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Feedstuffs
This document discusses feedstuffs and nutrition for large animals including swine, sheep, and goats. It defines feedstuffs and their primary functions of providing nutrients and energy. It describes the international feed identification system and the eight classes of feedstuffs. For each species, it discusses their water, energy, protein, mineral, and vitamin nutrition as well as common nutritional diseases and feeding management practices.
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Feedstuffs
- 1. Feedstuffs Large Animal Nutrition Swine,Sheep and Goat nutrition
- 2. Feedstuffs Definition- any componentof a diet ( ration) that serves some useful function Functions - Provide source of nutrients and energy* - Combined to produce rations - Modify characteristics of diet* * Denotes a primary functions
- 3. International Feed IDSystem • System for classifying feedstuffs based on descriptive characteristics • Based on the primary nutrient provided by the feedstuff • Each feedstuff is assigned an International Feed Number ( IFN)
- 4. Eight Classes ofFeedstuffs 1. Dry roughages 2. Pasture and range grasses 3. Ensiled roughages 4. High energy concentrates 5. Protein sources 6. Minerals 7. Vitamins 8. additives
- 5. 1. Dry Roughages •Bulky feed that has low weight per unit volume • High crude fiber content, low protein and fat digestibility • A feed is classified as a roughage if it contains >18% crude fiber and <70% total digestible nutrients
- 6. Dry Roughage Examples •Hay: legume ( alfalfa), grass legume, non- legume • Straw and chaff • Corn cobs • Cottenseed hulls • Sugarcane byproducts • Paper and wood byproducts
- 7. 2. Pasture andRange Grasses • Grazed plants - Dormant plants - Growing plants • Soilage or greenchop • Cannery and food crop residues
- 8. 3. Silages andHaylages • Fermented, high moisture feed made from the entire plant, stored in silos - corn, sorghum - Grass, grass-legume, legume
- 9. 4. High EnergyConcentrate • Cereal grains ( milling byproducts of cereal grains) • Beet and citrus pulp • Molasses • Animal, marine, vegetable fats • Roots and tubers
- 10. 5. Protein Supplements Contain> 20% crude protein • Animal, avian, marine sources • Milk and by-products • Legume seeds • Brewery and distillery by-products • Urea, ammonia
- 11. 6. Mineral supplements 7.Vitamin supplements • Must be added by sources that animal is able to absorb • Vitamin concentration in plants and animal tissues varies greatly • Plants: vitamin concentration affected by harvesting, processing and storing • Animals: liver and kidney are good sources of most vitamins
- 12. 8. Additives Non-nutritive ingredientsadded to stimulate growth or performance or improve the efficiency of feed • Added in very small quantities • Antibiotics, antifungals, antimicrobials • Probiotics, buffers • Colors, flavors • Hormones, enzymes
- 13. Estimating Nutritional Valueof a Feed • Goal: estimate how well nutrients in feedstuff matches the animals needs Three methods for estimating 1. Chemical analysis 2. Digestion and balance trials 3. Feeding trials
- 14. Chemical Analysis • Subdividesthe components of the feedstuff into general groups ( protein, water, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, vitamins) to estimate the relative amount present • Problem: doesn’t estimate how well the animal utilizes the feed
- 15. Digestion and BalanceTrials • Measures the digestibility of feed • Feed consumption and fecal excretion are measured over period of time • Problem: not a true measure because feces contain sloughed cells and tissue
- 16. Feeding Trials • Usedextensively • Usually done before chemical analysis or digestion and balance trials • Can evaluate growth, egg production, wool or milk production
- 17. Swine Nutrion • Porcine • Monogastric omnivores • Sow- adult female • Boar- adult male • Piglet – young Farrow- to give birth • Gilt- sexually mature female, no litter yet • Barrow- castrated male
- 18. Swine Nutrition- Water •Neonates- 80% water, finishing pigs 55% water • Requirement is influenced by many factors ( environment, moisture content of food, urine output etc) • General guidelines- 1-1 ½ quarts of water per 1 lb of feed consumed • Lactating sows require more water • Water quality affects it, high TDS>diarrhea, high sulfates should be avoided
