This slides contains information on precision feeding in dairy cattle and requirement of energy, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins of a dairy cattle during lactation. Precision feeding protects reproductive health and milk production while reducing the nutrient loss in manure.
Only 25-35% of the N in feed goes into milk, with the rest excreted in feces and urine.
Dairy diets often have 120-160% of the P and that the excess is excreted in the manure.
Cost of feed can be reduced.
Precision feeding helps to improve water quality
Improving the efficiency of use of feed N.
Reduce SARA condition.
Controlled-release urea in dairy cattle feed.
Straw treatment-Ammoniation.
Reducing Enteric Methane Losses from Ruminant Livestock.
Phase feeding in dairy cattle.
Feeding bypass fat in early lactation.
Use of chelated minerals in dairy animals.
Nutraceuticals in dairy animal precision feeding.
10. Use of area specific mineral mixture to precise dairy animal nutrition.
11. TMR in precision nutrition.
12. Manipulation of dietary CAD.
Five distinct feeding phases can be defined to attain optimum production, reproduction and health of dairy cows:
Early lactation—0 to 70 days (peak milk production) after calving (postpartum).
Peak DM intake—70 to 140 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Mid and late lactation—140 to 305 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Dry period—60 days before the next lactation.
Transition or close-up period—14 days before to parturition.
Feed top quality forage.
Make sure the diet contains adequate amounts of CP, DIP and UIP.
Increase grain intake at a constant rate after calving.
Consider adding fat (0.4-0.6 kg/cow/day) to diets.
Allow constant access to feed.
Minimize stress conditions.
Limit urea to 80-160g/day.
Buffers, such as Na bicarbonate alone or in combination with Mg oxide (rumen pH)
In Transition period
Increase grain feeding, so cows are consuming 4.5-6 kg grain/day at calving (1% of B.wt)
Increase protein in the ration to between 14 - 15 % of the ration DM
Limit fat in the ration to 0.1kg. High fat feeding will depress DM intake.
Maintain 2.5-4kg of long hay in the ration to stimulate rumination.
Feed a low-Ca ration (< 0.20%, reduce Ca intake to 14 to 18 g/d)
Also, feed a diet with a negative dietary electrolyte balance (-10 to -15meq/100 g DM) may alleviate milk fever problems
Niacin (to control ketosis) and/or anionic salts (to help prevent milk fever) should be included in the ration during this period.
This slides contains information on precision feeding in dairy cattle and requirement of energy, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins of a dairy cattle during lactation. Precision feeding protects reproductive health and milk production while reducing the nutrient loss in manure.
Only 25-35% of the N in feed goes into milk, with the rest excreted in feces and urine.
Dairy diets often have 120-160% of the P and that the excess is excreted in the manure.
Cost of feed can be reduced.
Precision feeding helps to improve water quality
Improving the efficiency of use of feed N.
Reduce SARA condition.
Controlled-release urea in dairy cattle feed.
Straw treatment-Ammoniation.
Reducing Enteric Methane Losses from Ruminant Livestock.
Phase feeding in dairy cattle.
Feeding bypass fat in early lactation.
Use of chelated minerals in dairy animals.
Nutraceuticals in dairy animal precision feeding.
10. Use of area specific mineral mixture to precise dairy animal nutrition.
11. TMR in precision nutrition.
12. Manipulation of dietary CAD.
Five distinct feeding phases can be defined to attain optimum production, reproduction and health of dairy cows:
Early lactation—0 to 70 days (peak milk production) after calving (postpartum).
Peak DM intake—70 to 140 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Mid and late lactation—140 to 305 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Dry period—60 days before the next lactation.
Transition or close-up period—14 days before to parturition.
Feed top quality forage.
Make sure the diet contains adequate amounts of CP, DIP and UIP.
Increase grain intake at a constant rate after calving.
Consider adding fat (0.4-0.6 kg/cow/day) to diets.
Allow constant access to feed.
Minimize stress conditions.
Limit urea to 80-160g/day.
