Cholesterol is the major sterol in the animal tissues.
Cholesterol is present in tissues and in plasma either as free cholesterol or as a storage form, combined with a long-chain fatty acid as cholesteryl ester.
In plasma, both forms are transported in lipoproteins
removed from tissues by plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and transported to the liver, where it is eliminated from the body either unchanged or after conversion to bile acids in the process known as reverse cholesterol transport
BIOSYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Phospholipids:-
These are compounds containing, in addition to fatty acid and glycerol, phosphoric acid, nitrogenous bases, and another substituent. Polar compounds composed of alcohol attached by phosphodiester bridge to either diacylglycerol or sphingosine.
Amphipathic in nature has a hydrophilic head (phosphate +alcohol
eg., serine, ethanolamine, and choline) and a long, hydrophobic tail
(fatty acids or derivatives ).
- CLASSIFICATION OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS:-
- Glycerophospholipids
- Spingophospholipids or Sphingomyelin
- SYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
- FUNCTIONS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
- FUNCTIONS OF SPHINGOLIPIDS
Triacylglycerol and compound lipid metabolismDipesh Tamrakar
Biosynthesis and metabolic regulation of triglyceride and other compound lipids: glycerophospholipids, sphingophospholipids, ether glycerolipids and glycolipids
cholesterol introduction , synthesis , degradation and functions.
different intermediate products , biochemical importance, fate of cholesterol: synthesis of bile acids (primary and secondary ) , synthesis of vitamin D and different steroid hormones
clinical significance of cholesterol: Hypercholesterolemia ANd hypocholesterolemia normal ranges and so on
BIOSYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Phospholipids:-
These are compounds containing, in addition to fatty acid and glycerol, phosphoric acid, nitrogenous bases, and another substituent. Polar compounds composed of alcohol attached by phosphodiester bridge to either diacylglycerol or sphingosine.
Amphipathic in nature has a hydrophilic head (phosphate +alcohol
eg., serine, ethanolamine, and choline) and a long, hydrophobic tail
(fatty acids or derivatives ).
- CLASSIFICATION OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS:-
- Glycerophospholipids
- Spingophospholipids or Sphingomyelin
- SYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
- FUNCTIONS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
- FUNCTIONS OF SPHINGOLIPIDS
Triacylglycerol and compound lipid metabolismDipesh Tamrakar
Biosynthesis and metabolic regulation of triglyceride and other compound lipids: glycerophospholipids, sphingophospholipids, ether glycerolipids and glycolipids
cholesterol introduction , synthesis , degradation and functions.
different intermediate products , biochemical importance, fate of cholesterol: synthesis of bile acids (primary and secondary ) , synthesis of vitamin D and different steroid hormones
clinical significance of cholesterol: Hypercholesterolemia ANd hypocholesterolemia normal ranges and so on
Gluconeogenesis: Defined as biosynthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors
-Gluconeogenesis: an intro
-Thermodynamic Barriers (Each barrier detail explanation)
- Energetics of gluconeogenesis
-Substrates of gluconeogenesis (each substrate and pathway explained)
-Regulation of Gluconeogenesis, hormonal and transcriptional regulation
Gluconeogenesis: Defined as biosynthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors
-Gluconeogenesis: an intro
-Thermodynamic Barriers (Each barrier detail explanation)
- Energetics of gluconeogenesis
-Substrates of gluconeogenesis (each substrate and pathway explained)
-Regulation of Gluconeogenesis, hormonal and transcriptional regulation
Cholesterol Biosynthesis and catabolism for MBBS, Lab. MEd. BDS.pptxRajendra Dev Bhatt
Cholesterol is found exclusively in animals, hence it is often called as animal sterol.
The total body content of cholesterol in an
adult man weighing 70 kg is about 140 g i.e., around 2 g/kg body weight.
The level of cholesterol in blood is related to the development of atherosclerosis & MI.
the slides aim at providing explanations on cholesterol biosynthesis, regulations, functions of cholesterol, and their consequences. facts about lipoproteins have also been included. enjoy the reading
prepared by Asangalwisye Deo
St. john's University of Tanzania
The urea cycle is the metabolic pathway that transforms nitrogen to urea for excretion from the body. Liver cells play a critical role in disposing of nitrogenous waste by forming urea hrough the action of the urea cycle.
Nitrogenous excretory products are then removed from the body through in the urine.
The urea excreted each day by a healthy adult (about 30 g) accounts for about 90% of the nitrogenous excretory products.
The cycle occurs mainly in the liver.
INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM OF PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS Rabia Khan Baber
Protein are the important tissue builders in body which it can help in the cell structure, functions, hemoglobin formation to carry oxygen, enzyme for metabolic reaction and other functions in the body. Also in supply the nitrogen for the DNA and RNA genetic materials and the energy production. This is because, protein contain long chain of amino acids
Protein metabolism is the process to breakdown foods are used by During protein metabolism, some of the protein will converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis process.
