This document provides an overview of water quality and safety. It discusses the importance of drinking water, recommended daily water intake amounts, potential water contaminants including bacteria, chemicals, and minerals, and sources of drinking water like tap, well, bottled, and public water systems. It also covers water treatment methods, potential health effects of contaminants, and maintaining water system infrastructure.
Safe Drinking Water Act How Safe is My Drinking WaterMichael Klein
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the main federal law that ensures the quality of Americans' drinking water. Under SDWA, EPA sets standards for drinking water quality and oversees the states, localities, and water suppliers who implement those standards. This presentation provides an overview of the SDWA.
This is a presentation on DRINKING WATER.
Topics Covered - Need, importance, Advantages and Methods of Purification of Drinking Water
It also outlines the forms of wastage and ways to conserve of water
Safe Drinking Water Act How Safe is My Drinking WaterMichael Klein
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the main federal law that ensures the quality of Americans' drinking water. Under SDWA, EPA sets standards for drinking water quality and oversees the states, localities, and water suppliers who implement those standards. This presentation provides an overview of the SDWA.
This is a presentation on DRINKING WATER.
Topics Covered - Need, importance, Advantages and Methods of Purification of Drinking Water
It also outlines the forms of wastage and ways to conserve of water
Well this is my first presentation in the slide share. In this presentation i have mentioned about the concept of water quality and guidelines for it in with the perspective to human health and its management in Nepal.
Suggestion and feedbacks are really welcome.
This is a wonderfully designed ppt which can be more useful to you...! This was prepared by me to perform in Powerpoint Competition, which was held in our school JNV and I was from UDAYGIRI 'B' House.. I secured 1st position in this competion..
Thanks a lot..!
With Best Wishes
What is potable water
Purification process to get potable water
Other water purification methods
How to purify water to potable water in wild
FAQ’s about potable water
water pollution control and measurmentRekha Kumari
Today we all are facing the biggest problem that is scarcity of drinking water as the level of water is continually decreasing.
In many countries people die because of contaminated water as they do not have any water resources that contain pure water.
The first question comes in mind when we talk about water management is how can we manage water. For this we need some well-planned strategies like if we know the places where heavy rainfall occur, then we can put extra efforts there in order to save water for future use.
Water is the mechanics of all the living bodies. Here are some of the functions of water in our body.
1) Water serves as a good lubricant
2) It regulates body temperature
3) Water removes harmful toxins from the body
4) Transport valuable nutrients in the body
Drink to maintain our health
Stay hydrated for the happy healthy living. No other drink can beat the health benefits of water!!
Well this is my first presentation in the slide share. In this presentation i have mentioned about the concept of water quality and guidelines for it in with the perspective to human health and its management in Nepal.
Suggestion and feedbacks are really welcome.
This is a wonderfully designed ppt which can be more useful to you...! This was prepared by me to perform in Powerpoint Competition, which was held in our school JNV and I was from UDAYGIRI 'B' House.. I secured 1st position in this competion..
Thanks a lot..!
With Best Wishes
What is potable water
Purification process to get potable water
Other water purification methods
How to purify water to potable water in wild
FAQ’s about potable water
water pollution control and measurmentRekha Kumari
Today we all are facing the biggest problem that is scarcity of drinking water as the level of water is continually decreasing.
In many countries people die because of contaminated water as they do not have any water resources that contain pure water.
The first question comes in mind when we talk about water management is how can we manage water. For this we need some well-planned strategies like if we know the places where heavy rainfall occur, then we can put extra efforts there in order to save water for future use.
Water is the mechanics of all the living bodies. Here are some of the functions of water in our body.
1) Water serves as a good lubricant
2) It regulates body temperature
3) Water removes harmful toxins from the body
4) Transport valuable nutrients in the body
Drink to maintain our health
Stay hydrated for the happy healthy living. No other drink can beat the health benefits of water!!
There is nothing on Earth more important to life than water.
People are having trouble getting the amount and quality of water they need for drinking, cooking, bathing, hand washing, and increasing food.
