2. Definition
â Significant sub average intellectual function
(IQ < 2SD below the mean/ score of 70 or below)
â With deficits or impairment in adaptive behavior in at
least 2 of the following area
- Communication, social/interpersonal skill,
- Self care,
- use of community resources,
- Home living, functional academic skill,
- Self direction, work, leisure, health and safety.
â Manifests during the development period (< 18 years)
--(DSM-IV)
MENTALRETARDATION
Significantly subaverage intellectual functioning existing concurrently with
deficits in adaptive behaviour manifested during the development period.
- Grossman, 1983
(AAMD)
3. Epidemiology
PREVALENCE:
2-3 % of general population
- Mild MR : 20 â 30 / 1000
- Severe MR : 3 -4 / 1000
In India: 5 out of 1000 children (IE 13th Mar 2001)
Frequency in boys is greater than in girls (mainly due to X-
linked disorders)
- 2:1 (mild)
- 1.5 : 1 (severe)
MENTALRETARDATION
4. Pathology
⢠10-20 % of brains of individuals with severe MR ae
normal
⢠Nonspecific changes in majority
⢠Microcephaly
⢠Gray matter hererotopia in subcortical white
matter
⢠Unusually regular columnar arrangement of cortex
⢠Tightly packed neurons
MENTALRETARDATION
5. MENTALRETARDATION
CLASSIFICATION:
LEVEL IQ ICD 10 code
Mild
(Educable)
50 - 70 F70
Moderate
(Trainable)
35 â 49 F71
Severe
(Dependent)
20 â 34 F72
Profound < 20 F73
Severity
unspecified
Untestable by
standard tests
F78
ICD 10
6. MENTALRETARDATION
CLASSIFICATION :
MILD ⢠Overall development slower than peers
⢠Can learn to perform simple tasks
MODERATE ⢠Overall development obviously slower
⢠Can acquire basic communication skills and
simple self care abilities
SEVERE
&
PROFOUND
⢠Significant discrepancy in overall
development
⢠May have physical disabilities
⢠Limited communication abilities and
response to the environment
10. Diagnosis
⢠Presence of risk factors
⢠Family history
⢠Prematurity
⢠Maternal substance abuse
⢠Perinatal insult
⢠Clinical manifestation
⢠Dysmorphisms
⢠Developmental delay â global
⢠Significant vision / hearing impairment by 6 mo
⢠Gross motor delay by 2 yrs
⢠Language delay by 3 yrs
⢠Fine motor delay by 5 yrs
MENTALRETARDATION
12. Diagnosis
IQ = Mental age / Chronological age
Standard Tests
⢠Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID II) till 3 yrs
⢠Wechsler preschool and primary scale intelligence
⢠Wechsler intellgence scale for children, above 6 yrs
⢠Malinâs Intelligence Scale for Indian Children 6â15 y
⢠Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS)â Indian
Adaptation, till 15yrs
⢠StanfordâBinet IntelligenceScale
⢠Binet Kamat Test of intelligence (BKT ) 3â22 yr
(revision of Binetâs scale by Kamat to suit indians)
MENTALRETARDATION
13. Diagnosis â Labs
Metabolic Screening
⢠Urine:
⢠Fe Cl test
⢠DPNH
⢠Benedictâs test
⢠Nitroprusside â spot test
⢠MPS spot test
⢠Blood
⢠Amoinoacide
⢠Organic acide
⢠Lactate
⢠Ammonia
MENTALRETARDATION
⢠Neuroimaging
⢠CT, MRI
⢠EEG
⢠Genetic Evaluation
⢠Karyotyping
⢠Cytogenetic
⢠Gene probes
⢠Specific tissue /
Biochemical analyses
⢠Skin/Liver biopsy
⢠Thyroid function
⢠TORCH / HIV
⢠S Lead,
⢠S Ceruloplasmin
14. Differential Diagnosis
Conditions that mimic MR and other conditions with
intellectual disability as an associated impairment.
â˘Sensory deficitsâsevere vision/hearing loss
â˘Communication disorders
â˘Poorly controlled seizuresâepileptic syndromes
â˘Neuromuscular disorders
â˘Autism â social & language skills more affected
â˘Normal variation till 3 yrs
â˘Severe PEM/chronic illness
â˘Childhood psychosis
MENTALRETARDATION
15. MANAGEMENT
a) Specific treatment
⢠Early identification & preventionâ PKU
⢠Treatable conditionsâIDA, hypothyroidism
⢠Symptomaticâanticonvulsants, Medical/surgical
⢠intervention for associated anomalies eg: CHD
b) Associated impairments
⢠Behavior management techniques
⢠Pshyco-pharmacological agents
⢠Stimulant agentsâADHD
⢠Neurolepticsâself injurious behavior
⢠SSRIs â anxiety & depression
MENTALRETARDATION
16. MANAGEMENT â contdâŚ
c) Supportive treatment
AIM : âNormalizing and mainstreamingâintegrate the children in
society and discourage institutionalization. â
â Early stimulation
â Special schooling
â Vocational training
â Primary health care ânutrition, immunization
â Periodic evaluation
â Coâordinate interdisciplinary services
⢠Psychology
⢠Speech & language
⢠Physiotherapy
⢠Audiology
⢠Social work
MENTALRETARDATION
17. MANAGEMENT â contdâŚ
d) Parental counseling
â˘Individualized approach based on severity, etiology, prognosis
â˘Breaking the newsâphased manner
ďźNot to be done abruptly/should not use offending terms
like madness.
ďźPositive aspects of the disease should be discussed first,
followed by the problems but do not with hold the truth.
â˘Ensure full participation of family members with special support
to the mother.
â˘Protect against possible physical or sexual abuse.
â˘Information regarding parent groups, support organizations and
â˘Counseling about risk of recurrence and prevention of disease
in future pregnancies.
MENTALRETARDATION
18. PREVENTION
Primary (eliminating the cause)
â For all
â˘Iodine and iron supplementation
â˘Prevent exposure against environmental toxin
â˘Improve socioeconomic status
â˘Avoid consanguinity
â Pregnant mothers
â˘Safe motherhood years 20â35 yrs
â˘Peri-conceptional folate
â˘Good antenatal care/perinatal care
â Children
â˘Routine immunization
MENTALRETARDATION
19. PREVENTION
Secondary (Preventing the expression of a disorder)
⢠Early diagnosis and treatment of curable illnesses â
hypothyroidism, galactosemia, PKU
⢠Prenatal diagnosis â chorionic villus sampling,
Amniocentesis, Cord blood sampling
⢠Genetic counseling â exact etiology/empiric risk
figures
Tertiary prevention (Minimizing the consequences)
⢠Early rehabilitative interventions and support
⢠Use of professional services
MENTALRETARDATION
20. MENTALRETARDATION
⢠Mental retardation is not a disease.
⢠You can't catch mental retardation from anyone.
⢠Mental retardation is also not a type of mental
illness, like depression.
⢠There is no cure for mental retardation.
⢠However, most children with mental retardation
can learn to do many things. It just takes them more
time and effort than other children
Summary