Dr. Bob James presented this material in a DAIReXNET webinar on April 21, 2015. Please visit http://www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars for more information on the webinar.
Feeding Dry Dairy Cows Lower Energy DietsDAIReXNET
Dr. Heather Dann presented this information for DAIReXNET. Learn about the importance of transition cow management, and how feeding lower-energy transition diets could benefit a herd. From monitoring intake to coordinating various diets, Dr. Dann offers insights into setting cows up for success in their next lactation. Available on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImX7bVlfdSo
Dairy Heifers' Management
Dairy farming is all about utilizing your all available resources in a justified manner. Heifer replacements through culling and selection are the keys for a dairy enterprise. Knowing the feeding requirements of your cows will help you decide what to offer them to maximize the output. Deworming an vaccination have also been discussed to keep your farm free from different parasitic, bacterial and viral diseases. Key points in the presentation include;
* Culling & Selection
* Breeds
* Housing management
* Pre-calving & Post-calving care
* Feeding management
* Vaccination
* Deworming
This slides contains information on precision feeding in dairy cattle and requirement of energy, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins of a dairy cattle during lactation. Precision feeding protects reproductive health and milk production while reducing the nutrient loss in manure.
Only 25-35% of the N in feed goes into milk, with the rest excreted in feces and urine.
Dairy diets often have 120-160% of the P and that the excess is excreted in the manure.
Cost of feed can be reduced.
Precision feeding helps to improve water quality
Improving the efficiency of use of feed N.
Reduce SARA condition.
Controlled-release urea in dairy cattle feed.
Straw treatment-Ammoniation.
Reducing Enteric Methane Losses from Ruminant Livestock.
Phase feeding in dairy cattle.
Feeding bypass fat in early lactation.
Use of chelated minerals in dairy animals.
Nutraceuticals in dairy animal precision feeding.
10. Use of area specific mineral mixture to precise dairy animal nutrition.
11. TMR in precision nutrition.
12. Manipulation of dietary CAD.
Five distinct feeding phases can be defined to attain optimum production, reproduction and health of dairy cows:
Early lactation—0 to 70 days (peak milk production) after calving (postpartum).
Peak DM intake—70 to 140 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Mid and late lactation—140 to 305 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Dry period—60 days before the next lactation.
Transition or close-up period—14 days before to parturition.
Feed top quality forage.
Make sure the diet contains adequate amounts of CP, DIP and UIP.
Increase grain intake at a constant rate after calving.
Consider adding fat (0.4-0.6 kg/cow/day) to diets.
Allow constant access to feed.
Minimize stress conditions.
Limit urea to 80-160g/day.
Buffers, such as Na bicarbonate alone or in combination with Mg oxide (rumen pH)
In Transition period
Increase grain feeding, so cows are consuming 4.5-6 kg grain/day at calving (1% of B.wt)
Increase protein in the ration to between 14 - 15 % of the ration DM
Limit fat in the ration to 0.1kg. High fat feeding will depress DM intake.
Maintain 2.5-4kg of long hay in the ration to stimulate rumination.
Feed a low-Ca ration (< 0.20%, reduce Ca intake to 14 to 18 g/d)
Also, feed a diet with a negative dietary electrolyte balance (-10 to -15meq/100 g DM) may alleviate milk fever problems
Niacin (to control ketosis) and/or anionic salts (to help prevent milk fever) should be included in the ration during this period.
Better Milk Quality from Better Mastitis Therapy Decisions- Dr. Ron ErskineDAIReXNET
Dr. Ron Erskine presented this information for DAIReXNET on Tuesday, February 12, 2013. For more information, please see our archived webinars page at www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars.
Dr. Stephen LeBlanc presented this for DAIReXNET as part of our educational video series. View the full presentation at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IH4vPuOTFyM
Feeding Dry Dairy Cows Lower Energy DietsDAIReXNET
Dr. Heather Dann presented this information for DAIReXNET. Learn about the importance of transition cow management, and how feeding lower-energy transition diets could benefit a herd. From monitoring intake to coordinating various diets, Dr. Dann offers insights into setting cows up for success in their next lactation. Available on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImX7bVlfdSo
Dairy Heifers' Management
Dairy farming is all about utilizing your all available resources in a justified manner. Heifer replacements through culling and selection are the keys for a dairy enterprise. Knowing the feeding requirements of your cows will help you decide what to offer them to maximize the output. Deworming an vaccination have also been discussed to keep your farm free from different parasitic, bacterial and viral diseases. Key points in the presentation include;
* Culling & Selection
* Breeds
* Housing management
* Pre-calving & Post-calving care
* Feeding management
* Vaccination
* Deworming
This slides contains information on precision feeding in dairy cattle and requirement of energy, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins of a dairy cattle during lactation. Precision feeding protects reproductive health and milk production while reducing the nutrient loss in manure.