Buffers, such as Na bicarbonate alone or in combination with Mg oxide (rumen pH)
In Transition period
Increase grain feeding, so cows are consuming 4.5-6 kg grain/day at calving (1% of B.wt)
Increase protein in the ration to between 14 - 15 % of the ration DM
Limit fat in the ration to 0.1kg. High fat feeding will depress DM intake.
Maintain 2.5-4kg of long hay in the ration to stimulate rumination.
Feed a low-Ca ration (< 0.20%, reduce Ca intake to 14 to 18 g/d)
Also, feed a diet with a negative dietary electrolyte balance (-10 to -15meq/100 g DM) may alleviate milk fever problems
Niacin (to control ketosis) and/or anionic salts (to help prevent milk fever) should be included in the ration during this period.
Formulating Diets for Groups of Lactating CowsDAIReXNET
Dr. Bill Weiss of The Ohio State University presented this material for DAIReXNET on February 26, 2015. For the full presentation, please visit our archives at http://www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars
This is a general presentation on small ruminant nutrition. It uses graphs to illustrate the nutrient requirements of different types of sheep and goats.
Feeding Dry Dairy Cows Lower Energy DietsDAIReXNET
Dr. Heather Dann presented this information for DAIReXNET. Learn about the importance of transition cow management, and how feeding lower-energy transition diets could benefit a herd. From monitoring intake to coordinating various diets, Dr. Dann offers insights into setting cows up for success in their next lactation. Available on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImX7bVlfdSo
Formulating Diets for Groups of Lactating CowsDAIReXNET
Dr. Bill Weiss of The Ohio State University presented this material for DAIReXNET on February 26, 2015. For the full presentation, please visit our archives at http://www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars
This is a general presentation on small ruminant nutrition. It uses graphs to illustrate the nutrient requirements of different types of sheep and goats.
Feeding Dry Dairy Cows Lower Energy DietsDAIReXNET
Dr. Heather Dann presented this information for DAIReXNET. Learn about the importance of transition cow management, and how feeding lower-energy transition diets could benefit a herd. From monitoring intake to coordinating various diets, Dr. Dann offers insights into setting cows up for success in their next lactation. Available on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImX7bVlfdSo
This presentation on mineral and vitamin nutrition (in sheep and goats) was part of a six part webinar series. It was presented by Dr. Dan Morrical from Iowa State University.
This PowerPoint presentation on nutritional disorders (in sheep and goats) is from a six part webinar series (on feeding and nutrition) that was held in Jan-Feb. 2012. The presentation was developed by Susan Schoenian, Sheep & Goat Specialist from University of Maryland Extension.
This PowerPoint presentation on "Nutrients" is from a six part webinar series (on sheep and goat feeding and nutrition) that was held in Jan-Feb. 2012. The presentation was developed by Susan Schoenian, Sheep & Goat Specialist from University of Maryland Extension.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Reproduction is the propagation and continuation of a species through a sequence of events that involves the production of hormones and the development of the reproductive system to carry out germ cell development, fertilization, pregnancy and eventually parturition.
The female sheep is referred to as the ewe while the male sheep is called a ram.
2.0 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
3.0 PUBERTY IN RAM AND EWE
Most ewe lambs will reach puberty by the time they have developed to 50-70% of their body weight which is between 5 to 12 months of age.
Ram reach puberty may occur as early as 5 months, however, full reproductive competence may not occur until 15 months of age.
4.0 ESTROUS CYCLE
The estrous cycle, defined as the number of days between two consecutive periods of estrus (heat), is on average 17 days in ewes.
5.0 ESTRUS AND SIGN OF ESTRUS
This is the phase of the estrous cycle when the ewe will be receptive to the ram.
Complete estrus generally lasts for about 24 to 36 hours in the ewe.
5.1 ESTRUS DETECTION TECHNIQUES
-Teaser ram -Apron tied at the ram -Crayon-marking harness
6.0 LIBIDO (SEXUAL DESIRE)
Libido is a male’s desire to mate.
