Medicine 5th year, 8th lecture (Dr. Mohammad Shaikhani)
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Motor neuron disease (MND), also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. It leads to muscle weakness and atrophy due to the degeneration of motor neurons. The majority of cases have no known cause. Currently, riluzole is the only approved treatment shown to modestly prolong survival. Symptomatic treatments are used to manage symptoms like excessive saliva and emotional lability. Prognosis is generally poor, with average survival of 3-5 years after diagnosis.
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Huntington's disease.
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Motor neuron disease (MND), also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. It leads to muscle weakness and atrophy due to the degeneration of motor neurons. The majority of cases have no clear cause, though some are genetic. There is currently no cure for MND, but riluzole has been shown to modestly extend survival. Symptomatic treatments can help address problems like excessive saliva or emotional lability. Prognosis is generally poor, as most patients die within 3-5 years of diagnosis due to respiratory failure or other complications.
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Hi,
This is Syed Masood Ahmed Quadri, Pharm.D
this presentation has varied range of details like,
history of disease,
signs and symptoms,
prevalence,
facts,
risk factors,
manifestations,
diagnosis,
pathology,
treatment,
and other interesting slides
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Reference-Harrison text book of internal medicine -20th edition
Slides by-Dr Jayasoorya P G,Junior resident,Department of General Medicine,Azeezia medical college,Kollam,Kerala
NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS.
General description of neurodegenerative disorders.
Types of disorders.
Alzheimer's disease.
Parkinson's disease.
Huntington's disease.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Tay Sachs disease.
Cause, symptoms, and treatment.
Conclusion.
Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy
Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN), also known as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, is the most common inherited neuromuscular disorder. It is characterized by slowly progressive distal weakness and muscle atrophy in the legs and later in the hands. There are two major types - one with slow nerve conduction velocities associated with demyelinating neuropathy, and one with relatively normal nerve conduction velocities associated with axonal degeneration. Most families demonstrate autosomal dominant inheritance with a 50% chance of offspring being affected if a parent has the disease.
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history of disease,
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risk factors,
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diagnosis,
pathology,
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and other interesting slides
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Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. The primary symptoms include tremors, stiffness, slow movement, and impaired balance. Dopamine is critical for normal motor function, and Parkinson's results from over 80% loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. This leads to decreased dopamine in the striatum and disrupts the direct and indirect pathways between the basal ganglia and motor cortex. Current treatments aim to replace dopamine or stimulate its receptors in the striatum.
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2. A 40-year-old woman with presynaptic neuromuscular junction transmission disorder and features of botulism shown on electrodiagnostic testing.
3. A 42-year-old woman with inflammatory myopathy shown by abnormal electromyography findings.
4. A 29-year-old man with myotonic dystrophy type 1 shown by normal nerve conduction studies but myotonic discharges on electromyography.
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During my 1st &2nd year of residency period , i used to teach Anatomy and Orthopaedics for foreign undergraduate medical students. At last year i taught Neurology for one batch. so i posted some of my collections for competely educational purpose coz i believe in knowledge ...inseted of deleting these ppts , they may me useful for others so i shared it ....
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This document discusses non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. It begins by providing background on the original description of Parkinson's disease in 1817 and defines it as primarily affecting motor functions. However, it notes that nearly 90% of Parkinson's patients experience non-motor manifestations as well, including neuropsychiatric symptoms, sleep disorders, autonomic dysfunction, sensory symptoms, and other issues. The document then examines the roles of different neurotransmitter systems including dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, glutamate, and GABA in both motor and non-motor features of the disease.
neurodegenerative diseases
1. Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis are caused by the progressive loss of structure and function of neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
2. These disorders are characterized by the abnormal deposition of misfolded proteins that form plaques and tangles within neurons, leading to neuronal dysfunction and death.
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Clin Neuro Mnd Davidson06.
1. Motor neuron disease (ALS/MND) is a progressive disorder causing degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brainstem, and motor cortex.
2. It typically causes muscle weakness and wasting as well as speech and swallowing difficulties. Symptoms start focally and spread, with eventual widespread involvement.
3. The only approved treatment is riluzole, which may modestly prolong survival. Otherwise, management focuses on supportive care, physical/occupational therapy, and assistive devices to preserve quality of life.
