The document discusses feeding practices for livestock in India. It notes that feeding accounts for 70% of total livestock production costs. Major constraints to feeding include scarcity of quality feed resources and imbalanced feeding. The document recommends strategies like precision feeding, using protected nutrients like bypass protein and fat, area-specific mineral mixtures, feed processing techniques like silage and complete feed blocks. It provides feeding schedules and formulations for dairy cattle, poultry and laying hens. The document emphasizes adopting the right feeding strategies tailored to individual animal needs for economical and sustainable livestock production.

1. Recent Developments in
Feeds and Feeding Practices
Dr. Pankaj Kumar Singh
Assistant Professor (Animal Nutrition)

2. “Livestock Sector will bring Food
security and Sustainable
development if it is:
 Economically viable
 Environmentally sound
 People centred
- James Gustave Speltz (UNDP, 1994)

3. Feed Factor & Animal Production
Pillars of Livestock sector :
Breeding
Feedings
Health Management
Reproductive management
Value addition & Marketing of animal products
70% of total production cost <
Major constraints of animal Feeding:
Scarcity of Quality Feed Resources
High feed costs
Lack of green fodder
Imbalanced feeding
Feeding livestock during scarcity

4. • Protected Nutrients
• Bypass Fat
• Bypass protein
• Chelated Mineral
•Feed Supplements
• Minerals (Area Specific)
• Vitamins
• Amino acids
•Feed Additives
• Buffer
• Toxin binder
• Probiotics
• Prebiotics
• Feed Processing
• Processed roughage
• - Silage & Hay
• Complete Feed block
• Precision Feeding
Balanced
Feeding
Nutritional Strategies

5. Farmers feed whatever is available at no or low cost.
Wheat straw, paddy straw are major feed resources
Insufficient & Poor in nutritive value.
Seasonal availability of green fodder
Crushed maize, wheat bran, mustard oil-cake, Akti besan, feed pellet
Dairy cattle are fed complete ration in Saani method.
Rarely offer mineral mixture to low producing animals
Very less quantity of 25g to 50g per day to high producing cattle
Feed processing are rarely adopted except chopping of
straw, soaking of wheat bhusha and mustard oil cake.
Strategy for balanced animal feeding is required
5
Feeding scenario of Livestock in Bihar

6. When green grass is plenty When paddy straw is the major roughage
Category Concentrate mixture
(Kg)
Green
Grass (kg)
Concentrate mixture (Kg) Green
Grass (kg)
Paddy
Straw (kg)
Dry cow - 25-30 1.25 5-10 5-6
Milking 1 kg for every 2.5-
3.0 kg of milk
30 1.25 kg (Maintenance)
+1 kg for every 2.5-3.0
kg of milk
5-10 5-6
Pregnant Production
Allowances +
1 to 1.5kg from 6
moths of pregnancy
25-30 Maintenance +
production + 1 to 1.5
kg from 6th month of
pregnancy
5-10 5-6
Feeding schedule of adult zebu cows
6
Ingredients Inclusion level Thumb rule
Maize/wheat/ broken rice 25 Equal proportion of maize,
oil cake and wheat bran
(1:1:1) ; mineral mixture @
2% and common salt1%
Wheat bran/rice polish 40
Oil cake/ Soyabean meal/ Akti 32
Mineral mixture 2
Common salt 1
Concentrate mixture Formula

7. Category
(milk/day)
Feeding
during
Green
Fodder
(kg)
Dry fodder
(kg)
Concentrate
mixture
(Kg)
6-7 litre Lactation
days
20-15 8-10 3- 3.5
Dry days 15-20 8-10 0.5 – 1.0
8-10 litre Lactation
days
25-30 8-10 4.0- 4.5
Dry days 20-25 8-10 0.5 -1.0
Feeding schedule for cross bred cows
7
Special care:
•Sodium bicabonate @1% of conc. Mixture
•Supplementation of methioninine @ 50-100 g/day
•Use of bypass fat and bypass protein