Only 25-35% of the N in feed goes into milk, with the rest excreted in feces and urine.
Dairy diets often have 120-160% of the P and that the excess is excreted in the manure.
Cost of feed can be reduced.
Precision feeding helps to improve water quality
Improving the efficiency of use of feed N.
Reduce SARA condition.
Controlled-release urea in dairy cattle feed.
Straw treatment-Ammoniation.
Reducing Enteric Methane Losses from Ruminant Livestock.
Phase feeding in dairy cattle.
Feeding bypass fat in early lactation.
Use of chelated minerals in dairy animals.
Nutraceuticals in dairy animal precision feeding.
10. Use of area specific mineral mixture to precise dairy animal nutrition.
11. TMR in precision nutrition.
12. Manipulation of dietary CAD.
Five distinct feeding phases can be defined to attain optimum production, reproduction and health of dairy cows:
Early lactation—0 to 70 days (peak milk production) after calving (postpartum).
Peak DM intake—70 to 140 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Mid and late lactation—140 to 305 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Dry period—60 days before the next lactation.
Transition or close-up period—14 days before to parturition.
Feed top quality forage.
Make sure the diet contains adequate amounts of CP, DIP and UIP.
Increase grain intake at a constant rate after calving.
Consider adding fat (0.4-0.6 kg/cow/day) to diets.
Allow constant access to feed.
Minimize stress conditions.
Limit urea to 80-160g/day.
Buffers, such as Na bicarbonate alone or in combination with Mg oxide (rumen pH)
In Transition period
Increase grain feeding, so cows are consuming 4.5-6 kg grain/day at calving (1% of B.wt)
Increase protein in the ration to between 14 - 15 % of the ration DM
Limit fat in the ration to 0.1kg. High fat feeding will depress DM intake.
Maintain 2.5-4kg of long hay in the ration to stimulate rumination.
Feed a low-Ca ration (< 0.20%, reduce Ca intake to 14 to 18 g/d)
Also, feed a diet with a negative dietary electrolyte balance (-10 to -15meq/100 g DM) may alleviate milk fever problems
Niacin (to control ketosis) and/or anionic salts (to help prevent milk fever) should be included in the ration during this period.
Better Milk Quality from Better Mastitis Therapy Decisions- Dr. Ron ErskineDAIReXNET
Dr. Ron Erskine presented this information for DAIReXNET on Tuesday, February 12, 2013. For more information, please see our archived webinars page at www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars.
Dr. Stephen LeBlanc presented this for DAIReXNET as part of our educational video series. View the full presentation at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IH4vPuOTFyM
Far Off To Fresh Cow- Opportunities to Improve Transition PerformanceDAIReXNET
Dr. mike Overton presented this information for DAIReXENT on Monday, March 18, 2013. For more information, please see our archived webinars page at www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars.
Talk held on a Smashing Magazine Meetup February, 27th 2012 in Frankfurt (Germany) about current problems with developers, designers and clients in front-end development
Dr. J. Tyler Holck - Herd Health Management Solutions: The Future is NowJohn Blue
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More American Association of Swine Veterinarians presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/aasv2016
Dairy farming in India is a profitable business. It provides an excellent opportunity for self employment of unemployed youth. It is also an important source of income generation to small/marginal farmers and agricultural labourers. India is the largest milk producer of the world. The demand of milk & milk product is increasing rapidly. There is immense scope of dairy farming in our country. The increasing cost of feed ingredients and its seasonal variability can be reduced by undertaking fodder cultivation.
Jan Kleinschmidt talks about the importance of nutrition from birth to weaning. She covers topics like preparing the dam, colostrum management, milk replacers, calf starter, feeding hay, and weaning.
Broiler chicks require broiler starter feed for the first four weeks of their life. The broiler starter feed should be at least 20 per cent protein, preferably 23 per cent protein. After four weeks, you should feed a 19 per cent protein feed.
Dr. Matt Culbertson - Feeding Sows for Maximum Lifetime ProductionJohn Blue
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More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-leman-swine-conference-material
A presentation by New Food Innovation ltd , On Food Proteins review protein sustainability , food protein sources , novel proteins, manipulation , functionality , Novel proteins , and food waste valorisation
Uterine Health and Potential Connection with Genetic VariationDAIReXNET
Dr. Galvão joins us to discuss uterine diseases, their effects on fertility, and a possible genetic connection. Learn about his research methods, the detrimental effects of metritis on fertility, and which genes could be related to uterine diseases.