Parkinson Disease
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, akinesia, and postural instability. It is caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. Symptoms are initially treated with levodopa which becomes less effective over time due to motor complications. Advanced treatments include deep brain stimulation and continuous levodopa infusion to manage motor fluctuations and dyskinesias. While symptoms can be managed, there is currently no cure for Parkinson's disease.
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2. It outlines various causes of peripheral neuropathies including hereditary, infectious, inflammatory, metabolic, toxic, and more.
3. It describes the clinical presentations of different types of peripheral neuropathies based on the affected nerves and provides examples.
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and others drugs are also available and some herbs like turmeric, ginger, garlic etc. provides temporary relief from Parkinson’s disease. There are two vaccines which are under development for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
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Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. The primary symptoms include tremors, stiffness, slow movement, and impaired balance. Dopamine is critical for normal motor function, and Parkinson's results from over 80% loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. This leads to decreased dopamine in the striatum and disrupts the direct and indirect pathways between the basal ganglia and motor cortex. Current treatments aim to replace dopamine or stimulate its receptors in the striatum.
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This document discusses Parkinson's disease, including its types, symptoms, stages, and pathophysiology. It notes that Parkinson's disease can be primary/idiopathic with no identifiable cause, secondary/acquired due to environmental factors, or hereditary due to dominant or recessive genes. The primary motor symptoms are resting tremor, hypokinesia/bradykinesia, and rigidity. Non-motor symptoms affect the autonomic, neuropsychiatric, and sleep domains. The pathophysiology involves impaired dopamine metabolism which can be caused by genetic mutations or environmental toxins disrupting dopamine pathways in the brain.
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1. A 22-year-old woman with a postsynaptic neuromuscular junction transmission disorder shown by repetitive nerve stimulation testing.
2. A 40-year-old woman with presynaptic neuromuscular junction transmission disorder and features of botulism shown on electrodiagnostic testing.
3. A 42-year-old woman with inflammatory myopathy shown by abnormal electromyography findings.
4. A 29-year-old man with myotonic dystrophy type 1 shown by normal nerve conduction studies but myotonic discharges on electromyography.
5. A 54-year-old woman
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This document discusses neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease. It covers the etiology, signs and symptoms, stages of the disease, and drugs used to treat it. Parkinson's is primarily caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Common signs include tremors, rigidity, slow movement, and postural instability. Treatment focuses on replacing dopamine or stimulating dopamine receptors using drugs like levodopa, carbidopa, bromocriptine, amantadine, and selegiline.
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Motor neuron diseases involve the degeneration and death of motor neurons. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common and devastating form of motor neuron disease. It is characterized by the progressive loss of both upper and lower motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness, atrophy, and eventually paralysis. There is no cure for ALS, though some treatments can prolong survival.
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This document provides information on various neurological disorders and the central nervous system. It discusses the basic structure and function of the brain and neurons. It then summarizes several major neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and their symptoms, causes, prevalence worldwide, and current treatment approaches. Some key points covered include the role of oxidative stress in neurodegeneration, epidemiology of these disorders in India, and potential herbal treatments from traditional Indian medicine.
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During my 1st &2nd year of residency period , i used to teach Anatomy and Orthopaedics for foreign undergraduate medical students. At last year i taught Neurology for one batch. so i posted some of my collections for competely educational purpose coz i believe in knowledge ...inseted of deleting these ppts , they may me useful for others so i shared it ....
A Case of Oro-Facio-Bulbar weakness
This case discusses a 70-year-old male presenting with orofaciobulbar weakness. On examination, he showed ptosis, weakness of eye movements and facial muscles, and diminished palatal and gag reflexes. Investigations including repetitive nerve stimulation were consistent with myasthenia gravis. He was started on pyridostigmine and prednisolone to treat myasthenia gravis.
Cidp diagnostic criteria
This document provides diagnostic criteria for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), including:
1) Clinical criteria for typical and atypical CIDP with inclusion/exclusion factors.
2) Definite, probable, and possible electrophysiological criteria involving compound muscle action potential tests.
3) Supportive diagnostic criteria including cerebrospinal fluid analysis, MRI findings, nerve conduction studies, and nerve biopsy results.
It also outlines inclusion/exclusion criteria and supportive criteria specifically for diagnosing pure sensory CIDP without motor involvement.