The willingness to breed ewes is highly variable among rams and can have a major impact on sheep production, especially in a single-sire mating scheme.
This behavior is regulated by the release of testosterone, produced by specialized cells in the testes.
Mounting and thrusting behavior, sniffing of the genital region and Flehmen reaction (curling of the upper lip of the male in response to detecting sexual readiness of the female) are well established common behaviors of normal sheep.
8.0 RAM-TO-EWE RATIO
Maintaining the correct ratio of fertile rams and ewes is important as it can affect the overall reproductive efficiency.
The appropriate ratio is either one ram to 20–25 ewes or 3 per 100 ewes in a year-round mating.
9.0 DETERMINE THE PREGNANCY
a)PrNon-return to estrus
Using teaser ram
b)ogesterone test
If the progesterone level is between 11‐13 nmol/l (it is between 7‐8.5 nmol/l at ewe lambs) on the 30th day after the impregnation then the probability of the pregnancy is 95%.
c)Ultrasonography
Ultrasonography examination can be done as early as 28–30 days using intra-rectal examination.
Trans-abdominal ultrasonography is done after 40 days post-breeding.
10.0 GESTATION (PREGNANCY PERIOD)
Gestation is the period from fertilization to delivery of the fetus.
The average gestation length in sheep varies from 142 to 152 days.
The average is 147 days.
11.0 PARTURITION (LAMBING)
11.1 COMPLICATION OCCUR DURING PARTURITION
13.0 CONCLUSION
14.0 REFERENCE
nutrient requirement of dogs
vegetable diet of dogs
non veg diet for dogs
care and management of dogs
dogs Calculation of Energy requirements in Dogs
Dog protein requirement depends on stage of life and activity of dogs.
Puppies need more protein than adult dogs.
Protein needs of a puppy can be met by a high quality protein providing 20 to 25% of dietary calories.
Severe protein deficiency in dogs results in poor food intake, growth retardation or weight loss, muscle wasting, emaciation & death.
Less severe deficiency, causes a rough & dull hair coat, compromised immune system & poor milk production in reproducing bitches.
During periods of stress, the protein requirement may be increased.
If diets containing more protein than required, extra protein metabolized & used for energy.
COMMON FEEDSTUFF USED FOR DOGS
Meat and meat by-products
Raw lean meat: Contain water 70-67%, protein 20-22% & fat 2-9%, it is also a good source of minerals.
Offal meat: Include liver, kidney and spleen, meat but nutrient content is variable, low in calcium, adverse Ca:P ratio (1:15 to 1:30) however, liver is a good source of Vitamin A, D & B Complex with good quality protein.
Fish: fish has 5-18% fat & has good quality protein, high iodine content & better Ca:P ratio.
Green leafy vegetables: Like Cabbage, cauliflower have high water and
fibre content, are good source of B vitamin, however cooking destroys it.
Roots and tubers: Includes potatoes, carrots, turnip, tapioca, rich in starch and can be cooked and fed.
Leguminous vegetables: Rich in protein, good source of B complex vitamin but anti nutritional factors like Trypsin inhibitors, Heamagglutinin are present in some of them but are destroyed by heat treatment.
Dry foods (biscuits, mixtures & meal or flakes) are available for different physiological status.
May be complete food or complementary food, formulated as mixers intended for feeding as part of the diet with protein rich foods such as fish meats, fish.
They are generally rich in carbohydrates.
Crude fat content is 5-10% on dry basis.
Mixtures are generally cereal based with very little protein concentrates may or may not be supplemented with minerals / vitamins.
Have long shelf- life provided properly stored.
The concentration of nutrients is high and feed intake is less.
Digestibility is acceptable but less than semi-moist or canned foods.
The main disadvantage of the dry food is that they are much less palatable than moist foods.
Cats may accept extruded biscuit forms but not meals or flakes.
Feeding of companion animals with commercial foods are not popular for economic reasons in developing countries.
Pets are fed with home made foods or left overs of food consumed in a family.