To view the full presentation, visit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZvuFi_qKPQ
Dr. De Vries discusses how to find the value in genomic testing – and which situations it may be valuable in – as well as how some reproductive program decisions can affect profitability.
Find the full presentation on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnTovy_gUQA
Dr. Dave Van Metre presented this material on bovine foot rot and digital dermatitis for DAIReXNET. He covers some anatomy and explains why foot rot and digital dermatitis develop, as well as discussing ways to prevent and treat both conditions.
View the full presentation at www.youtube.com/watch?v=BbvV3O0vIqk
How Dairy Cattle Facilities May Contribute to LamenessDAIReXNET
Dan McFarland joins us to discuss how dairy facilities can contribute to lameness problems. Learn about resting and flooring surfaces, slip hazards, and how heat stress and heifer rearing can factor in.
You can find the full presentation at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HNyfdyTrZq0
This material was presented by Dr. Ernest Hovingh for DAIReXNET. See the full presentation on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OS6U8EJBp7A
Learn about lameness prevention in dairy cattle with a focus on footbaths! Dr. Hovingh discusses infectious and non-infectious lameness conditions, ideal design and placement of foot baths, appropriate solutions and handling, and more tactics to help you get the most out of this prevention tool.
Nutrition affects lameness and hoof health in a variety of ways. Learn about both direct and indirect impacts of nutrition, such as acidosis and metabolic diseases, as well as how interactions between nutrition and environment can play a part.
You can find the full presentation on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BlM6pfj_WZ8
Dr. Proudfoot joins us to discuss early identification of lameness in dairy cattle. Learn about how the prevalence of lameness is often underestimated, how you can improve detection, and some automated tools to aid in early detection that are currently in development.
See the full presentation on YouTube at www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ho6wh-Ns6YM
Implementing and Evaluating a Selective Dry Cow Therapy ProgramDAIReXNET
Pamela Ruegg joins us to discuss selective dry cow therapy. Learn about implementing and evaluating a program, as well as how to decide whether selective therapy might be a good fit for your operation. View the full presentation at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VKRAqHQZIng
New Insights Into the People Side of Milk QualityDAIReXNET
From attitudes and perspectives to the relationship between employer and employee, Susan Schexnayder discusses new insights into the roles people can play in milk quality. For the full presentation, see our YouTube video at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zTS4D7KZiE
An Overview of Work Safey and Health Issues on Dairy FarmsDAIReXNET
Dr. Dennis Murphy presented this as part of a DAIReXNET educational video released in February 2017. To see the full presentation, visit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ap864V2Feag
Defining a Compensation Structure for the Dairy WorkforceDAIReXNET
In this presentation, Felix Soriano of APN Consulting leads us through important aspects of a compensation package, including indirect pay and tips for bonuses.
You can find the full presentation on Youtube at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKyiov1DSbk
Current Research in Genomic Selection- Dr. Joe DaltonDAIReXNET
Dr. Dalton presented this material for a DAIReXNET webinar. You can view the recorded webinar on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BL1jb8WY8lk
An Overview of Genomic Selection and FertilityDAIReXNET
In this webinar, released July 18, 2016, Dr. Hansen joined us to discuss genomic selection as it relates to fertility traits. Learn about single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the challenges in selecting for reproductive traits, and some of the current work in overcoming those challenges.
This information was presented for DAIReXNET and released as a webinar on June 20th, 2016. In this webinar, Dr. Nickerson discusses the prevalence and treatment of mastitis in bred heifers, as well as several strategies for prevention. Learn about using teat seals, controlling horn fly populations, vaccinations, and feed additives that might help reduce the incidence of new infections.
Dr. Milo Wiltbank presented this for a DAIReXNET webinar on Wednesday, March 2, 2016. The full presentation recording can be found at http://bit.ly/1wb83YV.
Sire Selection Considerations for Dairy ProducersDAIReXNET
Dr. Chad Dechow presented this material for a DAIReXNET webinar on February 1, 2016. To see the full recorded webinar, please visit our archive at http://bit.ly/1wb83YV
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
4. Prepartum nutrition
• Good body condition
• Attention to details
– Qualitative nutrition –
vitamins and trace
minerals
– Rumen health –
• Bulky diets - >40% NDF
• Free of molds
– Good DMI
• Goal: Production of
quality colostrum and
easy calving!
6. Clean is important!
Colostrum and Environment
6
Excessive early intake of bacteria - particularly coliforms – from colostrum or dirty calving
environment reduces IgG absorption in the small intestine.