Amazing progress has been made in making clean drinking water in developed countries available to 2.6 billion people.
That's an improvement over that period from 76 percent of the global population to 91 percent.
But there are still many opportunities through better sanitation and hygiene education to multiply the benefits of clean water
Water is the most important source of life on earth. Impure and polluted water have become a serious threat to human sustenance.Contaminated water is the major cause of serious diseases in both humans and animals.That is why it is very important to be cautious about the type of water you are drinking.
Water pollution is the contamination of water sources by substances which make the water unusable for drinking, cooking, cleaning, swimming, and other activities. Pollutants include chemicals, trash, bacteria, and parasites. All forms of pollution eventually make their way to water.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
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We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
2. Contents
• Introduction
• How Much Water Do You Need
• What Contaminants are there in the Water
• Well Water
• Bottled Water
• Contaminants in the Pipes
• Health Effects of Drinking Contaminated Water
• Water Quality and Water Filters
• Sources of Fresh Water
• Treatment of contaminated Water
• Distribution of Water
• Conclusion
• Glossary
3. Introduction
Most of us don’t think about the water we drink. We turn
on a tap, fill a glass, and drink. But how much water do
you really need to drink every day? Is the water you're
drinking safe or would bottled water be safer? What
can you do if your tap water suddenly became
contaminated?
Clean drinking water is a basic human need.Unfortunately,
more one in six people still
lack reliable access to
this precious resource.
The problem is particularly
acute in the developing
world.
4. How Much Water Do You Need
• Your body weight is more than 50% water. Without water,
you couldn’t maintain a normal body temperature,
lubricate your joints, or get rid of waste through urination,
sweat, and bowel movements.
• Not getting enough water can lead to dehydration, which
can cause muscle weakness and cramping, a lack of
coordination, and an increased risk of heat exhaustion
and heat stroke. In fact, water is so important that
a person couldn’t last more than five days without it.
• You often hear that you need to drink eight 8-ounce
glasses of water each day. The Institute of Medicine's
Food and Nutrition Board recommended that women
actually need 91 ounces of water daily, and men need 125
ounces.
5. • So how much water do you need? Enough to replace what you
lose daily through urination, sweating, even exhaling. And
your need for water increases:
– In warm or hot weather
– With vigorous physical activity, such as exercise or working in the
yard
– During bouts of illness, especially if you have a fever, are
vomiting, having diarrhea or coughing
• It is a good idea to track how much water you drink for a few
days just to get a feel for the amount needed. You can get
enough water each day by drinking water and consuming
fluids like soup and drinks, along with lots of vegetables,
which contain water. Keep in mind that if you’re going to do
something strenuous, like playing sports or running, you'll
need extra water before, during, and after.
6. What Contaminants are there in the
Water
• Water can be contaminated in several ways.
• It can contain microorganisms like bacteria and parasites
that get in the water from human or animal fecal matter.
• It can contain chemicals from industrial waste or from
spraying crops. Nitrates used in fertilizers can enter the
water with runoff from the land.
• Various minerals such as lead or mercury can enter the
water supply, sometimes from natural deposits
underground, or more often from improper disposal.
• The EPA has set minimum testing schedules for specific
pollutants to make sure that levels remain safe.
7. • Still, some people may be more vulnerable than others
to potential harm caused by water contaminants,
including:
– People undergoing chemotherapy
– People with HIV/AIDS
– Transplant patients
– Children and infants
– Pregnant women and their fetuses
8. Well Water
• For almost one out of every seven Americans, a private
well is the primary source of drinking water. Private
wells are not regulated by the EPA. Well water safety
can be affected by many factors, including:
– How the well was built
– Where it’s located
– How it’s maintained
– The quality of the aquifer supplying the well
– Human activities in your area
• The EPA recommends that you talk with local experts,
have your well water tested regularly, and not let
problems go untended.
9. Bottled Water
• According to the International Bottled Water Association,
Americans drank 9.1 billion gallons of bottled water in
2011, a 4.1% increase over the previous year.