So, essential to ensure that the dietary nutrient requirements are met through such feeding practice.
Judicious inclusion of supplemental nutrients, deficit in the home made or
left over food can over come nutritional deficiency disorders & support healthier.
Sheep nutrition for reproduction—Part II: Use of focused nutritional inputs ...ILRI
Presented by Jane Wamatu, ICARDA, at the EIAR-DBARC-ICARDA-ILRI (LIVES)-FAO Training Workshop on Reproduction in Sheep and Goat, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia, 13-15 October 2014
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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1. SHEEP & GOAT
NUTRITION
SUSAN SCHOENIAN
SHEEP & GOAT SPECIALIST, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND EXTENSION
WESTERN MARYLAND RESEARCH & EDUCATION CENTER, KEEDYSVILLE, MARYLAND
SSCHOEN@UMD.EDU – WWW.SHEEPANDGOAT.COM – WWW.WORMX.INFO
2. Presentation outline
Nutrients
Nutrient requirements
Intake
Synchronizing forage and animal
production
Supplementation
Evaluating nutritional program
Suggested resources
3. Nutrients required by all sheep and goats
Energy
Protein
Minerals
Vitamins
Water
4. Energy (calories)
Nutrient required in the greatest quantity.
Is usually the most limiting nutrient.
Comes primarily from carbohydrates and
fats in the diet, but also from excess protein.
Excess energy is stored as fat in the body.
Energy is expressed in different ways:
• TDN - total digestible nutrients, %
• DE - digestible energy, kcal
• ME - metabolizable energy, kcal
• NEp - net energy, kcal
• DOM - digestible organic matter, %
5. Improper feeding of energy to livestock
Not enough energy in diet
Reduced fertility
Reduced growth rates
Reduced milk production
Loss of body condition, reserves
Higher critical temperature
Less cold tolerance
Reduced resistance to disease.
Risk of pregnancy toxemia (ketosis)
Reduced nutrient absorption.
Increases protein requirements
(%) of ration.
Too much energy in diet
Wasteful economically
Over-conditioned (BCS >4.5) animals
have impaired reproduction.
Fat females are more prone to
pregnancy toxemia and dystocia.
Feed efficiency decreases once an
animal has reached its optimal finish.
Excess finish is undesirable to most to
consumers.
6. Protein (amino acids)
Required in smaller amounts than energy.
More expensive feed ingredient than energy.
Amount more important than quality.
Excess protein is not stored in the body:
excess protein is broken down and used
as energy.
Some excess protein may be beneficial if
parasites burdens, esp. barber pole worm, are
excessive.
Protein is expressed in different ways:
• CP – crude protein
• DP – digestible protein
• MP – metabolizable protein
• DIP – rumen degraded intake protein
• UIP – undegraded intake protein
7. Crude protein (CP): N x 6.26
True or “natural” protein
1. Rumen degraded intake protein (DIP)
Digested in rumen
N ammonia microbial protein
2. Undegradable intake protein (UIP)
(bypass or escape protein)
Not digested in rumen.
Digested postruminally (in small intestines) or
excreted in feces.
Non-protein nitrogen (NPN), e.g. urea
8. By-pass protein
A mix of microbial protein and
bypassed dietary protein is
desired for optimal productivity.
In high-producing animals, it is
recommended that 25-35% of
protein be bypass protein.
20-30 % of the protein in fresh,
high quality forage is bypass
protein.
Supplementing with bypass
protein may improve
productivity and/or increase
resistance to internal parasites.
Bypass Protein sources
Low
Soybean meal
Medium
Cottonseed meal
Dehydrated alfalfa
Distiller’s grains
High
Corn gluten meal
Fish meal
9. Improper feeding of protein to livestock
Not enough protein
Protein deficiency is rare;
most effects are sub-clinical
Impaired reproduction
Reduced growth rates
Reduced hoof and horn growth.
Reduced milk production
Decreased fiber production
Reduced resistance to disease,
especially parasites.