- 19. Swine Nutrition- Energy •Required for buildup of lean and fat tissue • Nursing pigs- most energy from fat and sugar in milk • Growing pigs- most energy from cereal grains • Sows and finishing pigs- some energy from VFA ( volatile fatty acids) from large intestine • Amount of feed consumed ad libitum is controlled by energy content of diet
- 20. Energy Source Feedstuffsin Swine • Cereal grains ( especially corn) • Damaged grains • Grain by-products • Purified sugars ( sucrose, lactose for piglets) • Fat ( tallows, animal and vegetable fats) • Processed food waste
- 21. Swine Nutrition- proteinand amino acids • Pig carcasses contain about 50% muscle, ~ 8% of the whole body is edible protein • Pigs need 10 essential amino acids to maintain tissues • Phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, arginine, leucine and lysine • Lysine is the first limiting amino acid, high requirements but low content in feedstuff like corn
- 22. Protein cont • Mostporcine diets are based on corn and soybean meal, corn is low in lysine • Amino acid requirements for protein accretion is higher than for maintenance • Plant protein sources: soybeans • Animal proteins: byproducts of meat packing, fish meal and dried milk • Bacteria and synthetic amino acids
- 23. Swine Minerals • Ca/P-limestone and oyster shells • NaCl- inadequate amounts suppress feed intake • I- require supplementation, soybean and grain deficient • Fe- injected in piglets, milk deficient, lasts 3 weeks • Mg- usually present in diet • Z – supplemented to prevent parakeratosis
- 24. Swine Vitamins • VitA- supplemented due to def. in corn, breaks down with processing, dehydrated alfalfa is a good source • VitD – absent in feedstuffs, expose to sunlight or use sun-cured hays or fish oils in diet • Vit E- req throughout life, legume hay, green forage, cereal grains • Vit K- synthesized in hind gut fermentation (need access to feces), supplement in confinement
- 25. Vitamin, mineral andadditives for swine • Minerals- trace mineral salt • Vitamins- alfalfa meal, fermentation by- products, animal protein • Additives- antibiotics, anthelmintics etc
- 26. Swine Nutritional Diseases •Amino acid deficiency- anemia, edema, immunocompromise, impaired growth • Parakeratosis- occurs between, the 6-16th week, from low zinc, high calcium diet, bilateral abnormal keratinization of the skin forming horny scales, starts as brown spots on abdomen
- 27. Swine feeding management •Pre- breeding- gilt bred at 7-8 mos, flushing- 1- 2 weeks prior to breeding to increase ovulation and litter size, also add antibiotics • Gestation- normal nutritional needs for first two trimesters. Majority of growth in last month. Overweight sows are more likely to crush piglets • Farrowing- laxative of wheat bran or dried beet pulp, 10-15% of diet, high antibiotics
- 28. Nutrition cont • Lactation-requirements 3-4 times higher than during gestation (12-16 lbs fed daily); produce 2.5lbs milk per piglet. If restricted, bone fractures or paralysis can occur • Nursing pigs- all nutrients from sow during first 2 weeks. High nutrient requirements are all met by milk, must supplement iron ( injection) begin eating dry food at 2 weeks
- 29. Sheep Nutrition • Ovine • Ruminant herbivores • Ewe- female of reproductive age • Ram- intact male of reproductive age • Lamb- young of either sex • Wether- neutered adult male • Mutton- meat derived from adult sheep
- 30. Water • Limiting nutrientin many areas • Quality more important to sheep than any other livestock species ( odor, bacteria, minerals) • Intake influenced by feed, vegetation, protein intake, environmental temperature, rain, dew and snowfall
- 31. Water requirements • 1gallon per 4 lbs of dry feed consumed • More water when air temp is > 70F • Less intake if water temp is <40 or > 50F • Lower requirement with daily rain, heavy dew or soft wet snow • Lower requirement when eating silage, succulent or range forage
- 32. Energy for Sheep •Insufficient energy from low intake or poor quality feed • Energy deficiency reduces growth, fertility, wool quality, death • High energy needs: - Immediately before and after lambing - Flushing ewes and rams for breeding - Finishing lambs
- 33. Energy feedstuffs forSheep • Good quality pasture, hay, silage • Grains: barley, corn, wheat, oats and milo • Precautions when feeding wheat grain- lambs susceptible to acute indigestion
- 34. Sheep nutrition- protein •Usually quantity is more important than quality due to bacterial conversion in rumen • Microbial protein synthesis supplies protein needs except when lactating or very young lambs • Add extra protein feeds when pastures are mature or when feeding creep rations