7. Impact of colostrum on growth
Variable Conventional Intensive
Poor Good Poor Good
Number of
calves
21 20 17 25
Mean serum
IgG – mg/ml
558 1793 609 2036
Average daily
gain – lb/day
1.17 1.09 1.39 1.63
Poor/good = Indicator of colostrum status; Cut point = 1,000 mg/dl serum
Conventional = 1.25 lb. 22:20 CMR/day ; Intensive = 1.75 – 2.5 lb 28:20 CMR
Osorio and Drackley, 2010
8. Other benefits of colostrum?
• Improved glucose absorption
• Improved growth of intestinal villi
• Absorption of immune cells from fresh and
calf’s maternal colostrum
– ++++ Immune response in later life.
9. Preweaning nutrition
and feeding management
• Feed calves to meet their nutrient
requirements for maintenance and gain
• Calves behavior and diet differ greatly during
the 1st weeks of life.
11. Critical temperatures for calves
42oF (> 21 d)
59oF (< 21 d)
42 °F (> 21 d)
82 °F
Thermoneutral zone
(energy use
at minimum)Lower CT Upper CT
Increased energy needed to stay
warm
Increased energy needed
to cool off
Effective environmental temperatures where
animals must expend energy to maintain body
temperature
2001 Dairy NRC
M. E. VanAmburgh slide
12. Energy allowable gain
whole milk vs. 20:20 CMR
Week 1
Calf Whole milk 20:20 Milk Replacer
68oF 32oF 68oF 32o F
80lb. calf –
week 1
1lb DMI - 4
qts
0.85 lb. day 0.19 lb./day 00.64 lb. /day No gain
Weight loss
80 lb. calf
week 1
1.5 lb DMI – 6
qts
1.67 lb. /day 1.15 lb./day 1.15 lb. /day 0.85 lb. /day
12
Additional challenges influencing nutrient requirements?
Temperature < 32oF
Bedding adequacy?
14. Additional challenges?
• Training calf to drink from a bucket?
• Intervals between feedings
– Confounded with amount of daily volume?
• Less than 4 qts / day – impact on metabolism during
long PM interval?
• More than 6qts/ day - Calves don’t consume all meal
after short interval.
17. Energy Content of Milk and Milk Replacer
Whole milk (26:31): 2.44 Mcals/lb DM, ME basis
Milk replacer (26:20): 2.2 Mcal/lb DM, ME basis
90 lb calf Maintenance requirement
68°F is 1.62 Mcal/d (ME)
0.7 to 0.75 lbs of milk or replacer (6 lb ) to meet requirements
20°F is 2.71 Mcal/d (ME)
1.2 to 1.3 lbs of milk or replacer (~10 lb)to meet requirements
19. Increasing intake of milk solids
• Increase feeding frequency??
• Sockett, D.C., C.E. Sorenson, N.K. Betzold, J.T. Meronek, T.J.
Earleywine 2011. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 94 (Supp. 1):264
• 3 x vs 2x feeding per day
– 1.8 lb. powder 1st week
– 2.5 lb. powder wk 2 – 6
– 1.25lb. powder week 7
• Same amount of powder / calf / day
20. 3X vs. 2X daily Feeding Same Total Amount Daily.
21. Calf feeding management
challenges?
• Nutrient intake – amount of solids and consistency. –
weigh powder and water
– Measure temperature for proper mixing and to prevent
cold stress. - 101 – 105oF
• Environment optimized to reduce maintenance
expenses.
• Adjust for environmental temperature changes
– More solids – up to 15% DM
– More volume – extra feeding
22. How to feed more milk successfully
• From the calf perspective
– Higher intake without contributing to digestive
upsets – smaller, more frequent meals
• From the labor perspective
– Not feeding calves all day long
• From the owner perspective
– Affordable, return on investment
25. Feeding Plan Example
Control daily allocation
Control meal size
Facilitate more gradual weaning
Record of daily intake and
drinking speed
26. Successful calf management
• Colostrum management
• Environment
• Enough solids
– Challenges of higher volume with 2 X feeding
– Labor challenges of 3 X feeding – group housing
alternatives.
• Records to evaluate management
27. Weaning?
• Preweaning liquid feeding programs influence weaning
• What are the goals?
• Traditional
– Limit feed liquid diets (~1 lb. DM) to encourage dry feed
intake and early weaning.
– Is this biologically normal?
– Feeding less than 1 lb. of milk or CMR solids places
metabolic stress on young calves less than 3 weeks of age.
• “Intensive” feeding programs - > 2 lb. dry matter
intake from liquid diets - delays starter intake.
– Is this a problem??
