This document provides information about Narda Safety Test Solutions and measurement of non-ionizing radiation from various wireless technologies. It discusses the difference between broadband and selective meters, challenges in sensitivity and bandwidth for measurements, and examples of measuring signals from technologies like GSM, DECT phones, Wi-Fi, WiMax, LTE, and radar. Measurement examples using spectrum analysis and oscilloscope modes are shown for different services.

2. Narda Safety Test Solutions
Firma: Narda Safety Test Solutions GmbH
Name: Holger Schwarz
Adresse: Sandwiesenstrasse 7
72795 Pfullingen
Germany
Telefone: +49 7121 9732 724
Fax: +49 7121 9732 790
E-Mail: holger.schwarz@narda-sts.de
Internet: www.narda-sts.de

3. Measurement of non-ionising
radiation due to WiFi, DECT, 4G
(LTE) or radar

4. Manmade fields

5. Safety at Workplace
BroadcastingMobile Radio
Industry Office
Military
Industry

6. Environmental / Precautional Measurements
Residential Areas
At Home
Public Areas

7. Typical Equipment for RF Measurements
Broadband Meters Selective Meters
(Spectrum Analyzers)

8. What is major difference between broadband
and selective measurement?
Broadband meter
measures the sum of
emissions for all
services
Spectrum Analysis
measures the emission
service by service
e.g. NBM and
Probe Type EF0691
e.g. SRM
Spectrum Analysis
Bandwidth 100 kHz to 6 GHz
(means 5.9999 GHz
fixed)
From
10 Hz to 20 MHz
variable
Center
frequency
2.99995 GHz fixed From
9 kHz to 6 GHz
variable

9. Two Challenges on Test Equipment
1. Sensitivity, specially for measurements
At Home
In Offices
In Public Areas
2. Bandwidth
Compared to previous Systems modern Communication System
occupy higher Bandwidth e.g.:
• DVB-T
• UMTS
• LTE (4G)
• …

10. 1. Sensitivity
No problem for workplace
safety measurements. There is
“sufficient” field strength to by
measured by broadband
equipment

11. 1. Sensitivity
ICNIRP/RPS3 and Italy
1,00
10,00
100,00
1000,00
10E+3 100E+3 1E+6 10E+6 100E+6 1E+9 10E+9 100E+9 1E+12
Frequency / Hz
E/(V/m)
ICNIRP Occupational, Australia "RF Worker"
ICNIRP General Public, Australia "NON-RF Worker"
Exposure limits for general public Italy
Attention thresholds and quality targets Italy

12. 1. Sensitivity
0.1 mV/m
0.01 V/m
1000 V/m
100 V/m
10 V/m
1 V/m
0.1 V/m
1 mV/m
Spectrum Analyzer (1 kHz RBW)
200 V/m
60 µV/m
Broadband (3 GHz probe)
320 V/m
0.2 V/m
RF Limit Values
6 V/m (Italy)
27 V/m
Typical indoor and public
measurement values

13. 2. Bandwidth
Bandwidth of services is growing rapidly!Bandwidth of services is growing rapidly!
GSM:
bandwidth
200 kHz
3G:
bandwidth
5 MHz
Analog:
bandwidth
3.1 kHz
LTE (4G):
bandwidth
20 MHz

14. 2. Bandwidth, Broadband Equipment
Advantage
It’s broadband:
3, 6, 18 or even 50 GHz bandwidth is no problem
Disadvantage
It’s broadband:
It doesn’t tell you who it is
It’s sensitivity is limited

15. 2. Bandwidth, Selective Equipment
Advantage
It’s narrowband:
Distinction between different services is no problem
Sensitivity is high enough to measure even very
small signals
Disadvantage
It’s narrowband:
Bandwidth might not be big enough to capture
a complete signal of one of the new services