8. Tips for feeding dairy cattle
8
Concentrate must be fed individually according to production.
Good quality roughage saves concentrates.
20 kg grass or 6-8 kg legume fodder =1 kg concentrate mixture.
Regularity in feeding should be followed.
High yielding animals be fed three times a day .
 Abrupt change in the feed should be avoided.
Mix Legume fodders with straw to prevent bloat.
Use bypass fat @ 1% of concentrate mixture to high yielders
Use 50-100 gram sodium bicarbonate to high yielders
- prevent Acidosis & Milk fat reduction
Saani` method of feeding is the best method of feeding

9. Feeding of Broiler chickens
Ingredients Price (Rs./kg) Pre-starter Starter Finisher
Maize 18.5 540.9 554.4 593.6
Soyabean meal 38 305 281 227
Meat cum bone meal 40 25 25 25
Mustard deoiled cake 22 10 15 15
Deoiled Rice bran 17 38 30 30
Maize gluten meal 57 20 18 20
Rice bran oil 67 25 38 50
Limestone Powder 4 10 10 10
Dicalcium phosphate 38 10 12 12.5
Common salt 5 2 2 2
Sodium Bicarbonate 30 1 1 1
DL-Methionine 240 3.6 4.3 4.8
Lysine 130 2.5 2.2 2
Trace Mineral 170 1 1 1
Vitamin premix 800 0.05 0.05 0.05
Liver tonic 78 0.5 0.5 0.5
Acidifier 158 1 1 1
Toxin binder 84 1 1 1
Salinomycine 155 0.5 0.5 0.5
Phytase 400 0.1 0.1 0.1
Enzyme NSP 245 0.5 0.5 0.5
Turmeric powder 200 0.5 0.5 0.5
Total 1000 1000 1000
Raw Material cost (Rs./ton) 29164.65 29295.9 29000.1

10. Feeding of Laying hens
Ingredients Quantity (Kg) Nutritional parameters
Maize 455 Particulars Value
Broken Rice 100 Metabolisable Energy (kcal/kg) 2587.50
Rice Bran 40 Crude Protein (%) 16.23
Soya DOC 180 Lysine(%) 0.787
Mustard DOC 48 Methionine(%) 0.363
DORB 57 Methionie+Cystine(%) 0.574
Stone Grit 65 Crude Fibre(%) 5.36
LSP Powder 40 Linoleic acid(%) 1.206
Monocalcium Phosphate 7 Calcium (%) 4.04
Oil 5 Available Phosphorus (%) 0.48
Common salt 3 Chlorine (%) 0.167
Sodium Bicarbonate 1
DL-Methionine 1.5
L-Lysine HCl 0.6
Vitamin Premix 0.5
Trace mineral premix 1.1
Choline chloride (Anichol) 1
Bantox Plus 1
Acidapure 1
Liver tonic (Hepamust) 0.5
Enzyme mixture (Hizyme) 0.5
Phytase (Enzyfeed-P) 0.1

11. Traditional Vs Precision Feeding
Traditional feeding programs:
To meet the nutritional requirements of
the average or best performing animal
Result in over & under feeding
“Nutrient requirements are not a Parameter of Population,
but an independent “Statistic of an individual animal”
Genetics
Health
Nutritional status
Environmental conditions
Precision feeding is to feed as close to the exact requirement as possible

12. • Also known as Information Intensive Nutrition
or Personalized Nutrition
• Right time• Right
composition
• Right
Proportion
• Right
amount of
feed
Precision
feeding
Precision Feeding

13. Protected Nutrients
• Bypass Protein
• Bypass Fat
• Chelated
Minerals
13

14. Dietary protein
Rumen microbes
Microbial Protein
 Inefficient for rapid growth & High milk production
Provide source of protein that escapes rumen fermentation
“BYPASS PROTEIN”
Rumen Undegradable Protein
Rumen Protected Protein
14

15. When to Feed Rumen bypass protein
More beneficial when the animal's requirement for
protein is not met through microbial protein
 High yielders (15 kg/day)
 In rapidly growing (1 kg/day) calves
 Animals on poor quality roughages
 Stressed animals
Dose: 15 % total protein
15

16. RUMEN BYPASS FAT
High M.P.
Insoluble at rumen temp.
No harmful effect on rumen fermentation
16

17. Feeding of By-pass fat
Commercial Preparations:
o Dairylac
o Magnapac
oMegalac
Feeding systems and rates
Dose rate 1% of concentrate mixture in post-calving ration
Gradual incorporation into the ration over a few days
17

18. Area Specific Mineral Mixture (ASMM)
•Mineral deficiencies and / or mineral imbalances are common
•Type and extent of mineral deficiency vary from region to region.
Feed resources available,
-Feeding system
• Prioritization of most limiting minerals
•Supplementing minerals through ASMM.

