Heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, chromium, and lead can accumulate in living organisms and cause health issues. They are naturally occurring elements that cannot be degraded. While some heavy metals are essential in small amounts, higher concentrations can be toxic. Heavy metals enter bodies through food, water, and air. They bioaccumulate because organisms cannot break them down and they are stored in fat cells. Common sources of heavy metal exposure include industrial processes, mining, combustion of fossil fuels, waste incineration, and leaching from abandoned mines. Health effects depend on the metal but can include organ and nervous system damage, cancer, and developmental issues. Control methods focus on reducing exposure sources and removing heavy metals from indoor air and drinking water
protein structure prediction methods. homology modelling, fold recognition, threading, ab initio methods. in short and easy form slides. after one time read you can easily understand methods for protein structure prediction.
protein structure prediction methods. homology modelling, fold recognition, threading, ab initio methods. in short and easy form slides. after one time read you can easily understand methods for protein structure prediction.
Prediction of the three dimensional structure of a given protein sequence i.e. target protein from the amino acid sequence of a homologous (template) protein for which an X-ray or NMR structure is available based on an alignment to one or more known protein structures
Protein structure determination from hybrid NMR data.Mark Berjanskii
Protein structure determination from hybrid NMR data. Presentation is related to: biochemistry, bioinformatics, biology, biophysics, mark berjanskii, molecular biology, molecular dynamics, molecular modeling, nmr spectroscopy, protein nmr, public speaking, python programming, sparse data, structural biology, structure determination, teaching, web design, web development, web programming, Wishart group, hybrid data, SAXS, WAXS, X-ray crystallography, FRET, CryoEM, EPR, Mass Spectrometry
A presentation discussing amino acids, peptide bonds and peptide synthesis. The Merrifield Synthesis of Peptides is further discussed covering principle, methodology, isolation and purification, its advantages and disadvantages. A brief note on protecting groups is mentioned. A few practical applications of synthetic peptides are mentioned and discussed in brief as well.
The above presentation consist of the definition of microarray, brief history, general principle of the same, the type of scanner that are used to read or to scan the microarray , type of DNA microarray and finally its various apliccation including the role of DNA microaarray in drug discovery.
Prediction of the three dimensional structure of a given protein sequence i.e. target protein from the amino acid sequence of a homologous (template) protein for which an X-ray or NMR structure is available based on an alignment to one or more known protein structures
Protein structure determination from hybrid NMR data.Mark Berjanskii
Protein structure determination from hybrid NMR data. Presentation is related to: biochemistry, bioinformatics, biology, biophysics, mark berjanskii, molecular biology, molecular dynamics, molecular modeling, nmr spectroscopy, protein nmr, public speaking, python programming, sparse data, structural biology, structure determination, teaching, web design, web development, web programming, Wishart group, hybrid data, SAXS, WAXS, X-ray crystallography, FRET, CryoEM, EPR, Mass Spectrometry
A presentation discussing amino acids, peptide bonds and peptide synthesis. The Merrifield Synthesis of Peptides is further discussed covering principle, methodology, isolation and purification, its advantages and disadvantages. A brief note on protecting groups is mentioned. A few practical applications of synthetic peptides are mentioned and discussed in brief as well.
The above presentation consist of the definition of microarray, brief history, general principle of the same, the type of scanner that are used to read or to scan the microarray , type of DNA microarray and finally its various apliccation including the role of DNA microaarray in drug discovery.
Toxicity is a function of solubility. Insoluble compounds as well as the metallic forms often exhibit negligible toxicity. The toxicity of any metal depends on its ligands. Heavy metal toxicity can result in damaged or reduced mental and central nervous function, lower energy levels, and damage to blood composition, lungs, kidneys, liver, and other vital organs.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. HEAVY METALS
The term heavy metal refers to any metallic
chemical element that has a relatively high
density and is toxic or poisonous at low
concentrations.
3. Properties
• are natural components of the Earth's crust
• they cannot be degraded or destroyed
• to a small extent they enter our bodies via
food, drinking water and air
• as trace elements, some heavy metals (e.g. copper,
• selenium, zinc) are essential to maintain the metabolism
of the human body
• however, at higher concentrations they can lead to
poisoning
• heavy metal poisoning could result, for instance, from
drinking-water contamination (e.g. lead pipes), high
ambient air concentrations near emission sources, or
intake via the food chain
4. Bioaccumulation
• Bioaccumulation is the “build-up of
chemicals or heavy metals in living
organisms”.
• The chemical accumulates because it
does not break down easily (decomposers
can’t break them down)
• The chemicals get stored in fat-cells of
organisms and can cause serious
problems...
5.
6. Mercury
Hg
• Mercury is the only common metal which
is liquid at ordinary temperatures. It rarely
occurs free in nature and is found mainly
in cinnabar ore (HgS) in Spain and Italy.
• It alloys easily with many metals, such as
gold, silver, and tin - these alloys are
called
amalgams.
Its
ease
in
amalgamating with gold is used in the
recovery of gold from its ores.