• One argument advanced for the use of bottled water is its
safety, yet there isn't the same guarantee of safety with
bottled water as there is for the water in your tap.
• The FDA oversees the standards that apply to bottled
water, but it doesn't have the ability to oversee a
mandatory testing program like the EPA does with public
water suppliers. So, although it can order a bottled water
recall once a problem has been found, there is no
guarantee that the bottle of water you bought is safe.
10. Contaminants in the Pipes
• Occasionally, your tap water can
become contaminated as a result of breaks in the water
line, although one of the biggest problems is lead
getting into the water from pipes. Even ''lead-free''
pipes can contain as much as 8% lead.
• The best way to avoid consuming lead
from tap water is to only use water
from the cold tap for drinking,
cooking, and making baby formula
and to let the water run for a minute
before using it.
11. Health Effects of Drinking
Contaminated Water
• How contaminated water effects your
health depends on the type of
contaminants.
• Does boiling contaminated water make it safe to drink?
It depends on the contaminant. Boiling water can kill
germs, but things like lead, nitrates, and pesticides
aren't affected. And since boiling reduces the volume of
water, it increases the concentration of those
contaminants.
• Cryptosporidium is a pathogen that sometimes gets
into water supplies. It can cause a gastrointestinal
disease that could be fatal.
12. • Nitrates can contaminate water and pose an immediate
threat to infants. In the intestines, nitrates are
converted to nitrites, which prevent blood from
transporting oxygen. An enzyme present in the system
of older children restores the blood's ability to carry
oxygen.
• Lead can
cause both
physical and
mental
developmental
problems in infants and children. Adults who have been
drinking lead-tainted water for a number of years can
experience kidney problems and high blood pressure.
13. Water Quality And Water Filters
• In an effort to make their drinking water safer, some
people use water filters at home. There are four main
kinds:
• Activated carbon filters can remove certain organic
contaminants that affect taste and odor. Some systems
are also designed to remove chlorination byproducts,
solvents, and pesticides, or certain metals such as
copper or lead.
• Ion exchange units with activated alumina can remove
minerals such as calcium and magnesium, which make
water hard.
• Reverse osmosis units with carbon can remove nitrates
and sodium as well as pesticides and petrochemicals.
14. • Distillation units boil water and condense the steam, creating
distilled water.
• No one system will remove all water contaminants. If you do
decide you want to install a system, you should have your
water tested by a certified laboratory first to find out what's in
your water.
• No matter which water filtering system you choose, you need
to maintain it ; otherwise, contaminants build up in the filter
and make the water quality worse than it would be without
the filter.
• It's important to know that a home water filter won’t protect
you from water that has been declared unsafe. If that happens
in your area, follow the advice of your local water authorities
until the water is declared safe to drink once more.
15. Sources of Fresh Water
• Drinkable water is a precious commodity.
• Most of the Earth’s water is sea water.
• About 2.5% is freshwater – and two-thirds of that is
frozen in ice caps and glaciers.
• Underground reservoirs are an important source of
water supply for many people. Humans use wells to tap
renewable and non-renewable aquifers which quench
their thirsts and water crops.
• Rivers and lakes contain only a small amount of Earth’s
water – but these surface waters are crucial. Like some
aquifers, they are constantly replenished when water
moves from the atmosphere to Earth and again through
the water cycle.
16. • But surface water sources are subject to variable
precipitation patterns that make them notoriously
unreliable.
• Protecting and managing the freshwater sources,
above and below ground are essential tasks.
17. Treatment of Contaminated Water
• Contaminants are substances that make water unfit for
use. Some contaminants can be easily identified by
assessing the taste, odor, and the turbidity of water.
• Most, however, cannot be easily detected and require
testing to reveal whether or not water is contaminated.
• If left unchecked, contaminants can cause a whole host
of water-related diseases which exact a terrible toll on
human health.
• Contaminants are either man-made or naturally
occurring. Some contaminants are organisms that are
pathogens like viruses, bacteria, and parasites such as
microscopic protozoa and worms. These living
organisms can be spread by human and animal waste.