28. Weaning transitions
• Dietary
– Nutrient sources – highly digestible liquid feeds to
grains and forages.
– Fermentation of carbohydrates to produce butyric
acid appears to stimulate rumen development
• Behavioral - Individual to group housing?
– Group fed calves preweaning have advantage.
– Delay grouping until several weeks after weaning
if previously individually housed.
29. Weaning challenges
• High susceptibility to respiratory disease
• Minimize non-nutritional stressors within two
weeks of weaning.
– Movement from individual to group pens
– Movement to “new” group of calves.
• Environment – ventilation and moisture
control.
30. Weaning management and nutrition
• Issues influence weaning management
– Rate of liquid diet feeding – 1 lb. to 2.5 lb. of milk
solids
– Milk replacer or whole milk quality ??
– Calf starter dynamics
• Molasses level
• Fat level
• Starch source
• Corn processing
• Fiber level / physical form
– Forage source – pre / post weaning
– Facilities – individual or group housing preweaning?
31. Focus areas
• Maintain DMI
• Palatable, nutrient rich calf starter grain.
• Fermentable carbohydrates
– ~5% molasses
– 25 – 35% starch
• Particle size – no response to fine grinding
• Starch source - corn>wheat>oat>barley
– ~2.5 – 3% fat – no added fat – doesn’t support fermentation
• Forage fiber
– Not needed for papillae growth
– Clean, digestible fiber added @15% of DMI may have merit
• Early maturity grass or small grain hay.
• Protein sources – degradable to support rumen microbe
needs. 18 – 22% CP. Higher levels for intensive feeding
programs. Risk management.
32. Impact of liquid feeding
program on weaning
• 28:20 milk replacer - 22% CP Starter
• 20:20 milk replacer – 18% CP starter
• Wean @ 48 – 52 days
• Harvest calves at 4, 8 , 12 weeks
K. Daniels, 2012
34. Weaning strategies
• Gradual or abrupt
• Sweeney et al , 2010 – four weaning strategies
– Abrupt, 4d, 10d, 22d
– High level of milk feeding < 12 kg/day
– 4 or 10 day weaning was optimal for energy intake
and body weight gain.
35. Energy intake
4 – 10 day weaning period – most consistent energy intake
36. Body weight
10 day weaning – best gains and less disruption
in energy intake at weaning.
37. Post weaning feeding management
What are the goals?
• Rate of growth which permits pregnancy at a
timely age of 12 – 14 months.
• Desirable composition of gain? Not too fat??
• Reasonable cost per unit of gain – resource
driven.
• Low morbidity and mortality
38. Key factors for success
• Resource driven
– Environment and land resource
• Extensive – pasture
• Intensive – confinement
• Grouping
– Post weaning – 2 months - adjust to group and new
forages
– Prebreeding
– Breeding
– Bred
– Transition
39. Post weaning
• Ration formulation based upon available
forage.
• Adjust for environmental challenges
– Confinement systems improve (12 – 25%) feed
efficiency depending upon body size
– Hair coat, mud, wind, temperature have great
impact on heifer nutrient requirements.
40. Ad lib or restricted DMI diets?
• Heifer diets > 8 months of age
• Limit feeding – Diets formulated to provide
adequate nutrients w/ intake at 1.5 to 2.0% of
body weight.
• Ad-libitum feeding – Use lower energy/higher
fiber feeds to limit over consumption of
energy - mostly for heifers > 8 months of age.
41. Limit feeding
• Lower DMI = higher concentration of nutrients = more
“concentrate” ingredients and less “forage”.
• Higher feed efficiency
– Greatest with restriction at 80 – 90% of ad lib intake
– Less manure production
• Must have adequate bunk space for all heifers to eat
• Metal fences and structures - heifers have “oral” needs
• More expensive rations / lb. of DMI. Overall feed cost
efficiency???
42. Ad libitum rations
• Well suited to older heifers > 12 months of
age.
• Use higher fiber feeds to prevent
overconsumption of energy.
• Utilize less expensive byproducts and higher
fiber feeds.
• Feed available at all times – less bunk
space/heifer needed
• More “normal” feeding behavior.
43. Feeding management
• Prepartum heifers – making the transition to
the milking herd.
• 30 – 60 days prepartum
• Dietary adjustment to milking herd forages
and to new environment.
44. Sound Nutrition Programs
• Meeting the nutrient requirements
• Focus on the young animal
– High risk – morbidity and mortality
– Impact on future performance
– Nutrition and environment
• Post weaning
– Utilizing available feed resources
– Delivery of nutrients in a labor efficient manner
– Adjusting for environmental impact on maintenance
requirements
– Records to monitor performance and management
decisions.