5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems is abbreviated as 5G, and proposed next telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. 5G planning aims at higher capacity than current 4G, allowing a higher density of mobile broadband users, and supporting device-to-device, ultra reliable, and massive machine communications. Its research and development also aims at lower latency than 4G equipment and lower battery consumption, for better implementation of the Internet of things.
What LTE Parameters need to be Dimensioned and OptimizedHoracio Guillen
How to Dimension user Traffic in 4G networks
What is the best LTE Configuration
Spectrum analysis for LTE System
MIMO: What is real, What is Wishful thinking
LTE Measurements what they mean and how they are used
How to consider Overhead in LTE Dimensioning and What is the impact
How to take into account customer experience when Designing a Wireless Network
Hello my friends
Unfortunately, if you want any of these files, please contact me by email and mention any reference you find, to give it to you.
My email: molham.shoriss@outlook.com
LTE
LTE Introduction
LTE Fundamental
LTE RNP Introduction
LTE Principles (Huawei eRAN 3.0)
LTE Access Fault Diagnosis
LTE Access Transport Network Dimensioning
LTE Air Interface ISSUE 1.05
LTE Cell Planning ISSUE1.10
LTE eRAN 3.0 Scheduling - Feature Parameter Description
LTE eRAN3.0 Idle Mode Behavior
LTE eRAN3.0 KPI Introduction
LTE eRAN3.0 - Mobility Management in Connected Mode - Feature Parameters Description
LTE Handover Fault Diagnosis
LTE Network Tuning ISSUE 1.00
LTE Protocols and Procedure
LTE Radio Network Capacity Dimensioning
LTE Radio Network Coverage Dimensioning
LTE Radio Resource Management Overview
LTE Scheduling
LTE (Eicsson)
01.LTE SAE System Overview
LTE 10A Air Interface
LTE L10A Access Transport Network
LTE L10A Radio Network Design
LTE L12 Initial Tuning
LTE L14 Radio Network Functionality LTE
LTE Protocols and Procedures
LTE System Techniques
LTE Throughput Troubleshooting Techniques
LTE Radio Access Radio Interface Dimensioning and Planning
MIMO in WCDMA and LTE
LTE L14 Radio Network Functionality LTE
LTE Huawei
LTE System Overview
LTE Air Interface
LTE Protocols and Signaling Procedures
LTE Network Performance Management (KPIs)
LTE Radio Network Coverage Dimensioning
LTE Cell Planning
LTE Access Fault Diagnosis
LTE Handover Fault Diagnosis
LTE Call Drop Diagnosis
LTE Traffic Fault Diagnosis
LTE Interference Troubleshooting Guide
LTE Optimization
LTE Troubleshooting Access Failures
Features 1. Idle Mode
Features 2. Intra Rat Handover
Features 3. Power Control
Features 4. Scheduling
Features 5. CS Fallback
Features 6. Physical Channel Resource Management
HedEx for LTE
eRAN_eRAN13.0_02_en_GEG09124
5G
5G System Design (Wiley)
HedEx for 5G
(For Engineer) 5G RAN2.0 Solution Technical Guideline
Hello my friends
Unfortunately, if you want any of these files, please contact me by email and mention any reference you find, to give it to you.
My email: molham.shoriss@outlook.com
An overview of 5G NR key technical features and enhancements for massive MIMO, mmWave, etc.
Presented by Yinan Qi, Samsung Electronics R&D Institute UK at Cambridge Wireless event Radio technology for 5G – making it work
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
What LTE Parameters need to be Dimensioned and OptimizedHoracio Guillen
How to Dimension user Traffic in 4G networks
What is the best LTE Configuration
Spectrum analysis for LTE System
MIMO: What is real, What is Wishful thinking
LTE Measurements what they mean and how they are used
How to consider Overhead in LTE Dimensioning and What is the impact
How to take into account customer experience when Designing a Wireless Network
Hello my friends
Unfortunately, if you want any of these files, please contact me by email and mention any reference you find, to give it to you.
My email: molham.shoriss@outlook.com
LTE
LTE Introduction
LTE Fundamental
LTE RNP Introduction
LTE Principles (Huawei eRAN 3.0)
LTE Access Fault Diagnosis
LTE Access Transport Network Dimensioning
LTE Air Interface ISSUE 1.05
LTE Cell Planning ISSUE1.10
LTE eRAN 3.0 Scheduling - Feature Parameter Description
LTE eRAN3.0 Idle Mode Behavior
LTE eRAN3.0 KPI Introduction
LTE eRAN3.0 - Mobility Management in Connected Mode - Feature Parameters Description
LTE Handover Fault Diagnosis
LTE Network Tuning ISSUE 1.00
LTE Protocols and Procedure
LTE Radio Network Capacity Dimensioning
LTE Radio Network Coverage Dimensioning
LTE Radio Resource Management Overview
LTE Scheduling
LTE (Eicsson)
01.LTE SAE System Overview
LTE 10A Air Interface
LTE L10A Access Transport Network
LTE L10A Radio Network Design
LTE L12 Initial Tuning
LTE L14 Radio Network Functionality LTE
LTE Protocols and Procedures
LTE System Techniques
LTE Throughput Troubleshooting Techniques
LTE Radio Access Radio Interface Dimensioning and Planning
MIMO in WCDMA and LTE
LTE L14 Radio Network Functionality LTE
LTE Huawei
LTE System Overview
LTE Air Interface
LTE Protocols and Signaling Procedures
LTE Network Performance Management (KPIs)
LTE Radio Network Coverage Dimensioning
LTE Cell Planning
LTE Access Fault Diagnosis
LTE Handover Fault Diagnosis
LTE Call Drop Diagnosis
LTE Traffic Fault Diagnosis
LTE Interference Troubleshooting Guide
LTE Optimization
LTE Troubleshooting Access Failures
Features 1. Idle Mode
Features 2. Intra Rat Handover
Features 3. Power Control
Features 4. Scheduling
Features 5. CS Fallback
Features 6. Physical Channel Resource Management
HedEx for LTE
eRAN_eRAN13.0_02_en_GEG09124
5G
5G System Design (Wiley)
HedEx for 5G
(For Engineer) 5G RAN2.0 Solution Technical Guideline
Hello my friends
Unfortunately, if you want any of these files, please contact me by email and mention any reference you find, to give it to you.