Protein metabolism denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the synthesis of proteins and amino acids (anabolism), and the breakdown of proteins by catabolism. ... In humans, non-essential amino acids are synthesized from intermediates in major metabolic pathways such as the Citric Acid Cycle.
Under normal dietary intake the majority of the ingested fructose is metabolized by the enterocytes of the small intestine primarily to glucose which is then delivered to the systemic circulation. In addition to glucose, the carbon atoms from dietary fructose are converted, by intestinal enterocytes, into several other metabolites including glycerate, glutamate, glutamine, alanine, ornithine, and citrulline.
However, diets containing large amounts of sucrose, high fructose corn syrup, or fructose alone, overwhelm the ability of the small intestine to metabolize it all and under these conditions a significant amount of fructose is then metabolized by the liver and to a lesser extent by other organs such as skeletal muscle.
The glucuronic acid pathway is a quantitatively minor route of glucose metabolism. Like the pentose phosphate pathway, it provides biosynthetic precursors and inter-converts some less common sugars to ones that can be metabolized.
A vitamin that can dissolve in water. Vitamins are nutrients that the body needs in small amounts to stay healthy and work the way it should. Water-soluble vitamins are carried to the body's tissues but are not stored in the body.
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP; also called the phosphogluconate pathway and the hexose monophosphate shunt) is a process that breaks down glucose-6-phosphate into NADPH and pentoses (5-carbon sugars) for use in downstream biological processes. There are two distinct phases in the pathway: the oxidative phase and the non-oxidative phase.
Biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides can occur by a de novo pathway or by the reutilization of preformed pyrimidine bases or ribonucleosides (salvage pathway).
The pyrimidine synthesis is a similar process than that of purines. In the de novo synthesis of pyrimidines, the ring is synthesized first and then it is attached to a ribose-phosphate to for a pyrimidine nucleotide.
Free fatty acids also called unesterified (UFA) or nonesterified (NEFA) fatty acids are fatty acids that are in the unesterified state.
In plasma, longer-chain FFA are combined with albumin, and in the cell they are attached to a fatty acid-binding protein.
Shorter-chain fatty acids are more watersoluble and exist as the un-ionized acid or as a fatty acid anion.
By these means, free fatty acids are made accessible as a fuel in other tissues.
DNA polymerases are a group of enzymes that are used to make copies of DNA templates, essentially used in DNA replication mechanisms. These enzymes make new copies of DNA from existing templates and also function by repairing the synthesized DNA to prevent mutations. DNA polymerase catalyzes the formation of the phosphodiester bond which makes up the backbone of DNA molecules. It uses a magnesium ion in catalytic activity to balance the charge from the phosphate group.
A genetic disease is any disease caused by an abnormality in the genetic makeup of an individual. The genetic abnormality can range from minuscule to major - from a discrete mutation in a single base in the DNA of a single gene to a gross chromosomal abnormality involving the addition or subtraction of an entire chromosome or set of chromosomes. Some people inherit genetic disorders from the parents, while acquired changes or mutations in a preexisting gene or group of genes cause other genetic diseases. Genetic mutations can occur either randomly or due to some environmental exposure.
The electron transport chain is comprised of a series of enzymatic reactions within the inner membrane of the mitochondria, which are cell organelles that release and store energy for all physiological needs.
As electrons are passed through the chain by a series of oxidation-reduction reactions, energy is released, creating a gradient of hydrogen ions, or protons, across the membrane. The proton gradient provides energy to make ATP, which is used in oxidative phosphorylation.
NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS AND PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITIONRabia Khan Baber
Nutritional disorder are diseases that occur when a person's dietary intake does not contain the right amount of nutrients for healthy functioning, or when a person cannot correctly absorb nutrients from food. Nutritional disorders can be caused by undernutrition, over nutrition or an incorrect balance of nutrients.
Nutrition is the study of nutrients in food, how the body uses them, and the relationship between diet, health, and disease.
Nutritionists use ideas from molecular biology, biochemistry, and genetics to understand how nutrients affect the human body.
Nutrition is the study of nutrients in food, how the body uses them, and the relationship between diet, health, and disease.
Nutritionists use ideas from molecular biology, biochemistry, and genetics to understand how nutrients affect the human body.
