The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations.
Heavy metals are Globally distributed
pollutants
Brief ideas about the heavy metals and their poisoning. Actual reasons behind their pollution and contamination. Which type of disease occurred by their exposure. Real scenario of the Bangladesh by the contamination and pollution of heavy metals through their exposure
Toxicology
is a scientific discipline, overlapping with biology, chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine, that involves the study of the adverse effects of chemical substances on living organisms and the practice of diagnosing and treating exposures to toxins and toxicants.
Toxicity
is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism
History
Ecotoxicology is a relatively young discipline that made its debuts in the 1970s
Ecotoxicology emerged after pollution events that occurred after World War II heightened awareness on the impact of toxic chemical and wastewater discharges towards humankind and the environment
The term « Ecotoxicology » was used for the first time in 1969 by René Truhaut, a toxicologist, during an environmental conference in Stockholm.
The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations.
Heavy metals are Globally distributed
pollutants
Brief ideas about the heavy metals and their poisoning. Actual reasons behind their pollution and contamination. Which type of disease occurred by their exposure. Real scenario of the Bangladesh by the contamination and pollution of heavy metals through their exposure
Toxicology
is a scientific discipline, overlapping with biology, chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine, that involves the study of the adverse effects of chemical substances on living organisms and the practice of diagnosing and treating exposures to toxins and toxicants.
Toxicity
is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism
History
Ecotoxicology is a relatively young discipline that made its debuts in the 1970s
Ecotoxicology emerged after pollution events that occurred after World War II heightened awareness on the impact of toxic chemical and wastewater discharges towards humankind and the environment
The term « Ecotoxicology » was used for the first time in 1969 by René Truhaut, a toxicologist, during an environmental conference in Stockholm.
Heavy Metals Body Burdens - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution Using Ion Exchange Resin MBHPE-TKPijsrd.com
The aim of this study is to synthesis of TKP (MBHPE-TKP) resin for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. Ion exchange resins are polymers that are capable of exchanging particular ions within the polymer with ions in a solution that is passed through them. This ability is also seen in various natural systems such as soils and living cells. The synthetic resins are used primarily for purifying water, but also for various other applications including separating out some elements. Factorial design of experiments is employed to study the effect of above factors pH, time and sorbent used. The new synthesized resins i.e. MBHPE–TKP is hydrophilic and biodegradable, so after effluent treatment used resins can be disposed off without facing any environmental problem .This study focuses on synthesis of new cation exchange resin (MBHPE – TKP) and developing method for treatment of highly contaminated industrial effluents.
THE HEALTH RISKS OF HIDDEN HEAVY METALSSANDEEP PATRE
THE HEALTH RISKS OF HIDDEN HEAVY METALS ,Sources and sinks of heavy metals. Human exposure at these sites may occur by a variety of pathways, including inhalation of dusts in air, ingestion of contaminated water or soil, or through the food chain.
Toxicity is a function of solubility. Insoluble compounds as well as the metallic forms often exhibit negligible toxicity. The toxicity of any metal depends on its ligands. Heavy metal toxicity can result in damaged or reduced mental and central nervous function, lower energy levels, and damage to blood composition, lungs, kidneys, liver, and other vital organs.
Introduction
Critical discussion on heavy metals.
Target organs by heavy metal pollutantsIndustrial uses and pollution sources of Mercury.
Ef mercury
Biochemical effects, toxicology and toxicity of mercury
Biomethylation of mercury
Control of mercury pollutants
Treatment on mercury poisoning.
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Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
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Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
2. Introduction
Heavy metals are toxic to human health
Most common heavy metals are lead(Pb),
mercury(Hg), cadmium(Cd) and arsenic(As)
Indoor concentration of heavy metals is generally
less than their outdoor concentration
They are mainly produced by industrial
activities, and deposit slowly in the surrounding
water and soil
3. Properties of heavy metals
They occur near the bottom of the periodic table
Have high densities
Toxic in nature
Nondegradable
Note Arsenic is not actually a metal but is a
semimetal i.e. its properties are intermediate
between those of metals and nonmetals.
4. Transport phenomenon
Water
Food
Air
Adsorption or absorption onto various materials
Example Over half of the heavy metal input into
Great Lakes is due to deposition from air.
5. Toxicity of heavy metals
Mercury is highly toxic in vapor form but
lead,cadmium and arsenic are more toxic in their
cationic form
Toxicity arises from strong affinity of the
heavy metal cations for sulfur
Medicinal treatment for heavy metal poisoning is
done by chelation therapy by administering
compounds known as chelates
Example British Anti-Lewisite(BAL),
ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid(EDTA).
6. Mercury
Most volatile of all metals
Highly toxic in vapor form
Liquid mercury itself is not highly toxic, and
most of that ingested is excreted
7. Sources of Mercury
Elemental mercury is employed in many
applications due to its unusual property of being
a liquid that conducts electricity
Used in electrical switches, fluorescent light
bulbs and mercury lamps
Emission of mercury vapor from large industrial
operations
Unregulated burning of coal and fuel oil
Incineration of municipal wastes
Emissions from mercury containing products
batteries, thermometers, etc.