19. Feed Processing Technologies:
I. Physical Methods
a. Chaffing
b. Bhoosa making
c. Water soaking
d. Steam treatment
e. Densification
f. Irradiation
II. Chemical Methods
a. Acid treatment
b. Alkali treatment
c. Urea Ammoniation of straw
III. Biological Methods
White rot fungi treatment
Enzymes
Mushroom
19
Proper feed processing technology

20. Forage conservation
Silage
•Fermented fodder
•Essential for high yielder cows
•Source of quality forage
round the year

21. Urea- Ammoniation of Straw
• Method of urea -ammoniation:
Urea Ammonia + Carbon dioxide
4 kg urea dissolved in
40 kg water
Spray uniformly over 100 kg straw or bhusha
Preserve the treated material under air tight
condition using plastic sheets
For
3 weeks in hot season
4-5 weeks in cold season.
21

22. It is densified product, containing both roughage & conc. in desired
proportion to meet the requirement of target animal production.
• Manufactured in complete feed block making machine
• The machine is Simple in operation
• Can compact all kinds of feed materials to square shape of desired
thickness & weight
Complete Feed Block
22

23. 23

24. Mixing & Preparation of feed ingredients

25.  Non-conventional,less palatable feeds used to make ration economic.
 Storage space required one third as compared to loose form
 Transportation of such blocks is convenient and trouble free.
-Reduces transportation cost.
 Increased palatability & feed intake
 Increased nutrient utilization
 Stable rumen environment
 Minimal fermentation losses
 Save labour on feeding management
Advantages of complete feed blocks
25

26. 1. Weight 1.0 kg granular,
fertilizer grade urea in
glass or steel container
and heat it with 500 ml
(half litre) water, till it
dissolves. Avoid over
heating.
2. Pour this solution (I) into
a plastic tub containing
10.500 kg molasses, and
mix with steel spoon. 26
3. Prepare mixture
of
1.0 kg common
salt,
1.0 kg mineral
mixture,
1.0 kg calcite.
Urea-Molasses-Mineral Block
4. Pour all-mineral
mixture into urea-
molasses solution
and go on mixing till
homogenous
suspension of urea-
molasses-mineral is
obtained.

27. 5. Take 7.500 kg wheat
bran in a large sized
plastic tub and add to
it 0.500 kg de-oiled
soybean meal or any
oil-seed cake.
Mix well.
27
6. To this mixture, pour
suspension of urea-
molasses mineral
ingredients (III), and
mix all these contents
till there is coating of
(III), over the wheat
bran-soya meal
mixture.
7.At last, slowly,
sprinkle 250
grams of
dolomite or
guar gum dust
over the above
mixture (IV)
and mix
thoroughly all
the ingredients.

28. Mixture can be pressed in wooden mould.

29. Licking the Urea-Molasses mineral Block
29

30. Buffalo Feeding on
Wheat Bran- Molasses
Multi-nutrient Feed Block
- A. K. Patel
Effects
 2-kg block in a cow/buffalo
last for 5-days.
 Increased Feed intake
 Corrected pica
 Increased daily milk yield by
23%.
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31. Use of Feed Additives
a. Enzymes
b. Probiotics
c. Prebiotics
d. Synbiotic
e. Acidifier
f. Organic acids
g. Antioxidants
h. Phytobiotics
i. Eubiotic

32. Books

33. Conclusion
Feed cost is the major cost of recurring cost
of livestock production.
Appropriate feeding strategy should be
adopted for economic and eco-friendly
livestock production.
Imbalanced feedings is the major limiting
factor of livestock sector

35. Questions?
35
Questions & Discussion