Reduced rumen function
Reduced nutrition absorption
Too much protein
Expensive and inefficient source of energy.
Risk of pizzle rot in males
Can cause metabolic harm
Excess N ammonia UREA (BUN)
Reduces performance, as energy is
required for removal.
Excess protein has been shown to cause
reproductive problems in cattle .
Excess N (in manure) can be an environmental
concern (“a resource out-of-place”)
10. Micronutrients
Required in small amounts: ounces, grams, international units (IU), or parts-per-million (PPM).
Minerals
Macrominerals
Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P)
Salt: sodium and chloride (NaCl)
Potassium (K)
Magnesium (Mg)
Sulfur (S)
Trace or microminerals
1. Cobalt (Co)
2. Copper (Cu)
3. Fluoride (F)
4. Iron (Fe)
5. Iodine (I)
6. Manganese (Mn)
7. Molybdenum (Mo)
8. Selenium (Se)
9. Zinc (Zn)
Vitamins
Fat-soluble - A – D – E – K
Carotene (green forages) vitamin A
Sunlight Vitamin D
Vitamin E sometimes requires supplementation
Vitamin K synthesized in rumen
Water-soluble - B complex – C
B vitamins synthesized in rumen
Vitamin C synthesized in tissues
11. Possible micronutrient problems
Deficiencies
Calcium and phosphorus
rickets
Calcium
Milk fever
Copper
Various, including
swayback, stringy wool,
hair color
Iodine
Goiter
Magnesium
Grass tetany
Excesses
Calcium
milk fever
Copper (esp. sheep)
Chronic or acute toxicity
Selenium toxicosis
Sulfur - polio
Imbalances
Copper, molybdenum, and sulfur
Copper toxicity or deficiency
Calcium and phosphorus
Urinary calculi
Salt
Lower feed and water
consumption
Selenium and Vitamin E
White muscle disease
Various other problems
Thiamin (B2)
Polioencephamalacia
Zinc
Wool picking, skin problems,
hoof problems
12. Important nutrition interactions
Calcium and phosphorus
Ratio should never go below 1:1
2:1 is ideal for most rations, especially for males
and castrates.
Cobalt and vitamin B12
Copper, molybdenum and sulfur
Molybdenum forms insoluble complex with
copper
Sulfur binds with molybdenum
Nitrogen and sulfur
10:1 to 12:1 ratio is ideal
Energy and protein
Excess protein (N) reduces nutrient absorption
and causes intestinal imbalances.
13. Nutrient requirements of sheep and goats
Vary by
Species
Genetics (type)
Size (weight)
Body condition
Sex
Age
Stage and level of production
Disease
Environment
14. Nutrient requirements vary by species
and genetics
0.50
0.70
0.90
1.10
1.30
1.50
1.70
1.90
2.10
2.30
Angora Boer Local Dairy Lamb
Energy (TDN) requirements, lb/day
66 lb. intact male kids/lamb
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.66
0.09
+
fiber
growth
0.50
0.70
0.90
1.10
1.30
1.50
1.70
1.90
Mature ewe Meat doe Dairy doe Angora doe
Energy (TDN) requirements, lb/day
132 lb. female, maintenance
+
fiber
growth
Source: Nutrient requirements of small ruminants, 2007
16. Energy requirements vary by stage
of production
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
Maintenance Breeding Early gestation Late gestation Lactation
Energy requirements, lb. TDN/day
132-lb. mature non-dairy doe (twins)
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
Maintenance Breeding Early gestation Late gestation Lactation
Energy requirements, lb. TDN/day
176-lb. mature ewe (twins)
Source: Nutrient requirements of small ruminants, 2007
17. Protein requirements vary by stage
of production
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
Maintenance Breeding Early gestation Late gestation Lactation
Protein requirements, lb/day
176-lb. mature ewe (twins)
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
Maintenance Breeding Early gestation Late gestation Lactation
Protein requirements, lb/day
132-lb. non-dairy doe (twins)
Source: Nutrient requirements of small ruminants, 2007
18. Mineral requirements vary by stage
and level of production
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
Maintenance Breeding Early gestation Late gestation Early lactation
Mineral requirements, g/d
176-lb. mature ewe (twins)
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
Maintenance Breeding Early gestation Late gestation Early lactation
Mineral requirements, g/d
132-lb non-dairy doe (twins)
Calcium
Phosphorus
Source: Nutrient requirements of small ruminants, 2007
19. Nutrient requirements vary by level of
production
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