16. Bandwidth RBW
Which Bandwidth (RBW) has to be selected?
In spectrum analysis a RBW which is equal to the bandwidth of
the service you want to measure
Bandwidth of Service < RBW Okay, but the measurement result can also
include other services
Bandwidth of Service = RBW Best
Bandwidth of Service > RBW Indication of the marker will be smaller than
the total amount.
Better to use integration “Integration over
frequency”

17. Examples of occupied Bandwidth
E.G.:
LW/MW/SW 10 kHz
DRM 4,5 to 20 kHz
FM Radio 200 kHz
GSM traffic or BCCH 200 kHz
DAB 1,5 MHz
UMTS 5 MHz
Analog TV 5-8 MHz
DVB-T 7 MHz
LTE (4G) 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz
SRM can offer bandwidth from 10 Hz up to 20/32 MHz
RBW
available
in traditional
handheld SA

18. GSM Time Slots
of Traffic Channels

19. GSM Time Slot
Facts of GSM:
Each GSM-antenna has one Signaling Channel (BCCH) and
several Traffic Channels
Each Channel has a Bandwidth of 200 kHz
GSM Traffic Channel has 8 Time Slots each 577 µs

20. 1. Find a Traffic Channel in Spectrum
Find one Traffic Channel in Spectrum Analysis Mode

21. Using Trigger Events

22. DECT Phones

23. DECT
Facts of DECT Phones
Frequency Range: 1880 – 1900 MHz
Base Station: permanently on
Channel Structure:
Number of Channels: 10
Channel Bandwidth 1.728 MHz (f = 1897.344 - n * 1.728 MHz)
Cycle Duration: 10 ms with 24 Time Slots each 368 µs

24. Example Office - DECT Phones
Spectrum Analysis Mode
Scope Mode

25. W-LAN Safety Measurement

26. W-LAN Facts
Frequency Range
• 2.4 GHz - 2.497 GHz
• 5.15 GHz - 5.35 GHz
• 5.725 GHz - 5.825 GHz
Channel Structure:
Channel Number
• 2.4 GHz: 14 (overlapping), 3 (non-overlapping)
• 5 GHz: 12 (non-overlapping)
Channel Bandwidth
• 20 MHz but also 10 MHz and 40 MHz (most 16.6 MHz or 20 MHz)
Cycle Duration: 0.25 ms up to 1 … 2ms

27. W-LAN –
1.) Find the Center Frequency
Spectrum Analysis Mode

28. WLAN in Scope Mode

29. WiMax

30. WiMax - Overview Measurement

31. WiMax Signal in Spectrum

32. WiMax Signal (1 Channel with 1 FFT)

33. WiMax in Scope

34. LTE
Long Term Evolution
The next mobile phone generation!

35. Summary of technical details
Channel Bandwidth:
1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz
DL Multiple Access:
OFDMA
Duplexing:
FDD and TDD
Sub-carrier spacing:
15 kHz
Data Modulation:
QPSK, 16QAM, 64 QAM
FFT size (5MHz):
512
Channel Coding:
Convolutional coding and turbo coding
MIMO:
Multi layer pre-coded spatial multi-placing space time / frequency block
coding, switched transmit diversity, and cycle delay diversity

36. LTE - Technical Definition
BANDWIDTH
Bandwidth between 1.4 to 20 MHz (variable)
(1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz)

37. Measuring LTE in Spectrum = 20 MHz
with 1 FFT the whole spectrum is measured
96 % Traffic

38. LTE in Spectrum – Broadcast Channel
Broadcast Channel +
Sync Channel = 1 MHz

39. LTE Signal in Scope Mode – 1 Frame

40. Radar

41. Radar Pulse in Spectrum (PW=1us)
Measurement in lab

42. Real Radar Measurement
Due to several reflections of environment no clear representation

43. Information about the Pulse
Pulse width

44. Reflections
Radar
Measurement Point
Reflection after 2.5 µs (750 m)
Reflection after 300 ns (90 m)