Measles is a highly infectious childhood disease caused by a specific virus. It is characterized by fever, runny nose, cough, and a spreading rash. While measles is endemic worldwide, it is more common and deadly in developing nations with weak immunization systems. The virus is transmitted through airborne droplets from the nose and throat of infected individuals. Prevention relies on vaccination with a live attenuated vaccine, which is most effective when administered around 9 months of age.

1. Measels
(rubeola)
By
Dr. Saurabh Agrawal

2. Intro
• Highly infectious disease of childhood
• Caused by Specific virus of the group
myxoviruses.

3. Clicnical characteristics
• Fever
• Catarahal symp. (coryza, cough)
• Typical rash.
• High morbidity and mortality in developing
countries
• Only humans no animal reservoir

4. Problem statement
• Endemic in entire world
• Common in developing countries and rare in
industrial countries
• Challange for eradication
– Weak immunization sys
– High infectious nature
– Refusal of immunization by population

5. Epidemiological determinants
Agent fac:
• Agent = RNA paramyxovirus
• Source of infe: case of measles
• Infective mat: secretion of nose, throat, RT
• Period of communi: 4 days before and 4 days
after appearance of rash

6. Epidemiological determinants
Host fac:
• Age: 6mth- 3yrs in developing countries
– Over 5 yrs in developed countries
• Sex: equal
• Immunity: no age is immune if no previous
immunity
• Nutrition: 400 times more chance of mortality
in malnourished children

7. Environmental fac:
• Can spread in any season
• Tropical zone- Mostly dry season
• Temperate zone- winters

8. Transmission
• Person to person
• Droplet and droplet nuclie
• Portal of entry: RT

9. Incubation period
• 10 days from exposure to onset of fever
• 14 days to appearance of rash

10. Clinical features
• 3 stages
• 1. Prodromal stage:
– Begins 10 days after infec
– Fever, coryza, sneezing, nasal discharge, cough,
lacrimation, photophobia
– Vomiting and diarrhoea might be present
– KOPLIKS SPOT= day or 2 before appearance of rash
• Table salt crystal appearance on buccal mucosa opp to 1st
and 2nd lower molar
• Small blueish white spot on red base, small the pin head

11. • 2. Eruptive stage:
– Red dusky macular/ maculo papular rash
– Begins behind ears, spread rapidly in hrs over face
and neck, exteds to lower body in 2-3 days
– Fades in same appearance leaving brownish
discolouration

12. • Post eruptive stage:
– Wt. Loss
– Growth retardation

15. Korting GW: Hautkrankheiten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen, 3rd ed. Stuttgart, FK
Schattauer Verlag, 1982
09/18/10 Prof. saad s al ani measles khor 15
Maculopapular rash of measles

16. Typical rash on day 2–3 of measles
(Courtesy of J.H. Brien.)
09/18/10 Prof. saad s al ani measles khor 16

17. Rash on day 5 of measles showing typical confluence and density
on head with scattered lesions on the trunk. (Courtesy of J.H. Brien.)
09/18/10 Prof. saad s al ani measles khor 17

18. Complication
• Measels ass. Diarrhoea
• Pneumonia and other RTI
• Otitis media
• Neurological condition like- convulsion,
encephalitis

19. Prevention
• Vaccination-
– Live attenuated is safe and effective
– Freezed dried product
– Lose 50% potency in 1 hr @ 20 c and all @37c]
• Age- as close to 9 month
• Administration: SC/ IM