2.10
2.20
2.30
2.40
Single Twins Triplets
Energy requirements, lb. TDN/day
132-doe, late gestation
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80
3.00
3.20
3.40
Single Twins Triplets
Energy requirements, lb. TDN/d
176-lb. mature ewe, late gestation
Source: Nutrient requirements of small ruminants, 2007
20. Nutrient requirements vary by desired level of
performance, e.g. ADG
0.50
0.70
0.90
1.10
1.30
1.50
1.70
No gain 0.11 0.22 0.33 0.44 0.55
Energy requirements, lb. TDN/d
44-lb. intact Boer buckling
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
0.44 0.55 0.66 0.88
Energy requirements, lb. TDN/d
66-lb. ram lamb, 4 mos. early maturing
Source: Nutrient requirements of small ruminants, 2007
21. Intake
Intake is important for acquisition of
nutrients, especially by grazing livestock
Livestock require amounts of nutrients, not
percentages.
Livestock requirements are based on the
dry matter (moisture-free) content of the
feed source.
Feedstuffs vary considerably in their dry
matter content (percentage).
Fresh-growing forages usually have a low
dry matter content compared to more
mature pastures and most harvested feeds.
Intake can be a limiting factor on pasture-
based diets.
22. Factors affecting intake
Palatability
Flavor and texture
Foraging behavior
bite size and bite rate
Chemical characteristics of feed
alkaloids, endophyte, tannins, and terpenes
Forage quality, density, and availability
Dietary energy and fiber content
Fiber Intake
Physiological stage of animal
Temperature
temperature metabolic rate
Supplementation
23. How to increase intake
Keep forage in vegetative
stage through grazing
management.
Diversify pasture composition
to include several grass species
and around 30% legumes.
Maintain a dense pasture so
animals will take larger bites.
Supplementation
25. 1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
January February March April May June July August September October November December
176-lb ewe 132-lb doe
Energy requirements of ewes/does, lbs. TDN/day
Winter (January) lambing/kidding (twins)
Dry periodLactation Early gestation
Late
gestationBreeding
Lambing
Kidding
Wean
26. 1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
January February March April May June July August September October November December
176-lb ewe 132-lb doe
Energy requirements of ewes/does, lbs. TDN/day
Winter (January) lambing/kidding (twins)
Dry periodLactation Early gestation
Late
gestationBreeding
Lambing
Kidding
Wean
27. 1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
January February March April May June July August September October November December
176-lb ewe 132-lb doe
Energy requirements of ewes/does, lbs. TDN/day
Winter (January) lambing/kidding (twins)
DryLactation Early gestation
Late
gestationBreeding
Lambing
Kidding
Wean
28. January February March April May June July August September October November December
Growing and finishing
Winter-born lambs and kids
Winter
born
Wean
29. Growing and finishing
Winter-born lambs and kids
Winter
born
January February March April May June July August September October November December
1. Sell at Easter
2. Market by July 1
3. Hold for Muslim holiday
Wean
30. 1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
January February March April May June July August September October November December
176-lb ewe 132-lb doe
Energy requirements of ewes/does, lbs. TDN/day
spring (APRIL) lambing/kidding (twins)
DryLactation
Early
gestation
Late
gestation Breeding
Lambing
Kidding
Wean
31. 1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
January February March April May June July August September October November December
176-lb ewe 132-lb doe
Energy requirements of ewes/does, lbs. TDN/day
spring (APRIL) lambing/kidding (twins)
DryLactation
Early
gestation
Late
gestation Breeding
Lambing
Kidding
Wean
32. 1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
January February March April May June July August September October November December
176-lb ewe 132-lb doe
Energy requirements of ewes/does, lbs. TDN/day
spring (APRIL) lambing/kidding (twins)
DryLactation
Early
gestation
Late
gestation Breeding
Lambing
Kidding
Wean
33. January February March April May June July August September October November December
Growing and finishing
Spring-born lambs and kids