- 35. Protein source feedstuffsfor sheep • Green pastures, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, alfalfa hay, urea ( sometimes) • Urea levels: <1% of total ration • No urea in young lambs, creep rations, straw, poor quality hay or lambs on limited feed
- 36. Minerals for sheep •NaCl- usually provided ½ to ¾ lb per ewe/month • Ca/P- highest need during lactation, provide leafy legumes for Ca, grains for P • I in salt, Co in legumes • Se- narrow margin of safety, deficiency leads to white muscle disease • Zinc- needed for normal testicular development
- 37. Vitamins for sheep •Vit A- can store excess for 6-12 months • Vit D- fast growing lambs kept inside may show problems • Vit E- low selenium leads to Vit E deficiency • Vit K- synthesized in rumen • Vit C- synthesized by tissues
- 38. Vitamin and mineralfeedstuffs Vitamins- green feeds, germs of seeds, sun- cured hay Minerals- leafy legumes, grains, trace mineral salt mix
- 39. Sheep nutritional diseases •Enterotoxemia type D- intestinal toxins present in blood, caused by stress and sudden diet changes, vaccinate lambs prior to weaning • Urinary calculi- common in rams and wethers in drylot, results from Ca/P ration imbalance and decreased water intake
- 40. Sheep Feed Management •Pre-breeding- ewe is flushed for 4-6 weeks, 2 weeks prior to breeding and continuing for 2-3 weeks after breeding. Flushed either on high quality pasture or ¼ to ½ lb of grain or pellets per day. Treat for internal parasites and trim hooves • Gestation- 70% of fetal growth happens in the last 6 weeks of gestation
- 41. • Late pregnancy feed requirement - 50% more feed if single lamb - 75% more feed if twin lambs - Add grain to high roughage diet for more energy • Lactation- max milk production 2-3 weeks post parturition. Feed three times her maintenance requirement, must increase protein to make milk
- 42. • Nursing lambs-born with on functioning rumen. Colostrum is a must within first 12-18 hours. If no ewe colostrum, can use fresh cow colostrum. Creep feeding used for early weaning and getting lambs to market
- 43. Goat Nutrition • Caprine • Ruminant herbivores • Doe- female buck- intact male • Kid- baby goat of either sex • Wether- castrated male • Inquisitive feeding behavior • Raised for meat, milk, fiber and hides
- 44. Goat feeding behavior • Confinement feeding- will pick and choose - This leads to 1. Composition of consumed diet differs from formulated diet 2. Goats will eat more if they have more to select, so offer less feed to force them to choose more of the desired diet
- 45. • Range feeding-active forager, browses all plant types including trees, shrubs, grasses creating a browse line. Will sometimes defoliate one type of plant. Goats grazing hilly terrain have higher energy requirements than those on level terrain
- 46. Goat nutrition- water •Requirements - Intake is related to feed intake and feed intake correlates to productivity - Free access to good quality water - More sensitive to water quality, won’t touch urine or feces contaminated water - Lactation increases needs
- 47. Goat nutrition- energy •Wide variances among breed, productivity, production and size • Mostly from carbs and low levels or fat ( high fat inhibits rumen fermentation) • Excess fat is stored in the body around internal organs • Consume more dry matter than other livestock species
- 48. Energy source feedstuffsfor goats • Forages- alfalfa hay, bermuda grass hay • Grains- corn, sorghum, oats • Other- molasses
- 49. Goat nutrion- protein •Most expensive component of diet • Needed to support rumen fermentation and supply amino acids • Unlike fat, excess is not stored • Vary with developmental stage • Protein feedstuffs for goats: soybean meal, fish meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal
- 50. Goat nutrition- minerals • Ca/P – needed for bone and milk production • Phosphorus is met with high diet selectivity • Only salt should be provided free choice • Lush pasture deficient in magnesiou
- 51. Goat nutrition- vitamins •Only vitamin A is likely to be deficient • Occurs in confinement fed goats in dry cold weather • Occurs in range fed goats when vegetation contains little or no green plant material
- 52. Goat nutritional diseases •Enterotoxemia- can occur after high intake of immature succulent forage. Toxin is produced by Clostridium perfringens type D • Urinary calculi- can occur when Ca and P rations are unbalanced