This document discusses organic mental disorders, which are caused by pathological conditions affecting the brain. There are two major categories - cognitive disorders like delirium and dementia, and mental disorders secondary to medical conditions. Delirium is an acute reversible state characterized by disturbed consciousness and cognition. Dementia is a chronic progressive syndrome with multiple cognitive defects like memory impairment. Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia are common types of dementia. Organic mental disorders have various causes including head trauma, infections, tumors, metabolic disorders, and toxins.
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obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCD)mamtabisht10
Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders include obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), and excoriation (skin-picking) disorder.
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obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCD)mamtabisht10
Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders include obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), and excoriation (skin-picking) disorder.
Dementia is a broad term which describes symptoms affecting memory, thinking ability that creates hindrance in performing daily activities. Two important brain functions are badly hit namely- memory and judgement.
Dementia is a broad term which describes symptoms affecting memory, thinking ability that creates hindrance in performing daily activities. Two important brain functions are badly hit namely- memory and judgement.
Head injury types, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and managementVibha Amblihalli
I prepared this presentation for CME at 108 Emergency Services GVK-EMRI, Bangalore in January 2013. I kept it simple and concise as the CME was attended by EMTs too. Hope its of help to any medical professional out there.
Organic mental disorders are disturbances that may be caused by injury or disease affecting brain tissues as well as by chemical or hormonal abnormalities.
The ppt covers all aspects concerning organic brain disorder - Dementia and Delirium. It includes Alzheimer's, Parkinson's along with clinical features (according to ICD 10); cognitive, physical, neurobiological changes; treatment and assessment scales. Diagrams and charts are included wherever necessary for ease of understanding.
The nervous system is a complex, highly specialized network that manages and organizes us, From sight to smell and even walking. The human body’s most important job in life is seeing what you’re doing or where your next step will lead before taking it. Suppose something goes wrong with any part of this neurological web that controls every movement on an unconscious level. There can be consequences of neurological disorders that affect millions each year without them knowing why at first glance because many symptoms are similar across different types.
Understand the relation of psychiatry and some common cause of organic brain diseases.
Identify common organic causes of psychiatric presentations
Differentiate dementia and delirium
Principle management of dementia
Identify neuro cognitive domains, differences between major and minor neurocognitive disorders
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Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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2. ORGANIC MENTAL DISORDERS
Definition
Organic Mental Disorders are a group of
disorders caused by "demonstrable"
organic pathological conditions affecting the
brain.
These conditions may affect the brain directly
(e.g., trauma, infection, tumor or
degeneration) or they may be secondary to
systemic diseases
(e.g., metabolic, endocrine or toxic
3. THERE ARE TWO MAJOR CATEGORIES OF
O.M.D.:
A. Cognitive disorders:
1 - Delirium
2- Dementia
3- Amnestic disorders
B. Mental disorders secondary to general
medical conditions:
1-Organic hallucinosis,
2-Organic mood disorders,
3-Organic anxiety disorder,
4-Organic delusional disorder,
5-Organic personality and behavioral disorders,
4. ETIOLOGY OF ORGANIC MENTAL DISORDERS
A wide range of organic pathological conditions
can produce Organic Mental
Disorders, including:
1- Head trauma
2-Brain infections, tumors, cerebrovascular or
degenerative diseases
3- Endocrine disorders
4- Metabolic
disorders
5- Nutritional deficiencies
6- Toxins
7- Substance-related disorders
5. DELIRIUM
Definition
Delirium is an acute reversible state of global
cortical dysfunction characterized by
disturbance of consciousness.
It is associated with global impairment of
cognitive functions as well as other mood
and behavioral changes.
6. CLINICAL FEATURES OF DELIRIUM
1. Disturbance of consciousness
2. Global disturbance of cognitive functions
including:
a. Attention
b. Memory
c. Perception
d. Orientation
3. Other manifestations:
a. Emotional disturbances
b. Psychomotor behavior
c. Sleep-wake cycle
7. ONSET, COURSE AND PROGNOSIS OF
DELIRIUM
Onset is acute or rapid (over hours or days).
Course shows typical diurnal fluctuations of
symptoms with nocturnal worsening.
Prognosis: It is a transient condition that
resolves within days to few weeks if the
cause is treated.
8. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DELIRIUM
10% of hospitalized surgical or medical
patients
30% of ICU patients
Elderly and young children more
susceptible
Equal prevalence in males and females
10. MANAGEMENT OF DELIRIUM
1-
Treatment of the cause
2- Supportive measures
3- Providing optimum sensory
environment
4- Symptomatic treatment for
anxiety, agitation or psychotic
symptoms
11. DEMENTIA
Definition
A
syndrome characterized by multiple
cognitive defects including disturbance
of memory, without disturbance of
consciousness.
The syndrome results from organic
diseases of the brain that are usually of
a chronic and progressive nature.
12. CLINICAL FEATURES OF DEMENTIA
1. Multiple cognitive defects:
a. Memory impairment:
b. Other cognitive disturbances:
Aphasia, Apraxia, Agnosia
Disturbance of executive functions
Disturbed attention, perception and orientation
2. Associated deterioration of other functions:
a. Impaired emotional control
b. Depression and anxiety
c. Impairment of judgment
d. Psychotic symptoms
3. Associated neurological manifestations:
a. Usually late
b. Various sensory and motor manifestations
c. incontinence and bedridden.
13. ONSET, COURSE AND PROGNOSIS
OF DEMENTIA
Onset
is usually insidious, over months or
years.
Course is usually chronic and progressive
(over years) ending in death.
Prognosis: irreversible. Some types may
be reversible (15%), if the cause is
treatable (e.g., endocrine or metabolic
causes).
16. MANAGEMENT OF
DEMENTIA
Treatment
of the cause in reversible
types
treatment for irreversible types. Some
medications (anticholine-esterase
inhibitors) may help delay memory
and cognitive decline.
Supportive measures
Symptomatic treatment for
agitation, insomnia, psychotic
17. COMMON TYPES OF DEMENTIA
Alzheimer
disease (50-60% of all
dementias)
Vascular
dementia(15-30% of all
dementias)
18.
19. ALZHEIMER DISEASE
Onset, Course & Prognosis:
Onset: may be late (after age 65) or
early (before 65).
Gradual onset, progressive course and
death within 2- 8 years from onset
Clinical Features:
gradual memory impairment followed by
deterioration of other cognitive aspects.
Same symptoms of dementia.
20. PATHOLOGY OF ALZHEIMER DISEASE
Degenerative
changes, predominantly in parietal
and temporal lobes (diffuse cortical
atrophy, amyloid plaques and
neurofibrillary tangles)
Decreased acetylcholine metabolism
and degeneration of cholinergic
neurons
21.
22. AETIOLOGY OF ALZHEIMER DISEASE
Genetic factors play a major role:
• Familial in 40% of cases
Significantly more in monozygotic
than dizygotic twins
• Related to Down syndrome
23. VASCULAR DEMENTIA
• More common in males
• Onset earlier than Alzheimer's disease
• Course:
* Onset may be acute.
*Course usually "stepwise"
as it reflects recurrent infarcts.
24. VASCULAR DEMENTIA
Clinical Features:
* Focal neurological manifestations
* Patchy cognitive impairment
* Pathology:
Cerebral infarction and multiple areas of
neuronal loss
25. VASCULAR DEMENTIA
Etiology: Risk factors include:
* Cardiovascular disease (hypertension, heart
disease)
* Cerebrovascular disease
(atherosclerosis, embolic or thrombotic
occlusion, hemorrhage)
Management :
same like dementia
26. AMNESTIC DISORDERS
They
are isolated disturbances of
memory
They involve recent memory and
remote memory which lead to
inability to learn new information
or recall previously learned
information.
Immediate recall remains intact.
27. ETIOLOGY OF AMNESTIC DISORDERS
They are due to pathological conditions
causing damage of certain diencephalic
(thalamic) and midtemporal
structures, (e.g., hippocampus, mamillary
bodies and fornix).
28. COMMON CAUSES OF AMNESTIC DISORDERS
1.
Korsakoff's syndrome
2. Head trauma
3. Cerebrovascular disease
4. Brain tumor
5. Brain surgery
6. Systemic conditions: e.g., hypoxia
(CO poisoning) and hypoglycemia
7. Substance related