Spring
born
Wean
34. January February March April May June July August September October November December
Growing and finishing
Spring-born lambs and kids
Spring
born
Wean
1. Sell at weaning
2. Hold over summer
3. Put on feed
4. Forage option
35. January February March April May June July August September October November December
Growing and finishing
Spring-born lambs and kids
Spring
born
Wean
36. January February March April May June July August September October November December
Growing and finishing
Spring-born lambs and kids
Spring
born
Wean
37. 1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
January February March April May June July August September October November December
176-lb ewe 132-lb doe
Energy requirements of ewes/does, lbs. TDN/day
Fall (September) lambing/kidding (twins)
Dry LactationEarly gestation
Late
gestationBreeding
Lambing
Kidding
Wean
38. Energy requirements of ewes/does, lbs. TDN/day
Fall (September) lambing/kidding (twins)
Dry LactationEarly gestation
Late
gestationBreeding
Lambing
Kidding
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
January February March April May June July August September October November December
176-lb ewe 132-lb doe
Wean
39. Energy requirements of ewes/does, lbs. TDN/day
Fall (September) lambing/kidding (twins)
Dry LactationEarly gestation
Late
gestationBreeding
Lambing
Kidding
Wean
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
January February March April May June July August September October November December
176-lb ewe 132-lb doe
40. September October November December January February March April May
Growing and finishing
Fall-born lambs and kids
Fall
born
Wean
41. Growing and finishing
Fall-born lambs and kids
Fall
born
Wean
September October November December January February March April May
1. Sell at Christmas
2. Put on feed
3. Forage options
42. September October November December January February March April May
Growing and finishing
Fall-born lambs and kids
Fall
born
Wean
43. Supplementation: when is it necessary?
The purpose of supplementation is to provide required nutrients that are not being supplied by the forage diet.
Determine which nutrient is limiting and
supplement that one first.
Supplementing energy is helpful on
vegetative, well-managed pastures for
more efficient utilization of forage protein
(especially for high producing animals).
Supplementing with protein is necessary
on low-quality pasture and rangeland or
when continuously grazing temperate
warm-season pastures.
The added production should cover the
cost of supplementation.
Feed + delivery + labor
44. Who to supplement and why?
Ewes and does
Improve BCS
Flushing
Late gestation
Early lactation
Lambs and kids
To improve growth rates
To improve parasite tolerance
To finish for market
To reach target markets
To develop replacement females
Other reasons for supplemenation
As a carrier for
Minerals
Coccidiostats
Antibiotics
MGA
Natural “dewormers”
Nematode-trapping fungus *
Sericea lespedeza pellets to help
control parasites
During drought conditions or
inclement weather.
To stretch the pasture resource.
45. Supplemental feeding
Supplementation
The animal eats the
supplement and
pasture intake is not
reduced.
Substitution
Some of the
supplement is
substituting for pasture.
Pasture intake drops.
Saved pasture may be
your goal.
Complementation
• A good supplement
increases the animal’s
intake of dead pasture
or crop residue.
46. Types of supplements
Salt
Minimum recommendation
Mineral mixes
General recommendation
Nutritional tubs, blocks
Costly, but labor-saving
Hay
Common practice
Grain
Usually most economical
Sericea lespedeza pellets
Help control parasites
High fiber feeds
Ideal for grazing ruminants
47. Supplementation with fibrous by-product feeds
Permissible under USDA Grass-fed Standards
>18% CF < 70% TDN 5.5% Fat
Feedstuff
CF
(fiber, %)
TDN
(energy, %)
CP
(protein, %)
Fat
(EE, %)
Almond hulls 16 59 5.0 3.3
Cottonseed hulls 48 45 5.0 1.9
Oat hulls 32 40 4.0 1.5
Peanut hulls 63 22 7.0 1.5
Soybean hulls 38 77 13.0 2.6
Source: Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants, 2007
Roughage feeds are low in starch and thus do not create the negative associative effects in the
rumen that are often created when the forage diet is supplemented with feed grains.
