox,chicken pox, measles, rubella
In my Microbiology and Healthcare Class, I collaborated with classmates on an infectious disease project. Our selected disease was the Chicken Pox. With the use of planning and organizational skills, our group was able to conduct research, collaborate, and develop an in-depth project covering Chicken Pox. We were able to research our topic and determine critical statistics and information to create an informative presentation. I believe this project is an important representation of my ability to collaborate with team members, and my ability to understand medical information and terminology. In the future, I can use my research skills to further my education as a nurse practitioner.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
2. INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS CHICKENPOX?
CHICKENPOX IS CAUSED BY A VIRUS CALLED
VARICELLA ZOSTER.
PEOPLE WHO GET THE VIRUS OFTEN
DEVELOP A RASH OF SPOT THAT LOOKS LIKE
BLISTER ALL OVER THEIR BODIES.
THE BLISTERS ARE SMALL AND SIT ON A
AREA OF RED SKIN THAT CAN BE ANYWHERE
AND THEY ARE OF VARYING SIZE
3. CHICKENPOX ALSO KNOWNAS
VARICELLA
DNA VIRUS
MOST COMMON IN WINT GER AND SPRIN
4. SYMPTOMS
LOSS OF APETITE
COLD
FEVER
ABDOMINAL PAIN
HEADACHE
GENERAL FEELING OF lLLNESS
RASH
FATIGUE
SORE THROAT
FEVER MAY BE HIGH FOR FIRST FEW DAYS
6. LAB DIAGNOSIS
LAB DIAGNOS IS USUALLY NOT
REQUIRED BUT IF REQUIRED THERE
ARE SOME TESTS.
MOST FREQUENT SOURCE OF
ISOLATION IS VESICULAR FLUID.
STAINED SMEARS FROM VESICULAR
SCARPINGS.
SEROLOGY TESTS FOR VARICELLA IgM
ANTIBODY.
ELISA & LA TESTS ARE ALSOUSEFUL.
7. ETIOLOGY
VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS CAN CAUSE
TWO DISTINCT LESIONS
CHICKENPOX – PRIMARY LESION
HERPES ZOSTER – REACTIVATED
LESION
8. INCUBATION PERIOD IS 2 WEEKS
MOST CONTAGIOUS
UBIQUITOUS
LESS SEVERE THAN SMALL POX
YOUNG CHILDREN GENERALLY HAVE
EITHER NO OR A VERY MILD EFFECT
9. PATHOGENESIS
DAY 0-3 - INFECTION OF CONJUCTIVAE
AND MUCOSA OF THE UPPER
RESPIRATORY TRACT.
VIRAL REPLICATION IN REGIONAL
LYMPH NODES
10. DAY 4-6 - PRIMARY VIREMIA,VIRAL
INFECTION IN LIVER,SPLEEN AND
SOTHER ORGAN
11. DAY 10-12 - SECONDARY VIREMIA
DAY 14 - INFECTIN OF SKIN AND
APPERANCE OF VESICULAR RASH
EXCORIATIO
N
12. 1ST EXPOSURE
BODY FIRST EXPOSED CREATES
ANTIBODIES
IgM
IgG
IgA
B & T MEMORY CELLS ARE ALSO CREATED
IF THE VIRUS IS IN THE BODY AGAIN THE
MEMORY CELLS WILL DETECT IT.
THIS WILL HELP A FASTER RESPONSE.
IF THERE IS A 2ND EXPOSURE,MEMORY
CELLS WILL STIMULATE TO CREATE
ANTIBODIES.
13.
14. TRANSMISSION
ACQUIRED BY INHALING VIRUS
CONTANING PARTICLES,TRAPPED IN
TINY DROPLETS RELEASED INTO THE
AIR FROM THE NOSE OR THROAT OF AN
INFECTED PERSON .
THE VIRUS ENTERS THE BODY BY
INFECTING CELLS IN THE RESPIRATORY
TRACT.
IT SPREADS TO MANY OTHER PARTS OF
THE BODY,INCLUDING THE SKIN,WHERE
IT CAUSES THE CHARACTERISTIC
15. A PERSON WITCH CHICKENPOX IS
CONTAGIOUS 1-2 DAYS BEFORE THE
RASH APPERS AND UNTILL ALL
BLISTER HAVE FORMED SCABS.
IT MAKES FROM 10-21 DAYS AFTER AN
INFECTED PERSON FOR SOMEONE TO
DEVELOP CHICKENPOX.
17. ORAL MANIFESTATION
SMALL BLISTER LIKE LESIONS
OCCASIONALLY INVOLVE THE ORAL
SIDE MUCOSA CHIEFLY THE BUCCAL
MUCOSA,TONGUE,GINGIVA AND PALATE
AS WELL AS THE MUCOSA OF THE
PHARYNX.
THE MUCOSAL LESIONS,INITALLY
SLIGHTLY RAISED VESICLES WITH A
SURROUNDING ERYTHEMA,RUPTURE
SOON AFTER FORMATION AND FORM
SMALL ERODED ULCERS WITH A
23. TREATMENT
DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF CHICKENPOX
ARE ANTIVIRALDRUGS ,ANTIHISTAMINES &
ANTIPYRETICS.
COMMOLNLY USED DRUG IS ACYCLOVIR AVAILABLE
AS ZOVIRAX IN THE MARKET, FAMICLOVIR AVIALABLE
AS FAMVIR & FOSCARNET AVAILABLE AS FOSCOVIR.
ANTIVIRAL MEDICINES CAN BE TAKEN ORALLY
INTRAVENOUSLY OR APPLIED ON THE SKIN.
THESE ARE PRESCRIBED TO PEOPLE WITH LONG
TERM ILLNESS.
IMPAIRED IMMUNE SYSTEM & PREGNANT WOMEN.
ALSO OTHER DRUGS ARE GIVEN TO REDUCE FEVER,
COLD, ITCHING, IRRITATIONOF THE RASH , SORE
THROAT etc.
24. PREVENTION
CHICKEN POX OR VARICELLA VACCINE PROTECT 70%
TO 90% OF THOSE PEOPLE WHO ARE VACCINATED.
VARICEELA VACCINE CONTAINS LIVE VIRUS AND SO
IS NOT RECCOMENDED TO CHILDREN HAVING
COMPROMISED IMMUNE SYSTEM OR SEVRE ILLNESS.
THE VACCINE SHOULD NOT BE GIVEN TO CHILDREN
WHO ARE ALLERGIC TO NEOMYCIN OR GELATIN.
THIS VACCINE IS GIVEN TO ADULTS WHICH ALSO
PREVENTS SHINGLES.
SIDE EFECT OF VACCINE IS REDNESS OR SORENESS
AT THE SITE OF INJECTION.
25. Treating Chicken Pox with
Folk Medicine
garlic lemonvalerian
aloe vera
St. John’s Wort
calendula
echinacea
ginger