MND assessment and management
This document outlines the assessment and management of motor neuron disease. It describes the typical demographics, chief complaints, history taking including past medical history, examination including motor function and coordination tests, investigations such as MRI and EMG, diagnostic criteria, physiotherapy management focused on maintaining muscle tone and strength, improving mobility, preventing deformities, managing dysarthria and dysphagia, maintaining respiratory function, and decreasing pain. The goals are to improve patient confidence and function while preventing complications through various exercises, positioning, orthotics, and airway clearance techniques.
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Subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis (SSPE) also known as Dawson Disease, Dawson encephalitis, and measles encephalitis is a rare and chronic form of progressive brain inflammation caused by a persistent infection with measles virus.
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Approach to a case of immunodeficiency in children
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(2) Signs that immunodeficiency should be suspected include very frequent or severe infections, a family history, unusual clinical presentations or microorganisms at unusual sites, and other clues such as many ear infections, sinus infections, or need for IV antibiotics.
(3) Common clinical features are recurrent respiratory infections, severe bacterial infections, persistent infections with poor response, and growth issues. Initial testing includes blood
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Motor neuron diseases are a group of neurological disorders that affect the motor neurons responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movements. These diseases cause the motor neurons to degenerate or die, leading to progressive weakness and muscle wasting that impacts movement, speech, breathing, and daily activities. The major types of motor neuron diseases include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), progressive bulbar palsy (PBP), primary lateral sclerosis (PLS), hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), and Kennedy disease. While the causes are complex, genetic mutations and environmental factors can contribute to motor neuron degeneration and disease development. Treatments aim to manage symptoms and slow progression through medications, physical therapy,
Diagnosis and clinical management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2)
This document provides an overview of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), including its diagnosis, clinical presentation, disease course, treatment and management. Some key points:
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- Diagnosis involves assessing for signs of both upper and lower motor neuron dysfunction via clinical exam, electrodiagnostic testing, and ruling out other potential causes.
- Symptoms vary depending on site of onset but commonly include limb weakness, bulbar dysfunction, and respiratory impairment. Disease progression eventually involves multiple regions.
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Peripheral Neurological Disorders & Central Nervous Center
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als)
ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a neurodegenerative disease that causes the motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord to progressively degenerate. This leads to muscle weakness and atrophy throughout the body. While the causes are largely unknown, about 5-10% of ALS cases are inherited. The disease usually starts in the limbs and causes symptoms like muscle cramps, weakness, and atrophy. Over time, it spreads and also affects muscles used for breathing, swallowing, and speaking. Currently, there is no cure for ALS and the goal of treatment is to manage symptoms and prolong life using medications, respiratory support, and multidisciplinary care.
Motor neuron disease.pptx new
Motor neuron diseases are a group of rare neurodegenerative disorders that progressively cause nerves in the brain and spinal cord to lose function, affecting voluntary muscle movement. The most common type in adults is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which affects both upper and lower motor neurons. There is no cure for motor neuron diseases, so treatment focuses on managing symptoms and maximizing quality of life through supportive care, rehabilitation, and FDA-approved drugs that may slow progression. Prognosis depends on the specific type of motor neuron disease and age of onset, with some forms being fatal and others non-fatal but still impacting quality of life over time.
MOTOR NEURON DISEASE.pptx
Motor neuron diseases are a group of neurodegenerative disorders that progressively cause nerves in the brain and spinal cord to lose function, affecting voluntary muscle movement. The most common type in adults is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which affects both upper and lower motor neurons. There is no cure and treatments focus on managing symptoms and maximizing independence. Prognosis depends on the specific type of motor neuron disease and age of onset, with some forms being fatal and others non-fatal but still reducing quality of life over time.
mnd Dr.Manoj.pptx
Motor neuron disease (MND) is a neurodegenerative condition caused by the loss of upper and lower motor neurons. MND includes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), with ALS being the most common type. MND is characterized by a combination of upper and lower motor neuron signs without sensory involvement. Diagnosis can be difficult and is often delayed. While treatment can prolong survival, MND is relentlessly progressive. Management involves a multidisciplinary team and non-invasive ventilation to prolong survival and quality of life.
Cns Neuropathy Davidson07.
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FLOPPY INFANT SYNDROM,CHENNELOPATHY, CRAMP.pdf
This ppt nots specially for physiotherapy students this is for study purpose if you need this kind of short and brief study material keep following my website.. Education adda
MND.pptx
The document discusses motor neuron disease (MND), also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrig's disease. It provides definitions, classifications, clinical features and patterns of MND. It describes the pathology, investigations, diagnostic criteria and management of ALS, the most common form of MND. It also discusses other types of MND like progressive muscular atrophy (PMA), progressive bulbar paralysis, and primary lateral sclerosis. Traditional Ayurvedic correlations for MND are also provided.