Definitions
Stages and Phases of Normal Labour
Abnormal Patterns of Labour
Classification of Abnormal Labour/Dystocia
Diagnosis and Management of Abnormal Labour
Definitions
Introduction to classification
All fat soluble vitamins
Biosynthesis
Sources of vitamins
Daily dosage
Biochemical function of vitamins
Deficiencies of vitamin
Sign and symptoms
AMINO ACID METABOLISM DISORDERS Twenty amino acids, including nine that cannot be synthesized in humans and must be obtained through food, are involved in metabolism. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins; some also function as or are synthesized into important molecules in the body such as neurotransmitters, hormones, pigments and oxygen-carrying molecules.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES OF PPT
CHOLESTROL
METABOLISM
STRUCTURE
METABOLISM
AND
BIOSYNTHESIS
VARIATIONIN
SERUM
UTILIZATION
DEGREDATION
REGULATION
FUNCTIONS
AND SOURCES
3. INTRODUCTION TO
CHOLESTROL METABOLISM
Cholesterol is the major sterol in the animal tissues.
Cholesterol is present in tissues and in plasma either as
free cholesterol or as a storage form, combined with a
long-chain fatty acid as cholesteryl ester.
In plasma, both forms are transported in lipoproteins
removed from tissues by plasma high-density
lipoprotein (HDL) and transported to the liver, where it
is eliminated from the body either unchanged or after
conversion to bile acids in the process known as reverse
cholesterol transport
4. STRUCTURE OF
CHOLESTROL
4 non aromatic rings
named as A,B,C,D
27 Carbon compound
1 double bond between
C 5&6
1 side chain
1 hydroxyl group at C-3
5. SOURCES OF CHOLESTROL
Cholesterol is derived from
Diet
De novo synthesis
From the hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters
The liver and intestine account for approximately
10% each of total synthesis in humans.
Virtually all tissues containing nucleated cells are
capable of cholesterol synthesis, which occurs in
the endoplasmic reticulum and the cytosol.
6. FUNCTIONS OF
CHOLESTROL
Cholesterol is the most abundant sterol in humans and
performs a number of essential functions.
It is a major constituent of the plasma membrane and of
plasma lipoproteins.
It is a precursor of bile salts,
It is a precursor of steroid hormones that include
adrenocortical hormones, sex hormones, placental
hormones etc
Also a precursor of vitamin D
It is required for the nerve transmission
7. STEROID HORMONE
PRODUCTION
All steroid hormones are derived form
cholesterol
In the cortex of adrenal glands two classes of
hormones are synthesized –
mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
In the male and female gonads – sex hormones
are produced
Sex hormones include – progesterone,
androgens and estrogens
8. BIOSYNTHESIS OF
CHOLESTROL
Slightly less than half of the cholesterol in the body derives
from biosynthesis de novo. Biosynthesis in the liver
accounts for approximately 10%, and in the intestines
approximately 15%, of the amount produced each day. The
cholesterol biosynthesis pathway involves enzymes that
are in the cytoplasm, microsomes (ER), and peroxisomes.
Synthesis of cholesterol, like that of most biological lipids,
begins from the two-carbon acetate group of acetyl-CoA.
The initial steps in the pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis
are collectively called the mevalonate pathway which itself
culminates with the synthesis of the isoprenoid molecule,
isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP).
9.
10. The process of cholesterol synthesis can be considered to be composed of five major
steps where the reactions that culminate in the synthesis of isopentenyl
pyrophosphate, and its isomeric form dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, are commonly
referred to as the mevlonate pathway:
Acetyl-CoAs are converted to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA)
HMG-CoA is converted to mevalonate
Mevalonate is converted to the isoprene based molecule, isopentenyl pyrophosphate
(IPP)
IPP molecules are converted to squalene
Squalene is converted to cholesterol
11. STEP#1
HMG-COA SYNTHESIS
Initially, two molecules of acetyl-CoA condense
to form Acetoacetyl-CoA catalyzed by cytosolic
thiolase.
Acetoacetyl-CoA condenses with a further
molecule of acetyl-CoA catalyzed by HMG-CoA
synthase to form HMG-CoA
12.
13. HMG-CoA is then converted to mevalonate by HMG-
CoA reductase.
HMGR is bound in the endoplasmic reticulum.
HMGR requires NADPH as a cofactor and two moles
of NADPH are consumed during the conversion of HMG-
CoA to mevalonate
The final step the reduction of HMG-CoA to
mevalonate, catalyzed by HMG-CoA reductase.
STEP#2
MEVALONATE SYNTHESIS
14.
15. STEP#3 IPP SYNTHESIS
Conversion of mevalonate into activated isoprene
units
Isoprene containing molecules are important
intermediates in cholesterol biosynthesis
16. Mevalonate is
phosphorylated by 2
sequential Pitransfers
from ATP,
yielding the
pyrophosphate
derivative.
ATP-dependent
decarboxylation, with
dehydration, yields
isopentenyl
pyrophosphate.