48. Mineral supplementation for grazing livestock
Free choice supplementation generally recommended
Low-cost “insurance” to provide adequate
mineral nutrition.
Because soils differ in mineral content from
place to place, it is difficult to recommend a
mineral mix that is suitable for all farms.
Can test soil, feed, water, and/or tissues to
determine specific mineral needs of livestock.
Use species-specific mineral mixes.
Loose mineral mixes are better than blocks for
sheep and goats.
Keep mineral mixes dry.
Don’t let mineral feeder(s) run out.
Make sure all animals get minerals; may need
multiple feeders placed around pasture.
49. Evaluating the nutritional program in a
pasture-based production system
Forage
1. Quality
Forage test to determine likely
quality of animals’ diet.
2. Quantity
Estimate forage yield
1) Clip-and-weight
2) Plant height and density
Animal
1. NIRS fecal profiling
► Have feces analyzed to determine
quality of forage diet consumed
by animals.
2. Evaluate animals
1) Health
2) Performance
3) Body condition scoring (BCS)
50. Sampling to determine quality of
diet consumed by grazing livestock
Forage
Sample pasture to determine likely
quality of animals’ diet.
Fill gallon-size bag with forage
sample.
Take sample when animals first
have access to pasture.
Observe animals to see what
plants they are consuming.
Tear plant at grazing level.
Sample entire pasture.
Mix sample.
Send to lab (can freeze)
Feces
Sample feces to determine quality of
diet (forage component) animals
consumed in previous 36-48 hours.
Collect pooled fecal sample after
animals have been grazing pasture
for at least 48 hours.
Collect samples from ~10% of flock or
herd.
Fill quart-size back with feces.
Keep cool (can freeze).
Send to a lab.
52. 2014 Western Maryland pasture-
based meat goat performance test
Date Composition CP DOM DOM:CP
June 19 Cool season 16.7 46.9 2.8
June 29 Cool season 19.0 50.0 2.6
July 3 Cool season 21.2 50.1 2.4
August 7 Warm season 21.5 47.4 2.2
August 14 Warm season 21.8 44.0 2.0
August 20 Warm season 18.4 38.3 2.1
NIRS Analysis, Grazingland Animal Nutrition Lab
53. Animal monitoring: Body condition scoring
One the most practical and important tools
available to livestock producers.
Used to monitor nutritional program and
health of flock/herd.
Cannot determine body condition without
handling (touching) animals.
A scoring system of 1 to 5 (with 0.5
increments) is usually used for sheep
and goats.
Extremely thin with no fat reserves, 1
Healthy animals, 2.5 to 4
Very over-conditioned (obese) animal, >4.5
54. Suggested resources
2015 Winter webinar series: pasture management for small ruminant producers
http://www.sheepandgoat.com/recordings.html#pasture
Ruminant Nutrition for Grazers (NCAT-ATTRA)
http://extension.usu.edu/rangelands/files/uploads/Ruminant%20Nutrition/Ruminant%20nut
rition%20grazing.pdf
Certified forage testing laboratories
http://www.foragetesting.org/files/2013_Certified_Labs.pdf
Grazing Animal Nutrition (GAN) Lab
http://cnrit.tamu.edu/ganlab/
Energy converter
http://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/java/LivestockSystemMgt/Conversion/energy.htm
This presentation
http://www.slideshare.net/schoenian/sheep-goat-nutrition
55. THANK YOU. QUESTIONS? COMMENTS?
SUSAN SCHOENIAN
Sheep & Goat Specialist
University of Maryland Extension
sschoen@umd.edu