18. • Good sanitation and hygiene can help to stop the
spread of these organisms.
• The other contaminants are the man-made byproducts
of industry and agriculture including heavy metals like
lead and mercury, and hazardous chemicals and
compounds like insecticides and fertilizers.
• Naturally occurring contaminants can contaminate
water as well. Toxins such as highly poisonous metal
arsenic may be naturally present at unacceptable levels.
• Contaminated water must be treated before it can be
used for human consumption.
• Water treatment can occur at two distinct places:
– At a centralized water treatment facility
– At the point of use
19. • Where ever treatment takes place, a diverse range of
technologies is used to purify drinking water.
• Treatment technologies are selected and applied using
several determining factors including water source, type
of contaminant and the cost.
• For the most effective treatment, a combination of
technologies is used to ensure that the water if fully
decontaminated.
20. Distribution of Water
• Distribution systems move water from a source or a water
treatment plant to the people who consume it.
• Water distribution requires infrastructure. This
infrastructure could range from complex pipe systems to
the simplest of water containers. All the infrastructures
from the simplest to the most complex, have associated
costs. Moreover, water in any distribution system may
became contaminated if sources are not properly
protected and monitored, treatment plants are not
properly operated, or infrastructure is not maintained.
• Although they share the same basic function, distribution
system vary greatly from culture to culture, from one
economic stratum to the next, and from great cities to
humble villages.
21. Conclusion
• People cannot create water.
• But, by managing sources and distribution
systems, they can maximize the amount of
available of water and make the most out of
every drop.
SAVE WATER !!!!!!
SAVE LIFE !!!!!
22. Glossary
FRESHWATERS
Water that does not contain significant levels of dissolved
minerals and salts.
RESERVOIRS
A large body of water used to store supplies for human use.
AQUIFERS
A geological layer or “formation”, typically sand, gravel, or
limestone that can store and transmit ground water and
allow it to be pumped in “useful” quantities.
SURFACE WATER
All water, fresh and salt, that is direct contact with the
atmosphere. Oceans, rivers, lakes are all sources of
surface water.
23. WATER CYCLE
The Sun – driven process of evaporation, condensation, and
precipitation that moves the water from the oceans and Earth
to the atmosphere and back again. Also called the Hydrological-
Cycle.
PRECIPITATION
The process by which the atmospheric water vapour falls to earth
including rain, snow, hail, sleet, dew, and frost.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Any system by which the water is moved from the source to its
consumers.
CONTAMINANTS
Any harmful or undesirable substance found in the water.
Contaminants include microorganisms, dissolved naturally
occurring minerals, human generated chemicals, and
radiological materials.
24. TURBIDITY
The visual appearance of cloudy water filled with
suspended particles. Turbidity, as an optical property,
may be measured and used to rate water quality and
clarity.
PATHOGENS
An organism that triggers acute or chronic disease. Bacteria,
Viruses, Parasites are some common pathogens.
BACTERIA
Single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus. They are found
in all living things and all types of environments. Some
bacteria can cause diseases.
25. VIRUSES
Extremely tiny microorganisms, often pathogenic, that
reproduce in the cells of a host organism. Viruses may be
present in human and animal waste and spread through
contaminated water.
PARASITES
An organism that lives on or inside or another “host”
organism. [parasites do not benefit their hosts, but
instead feed at their expense.
PROTOZOA
Single-celled eukaryotic organisms often present in water.
Protozoa may be parasitic and some, like Giardia and
Cryptosporidium are pathogenic.
26. ARSENIC
A poisonous element that commonly occurs in the natural
environment and can contaminate ground water.
Drinking arsenic-rich water over months and years causes
arsenic to accumulate in the body. This can lead to
arsenicosis.
INFRASTRUCTURE
The facilities, equipments, and materials necessary for the
operation of a water supply or sanitation system.
Infrastructure includes storage systems such as dams and
reservoirs as well as distribution and treatment system.