Mercury amalgams dental fillings
8. Health effects
Skin burns
Irritation of nose and skin
Rashes
Excessive perspiration
Damage to the kidneys
Damage to vision
Minamata disease
Dysfunctions of the central nervous system
Loss of hearing and muscle coordination
Severe brain damage
Death
9. Lead
Has a very low melting point of 327 degrees C
Used as a structural metal in ancient times and
for weather proofing buildings
Romans used it in water ducts and in cooking
vessels
Analysis of ice-core samples from Greenland
indicate that atmospheric lead concentration
reached a peak in roman times that was not
equaled again until the renaissance
10. Sources of lead
Commonly used in the building industry for
roofing and flashing and for soundproofing
Used in pipes
When combined with tin, it forms solder, used in
electronics and in other applications to make
connections between solid metals
Lead is also used in ammunition
Note Lead shots have been banned in United
States, Canada, Netherlands, Norway and Denmark
Lead is used in batteries and sinkers in fishing
11. Sources (contd.)
Used in paints
Lead chromate is the yellow pigment used in
paints usually applied to school buses. Lead is
also used in corrosion-resistant paints and has a
bright red color
Used in ceramics and dishware
The leaching of lead from glazed ceramics
used to prepare food is a major source of dietary
lead, especially in Mexico
In the past, lead salts were used as coloring
agents in various foods
Lead is used in some types of PVC mini-blinds
12. Health effects
At high levels, inorganic lead is a general
metabolic poison
Lead poisoning effects the neurological and
reproductive systems, example downfall of
roman
empire
Lead breaks the blood-brain barrier and
interferes with the normal development of brain
in infants
13. Health effects(contd.)
Lead is observed to lower IQ levels in
children
Lead is transferred postnatally from the
mother
in her breast milk
At elevated levels, lead poisoning would
eventually result in death
14. Facts about lead poisoning
The human groups most at risk of lead poisoning
are fetuses and children under the age of seven
Chronic lead poisoning from wine and other
sources is one of the factors in the downfall of
the roman empire
Episodes of lead poisoning were recorded through
the middle ages and even until recent times
A recent study in Mexico indicated that pregnant
women can decrease the lead levels in their blood
and presumably in the blood of their developing
fetus by taking calcium supplements.
15. Cadmium
Cadmium lies in the same subgroup of the periodic
table as zinc and mercury, but is more similar to
zinc
Coal burning is the main source of environmental
cadmium
Incineration of wastes containing cadmium is an
important source of the metal in the environment
Cadmium is most toxic in its ionic form unlike
mercury
Note Mercury is most toxic in vapor form and
lead, cadmium and arsenic are most toxic in their
ionic forms.
16. Sources of Cadmium
Cadmium is used as an electrode in nicad
batteries
Cadmium is used as a pigment in paints(yellow
color)
It is also used in photovoltaic devices and in TV
screens
Cigarette smoke
Fertilizers and pesticides
Note The greatest proportion of our exposure
to cadmium comes from our food supply- seafood,
organ meats, particularly kidneys, and also from
potatoes, rice, and other grains.
17. Health effects
Severe pain in joints
Bone diseases
Kidney problems
Its lifetime in the body is several years
Areas of greatest risk are Japan and central
Europe
In very high levels it poses serious health
problems related to bones, liver and kidneys and
can eventually cause death.
18. Arsenic
Arsenic oxides were the common poisons used for
murder and suicide from roman times through to
the middle ages
Arsenic compounds were used widely as pesticides
before the organic chemicals era
Arsenic is very much similar to phosphorous
19. Sources of Arsenic
Pesticides
Mining, smelting of gold, lead, copper and nickel
Production of iron and steel
Combustion of coal
Leachate from abandoned gold mines
Used as a wood preservative
Herbicides
Tobacco smoke
Wallpaper paste and pigments in wallpaper
20. Health effects
Birth defects
Carcinogen
Lung cancer results from the inhalation of
arsenic and probably also from its ingestion.
Skin and liver cancer, and perhaps cancers of the
bladder and kidneys, arise from ingested arsenic
Gastrointestinal damage
Severe vomiting
Diarrhea
Death
21. Recent studies on arsenic exposure
Arsenic emitted from a copper-smelting plant in
Bulgaria has been shown recently to have produced
a three-fold increase in birth defects in new
born children in that area
Most daily exposure of arsenic by north American
adults is due to food intake, especially of meat
and seafood
Under humid conditions of molds in wallpaper
paste and arsenic pigments in wallpaper,
instances of mysterious illness and death have
been reported
22. Recent studies..(contd.)
Recent studies have shown that about 1 of
Americans consume drinking water that has arsenic
levels of 25 ppb or more, and in Utah and
California water supplies have been found to
contain as much as 500 ppb
Scientists have estimated that there is a
one-in-a-thousand lifetime risk of dying from
cancer induced by normal background levels of
arsenic ( this equals the risk estimate due to
tobacco smoke and radon exposure ).
23. General sources of heavy metals in residential
houses
Infiltration from outside, along with the dust
carried on shoes and clothes
Indoor sources include old-lead and latex based
paints, domestic water supply, burning of wood,
and tobacco smoke
Pesticides and fungicides are major sources of
arsenic and mercury indoors
24. Methods for measurement of trace metals
Most common method of collecting particulate
matter is through filters
Identification and concentration of individual
trace metals like lead,cadmium, arsenic, mercury
and chromium is determined by
Atomic absorption
spectrophotometer
X-ray fluorescence
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry is a
destructive method and requires at least 1 to 2
ml of solution
X-ray fluorescence is a nondestructive
method and works independent of the chemical
state of the sample.
25. Control methods
Periodic vacuuming of the house can be effective
in removal of these pollutants
Replacement of wood-burning by an equivalent gas
or electrical appliance
Removal of old lead and mercury-based paints
The effective method for removal of mercury
vapors is by the use of packed bed of absorbents
Gold-coated denuder can also be used for the
removal of mercury from air