CNS.ppt
This document discusses the nervous system and provides information on epilepsy and multiple sclerosis. It defines epilepsy as recurrent seizures caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Epilepsy is classified as focal or generalized. Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system characterized by patches of demyelination in the brain and spinal cord. Common symptoms include sensory and motor issues. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation and MRI imaging. Treatment aims to modify the disease course and manage symptoms.
Myasthenia Gravis - Pathophysiology, Cl. Features, DD
Myasthenia Gravis - Pathophysiology, Cl. Features, DDStanley Medical College, Department of Medicine
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder caused by antibodies that interfere with signal transmission at the neuromuscular junction. The antibodies are typically against acetylcholine receptors or muscle-specific kinase. This disrupts muscle contraction and causes weakness that fluctuates and worsens with activity. Symptoms usually start in extraocular muscles and may progress to other areas. Thymic abnormalities are seen in many cases and thymectomy can aid treatment.Muscle Diseases.lect.undergrad..pptx
This document discusses muscle diseases and neuromuscular junction disorders. It provides a classification and overview of various myopathies including inherited disorders like muscular dystrophies, glycogen/lipid storage diseases, and mitochondrial diseases. It describes specific muscular dystrophies in detail like Duchenne, Becker, Emery-Dreifuss, and limb girdle muscular dystrophies. Myotonic disorders like myotonic dystrophy and myotonia congenita are also summarized. The document concludes with an overview of myasthenia gravis, describing its pathogenesis, classification, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and management.
Student Work Rett Syndrome
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This document discusses various types and causes of neuropathies, including focal (mononeuropathy), multifocal (mononeuropathy multiplex), and generalized (polyneuropathy) neuropathies. Common causes include entrapment neuropathies, diabetes, vitamin deficiencies, toxins/drugs, and systemic diseases. Specific conditions discussed include Bell's palsy, trigeminal neuralgia, and hemifacial spasm. Diagnostic testing and management strategies are also outlined.
Delirium
Delirium is characterized by disturbances in attention, awareness, cognition and perception that develop over a short period of time and tend to fluctuate. It is commonly caused by medical illnesses, medications, substance withdrawal or intoxication in older patients. Key features include inattention, disorganized thinking and altered consciousness. It is diagnosed using tools like the Confusion Assessment Method. Treatment focuses on identifying and addressing the underlying medical causes, ensuring patient safety, and preventing complications like pneumonia or falls.
seizure and vertigo.pptx
This document provides an overview of the approach to evaluating and managing seizures. It begins with definitions of seizures and epilepsy, then discusses pseudo-seizures. It outlines key questions to ask patients about their medical history and seizures. Important parts of the neurological exam are described. Recommended tests include EEG, imaging studies, and labs. Treatment involves managing the underlying cause, avoiding triggers, and antiepileptic medications. Surgical options and discontinuing therapy are also reviewed. Special considerations for epilepsy in pregnancy are highlighted.
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This document discusses progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME), which consists of myoclonic seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, and progressive neurological dysfunction like ataxia and dementia. The main causes of PME include Unverricht-Lundborg disease, myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fiber syndrome, Lafora body disease, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, and sialidoses. Each of these disorders is described in detail, outlining their characteristic symptoms, age of onset, genetic basis, diagnostic criteria, management approaches, and other relevant clinical information. Rare causes of PME like dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy and non
Progressive myoclonic epilepsy
The document discusses progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME), which consists of myoclonic seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, and progressive neurological dysfunction like ataxia and dementia. The main causes of PME include Unverricht-Lundborg disease, myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fiber syndrome, Lafora body disease, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, and sialidoses. Lafora body disease is characterized by myoclonus, seizures, ataxia, dementia and inclusion bodies. It has autosomal recessive inheritance and death usually occurs within 10 years of onset. Management involves treatment of seizures and myoclonus with medications like
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- 9. MND (ALS):
- 14. Clinical features: course Signs Signs Symptoms often begin focally in one part & spread gradually but eventually become widespread
- 15. Clinical features: involvement patterns Signs Signs 1.Progressive muscular atrophy Predominantly spinal motor neurons affected Weakness / wasting of distal limb muscles at first Fasciculation in muscles Tendon reflexes may be absent
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