H2C
C
CH3
HO
2
C
O O
2CH CH OH
O
O O
H2C CH2 CH2 O P O P
O
O
CH3
C
H2C
C
CH3
HO
2
C
O O
2 O
O O
CH CH O P O P
O
O
CO2
5-pyrophosphomevalonate
ATP
ADP + Pi
mevalonate
2ATP (2 steps)
2ADP
isopentenyl pyrophosphate
17. Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate Isomerase inter-converts
isopentenyl pyrophosphate & dimethylallyl pyrophosphate.
O
O O
CH3
C
H2C CH2 CH2 O P O P
O O
O
O O
CH3
C
H3C CH CH2 O P O P
O O
isopentenyl
pyrophosphate
dimethylallyl
pyrophosphate
19. O
O O
O
O O
H2C
CH3
C CH2 CH2 O P O P
CH3
H3C C CH CH2 O P O P
O
O
O
OCH3
H3C C CH CH2 CH2
CH3
C CH CH2 O P O P
O
O
PPi
O
O O
H2C
CH3
C CH2 CH2 O P O P
CH3
H3C C CH CH2 CH2
PPi
O
CH3 CH3
C CH CH2 CH2 C CH CH2 O P O P
O
O
dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
O
O
isopentenyl pyrophosphate
O
O
O
isopentenyl pyrophosphate
O O
geranyl pyrophosphate
farnesyl pyrophosphate
Each condensation involves a carbocation formed as PPi is eliminated.
20. O
O O
CH CH2 O P O P
O
O
CH3 CH3
CH2 C CH CH2 CH2 C
CH3
2 H3C C CH CH2
O
O2 H2O
HO
H+
NADPH
NADP+
+ 2 PPi
NADP+
NADPH
2 farnesyl pyrophosphate
squalene 2,3-oxidosqualene lanosterol
Squalene Synthase: Head-to-head condensation of 2 farnesyl
pyrophosphate, with reduction by NADPH, yields squalene.
21. Cyclization of
squalene forms the
four rings of the
steroid nucleus.
Subsequent
modifications leads to
the final product,
cholesterol.
STEP#5 SYNTHESIS OF
CHOLESTROL
22. Conversion of lanosterol to cholesterol involves
19 reactions, catalyzed by enzymes in ER
membranes.
Additional modifications yield the various
steroid hormones or vitamin D.
HO HO
lanosterol cholesterol
19 steps
23. REGULATION OF
CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS
Normal healthy adults synthesize cholesterol at a rate of
approximately 1g/day and consume approximately
0.3g/day. A relatively constant level of cholesterol in the
blood (150–200 mg/dL) is maintained primarily by
controlling the level of de novo synthesis. The level of
cholesterol synthesis is regulated in part by the dietary
intake of cholesterol. Cholesterol from both diet and
synthesis is utilized in the formation of membranes and in
the synthesis of the steroid hormones and bile acids. The
greatest proportion of cholesterol is used in bile acid
synthesis.
24. VARIATION OF SERUM
CHOLESTEROL LEVELS
High cholesterol concentration is found in:
Diabetes mellitus
Nephrotic syndrome
Obstructive jaundice
Familial hypercholesterolemia
Biliary cirrhosis
Hypothyroidism
25. HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIA
Low serum cholesterol concentration is
observed in-
Hyperthyroidism
Malnutrition
Malabsorption
Anemia
Physiologically lower levels are found in children
Persons on cholesterol lowering drugs
26. The rate limiting
step in the pathway
to cholesterol is
catalyzed by HMG-
CoA reductase
Its activity is
modulated over a
100-fold range
REGULATION OF HMGR
ACTIVITY AND LEVELS.
27. CHOLESTEROL MADE IN THE
LIVER IS EXPORTED
Much of cholesterol synthesis takes place in the liver
Cholesterol is exported in two forms
1. Bile salts – amphipathic cholesterol derivatives that aid
lipid digestion
2. Cholesteryl esters – transported and secreted in
lipoprotein particles to other
tissues that use cholesterol or
are stored in the liver
28. THE UTILIZATION OF
CHOLESTEROL
Cholesterol is transported in the plasma predominantly
as cholesteryl esters associated with lipoproteins.
Dietary cholesterol is transported from the small
intestine to the liver within chylomicrons.
Cholesterol synthesized by the liver, as well as any
dietary cholesterol in the liver that exceeds hepatic needs,
is transported in the serum within LDL.
The liver synthesizes VLDL and these are converted to
LDL through the action of endothelial cell-associated
lipoprotein lipase.
Cholesterol found in plasma membranes can be
extracted by HDL
29. DEGRADATION OF
CHOLESTEROL
The ring structure of cholesterol cannot
bemetabolized to CO2and H20 in humans.
The intact sterol ring is eliminated from
the body by:
1. Conversion to bile acids, which are excreted in
feces
2. Secretion of cholesterol into the bile, which
transports it to the intestine for elimination