7. •
•
•
•
Health effects of mercury
Disruption of the nervous system
Damage to brain functions
DNA damage and chromosomal damage
Allergic reactions, resulting in skin rashes,
tiredness and headaches
8. • Acidic surface waters can contain significant
amounts of mercury
• When the pH values are between five and
seven, themercury concentrations in the water
will increase due to mobilisation of mercury in
the ground
• Once mercury has reached surface waters or
soils microorganisms can convert it to methyl
mercury, a substance that can be absorbed
quickly by most organisms and is known to
cause nerve damage
11. Sources of Cadmium
Cadmium is used as an electrode in
“nicad” batteries
Cadmium is used as a pigment in
paints(yellow color)
It is also used in photovoltaic devices and
in TV screens
Cigarette smoke
Fertilizers and pesticides
Note: The greatest proportion of our
exposure to cadmium comes from our
food supply- seafood, organ meats,
particularly kidneys, and also from
potatoes, rice, and other grains.
12. HEALTH EFFECTS
• Human uptake of cadmium takes
place mainly through food
• Diarrhoea, stomach pains and
severe vomiting
• Bone fracture
• Damage to the central nervous
system
• Damage to the immune system
• Psychological disorders
• Possibly DNA damage or cancer
development
13. Environmental effects of cadmium
• Cadmium can be transported over great
distances when it is absorbed by sludge
and can pollute surface waters as well
as soils
• Cadmium strongly adsorbs to organic
matter in soil
• When cadmium is present in soils it can
be extremely dangerous, as the uptake
through food will increase
• Soils that are acidified enhance the
cadmium uptake by plants
• This is a potential danger to the animals
that are dependent upon the plants for
survival – Cadmium can accumulate in
their bodies, especially when they eat
multiple plants. e. g: cow
14. Chromium - Cr
• Chromium(III) is an essential nutrient for
humans and shortages may cause heart
conditions, disruptions of metabolisms and
diabetes
• But the uptake of too much chromium(III)
can cause health effects as well, for
instance skin rashes
15. HEALTH EFFECTS
• When it is a compound in leather products, it can
cause allergic reactions, such as skin rash
• After breathing it in, chromium(VI) can cause
nose irritations and nosebleeds
• Upset stomachs and ulcers
• Respiratory problems
• Weakened immune system
• Kidney and liver damage
• Alteration of genetic material
• Lung cancer
• Death
16. Environmental effects of chromium
• Most of the chromium in air will eventually settle
and end up in waters or soils
• Chromium in soils strongly attaches to soil
particles and as a result it will not move towards
groundwater
• In water chromium will absorb on sediment and
become immobile
17. Lead - Pb
• Foods such as fruit, vegetables, meats, grains,
seafood, soft drinks and wine may contain
significant amounts of lead
• Cigarette smoke also contains small amounts of
lead
19. Health effects of lead
• Disruption of the biosynthesis of
haemoglobin and anemia
• A rise in blood pressure
• Kidney damage
• Disruption of nervous systems
• Brain damage
• Diminished learning abilities of children
• Behavioural disruptions of children, such
as aggression, impulsive behaviour and
hyperactivity
20. Environmental effects of lead
• Soil functions are disturbed by lead
intervention, especially near highways and
farmlands, where extreme concentrations
may be present
• Also soil organisms are suffered from lead
poisoning
21. Arsenic
• Arsenic oxides were the
common poisons used for
murder and suicide from roman
times through to the middle
ages
• Arsenic compounds were used
widely as pesticides before the
organic chemicals era
• Arsenic is very much similar to
phosphorous
22. Sources of Arsenic
Pesticides
Mining, smelting of gold, lead, copper
and nickel
Production of iron and steel
Combustion of coal
Leachate from abandoned gold mines
Used as a wood preservative
Herbicides
Tobacco smoke
Wallpaper paste and pigments in
wallpaper
23. Health effects
Birth defects
Carcinogen:
Lung cancer results from the inhalation of
arsenic and probably also from its ingestion. Skin
and liver cancer, and perhaps cancers of the
bladder and kidneys, arise from ingested arsenic
Gastrointestinal damage
Severe vomiting
Diarrhea
Death
•Causes arsenic keratosis
of skin
25. General sources of heavy metals in
residential houses
• Infiltration from outside, along with
the dust carried on shoes and
clothes
• Indoor sources include old-lead
and latex based paints, domestic
water supply, burning of wood,
and tobacco smoke
• Pesticides and fungicides are
major sources of arsenic and
mercury indoors
26. Methods for measurement of trace
metals
Most common method of collecting particulate matter is
through filters
Identification and concentration of individual trace
metals like lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and
chromium is determined by
Atomic absorption
spectrophotometer
X-ray fluorescence
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry is a
destructive method and requires at least 1 to 2
ml of solution
X-ray fluorescence is a nondestructive method
and works independent of the chemical state of the
sample.
28. Control methods
• Periodic vacuuming of the house can be effective
in removal of these pollutants
• Replacement of wood-burning by an equivalent
gas or electrical appliance
• Removal of old lead and mercury-based paints
• The effective method for removal of mercury
vapors is by the use of packed bed of absorbents
• Gold-coated denuder can also be used for the
removal of mercury from air