My email: molham.shoriss@outlook.com
An overview of 5G NR key technical features and enhancements for massive MIMO, mmWave, etc.
Presented by Yinan Qi, Samsung Electronics R&D Institute UK at Cambridge Wireless event Radio technology for 5G – making it work
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
In this paper, we discussed about LTE system throughput calculation for both TDD and FDD system.
3GPP LTE technology support both TDD and FDD multiplexing. The paper describes all the factors which affect the throughput like Bandwidth, Modulation, UE category and mulplexing. It also describes how we get throughput 300Mbps in DL and 75Mbps in UL and what are assumptions taken to calculate the same.
Paper describes the steps and formulae to calculate the throughput for FDD system for TDD Config 1 and Config 2.
The throughput calculations shown in this paper is theoretical and limited by the assumptions taken to calculate for calculations
What is 5G NR all about? Check out this presentation to see all the key design components of this new unifying air interface for the next decade and beyond.
In this paper, we discussed about LTE system throughput calculation for both TDD and FDD system.
3GPP LTE technology support both TDD and FDD multiplexing. The paper describes all the factors which affect the throughput like Bandwidth, Modulation, UE category and mulplexing. It also describes how we get throughput 300Mbps in DL and 75Mbps in UL and what are assumptions taken to calculate the same.
Paper describes the steps and formulae to calculate the throughput for FDD system for TDD Config 1 and Config 2.
The throughput calculations shown in this paper is theoretical and limited by the assumptions taken to calculate for calculations
What is 5G NR all about? Check out this presentation to see all the key design components of this new unifying air interface for the next decade and beyond.
5G/NR wireless communication technology overview, architecture and its operating modes SA and NSA. Also an introduction to VoNR and other services overview of 5G network.
The key technologies of 5G namely MIMO and Network slicing are also explained.
The principle and characteristics of GSM and NB-IoT
In this paper, we first analyze the principle and characteristics of GSM and NB-IoT, study the NB-IoT coverage enhancement methods, and compare and analyze the coverage capability of GSM and NB-IoT.
Each cell has a number of carrier frequencies, and each carrier frequency has eight-time slots, which means that eight basic physical channels are provided. In the wireless subsystem, the physical channels support the logical channels, and the physical channels are mapped to different logical channels according to the types of messages transmitted on the physical channels.
Objective is to include the brief insight on 5G network architecture and standard progress, Accumulated it from different paper/journal, vendor’s white paper and different blog.
At present, the global information age has arrived, the total amount of data has exploded, and people's demand for data and information is increasing. The birth of LTE is to continuously optimize wireless communication technology to meet customers' higher requirements for wireless communication.
LTE is a long-term evolution of the UMTS technical standard formulated by the 3GPP organization, in 2004 The project was formally established and launched at the 3GPP Toronto meeting in December.
LTE is a wireless data communication technology standard. The current goal of LTE is to use new technologies and modulation methods to improve the data transmission capacity and data transmission speed of wireless networks, such as new digital signal processing (DSP) technologies, which were mostly proposed around 2000.
The long-term goal of LTE is to simplify and redesign the network architecture to make it an IP-based network, which will help reduce potential undesirable factors in the 3G transition.
LTE technology mainly has two mainstream modes, TDD and FDD, and the two modes have their own characteristics. Among them, FDD-LTE is widely used internationally, while TD-LTE is more common in my country.
The LTE (Long Term Evolution) project is an evolution of 3G, a transition between 3G and 4G technologies, and a global standard of 3.9G.
It has improved and enhanced the 3G air access technology, using OFDM and MIMO as the only standard for its wireless network evolution. It provides a peak rate of 100 Mbit/s for downlink and 50 Mbit/s for uplink under a 20MHz spectrum bandwidth, which improves the performance of cell-edge users, increases cell capacity, and reduces system delay.
In order to better understand LTE, we have listed 41 basic knowledge of LTE for your reference.
Intends to discuss about new data centric environment challenges due tsunami data traffic in mobile broadband and how industry is being prepared to address all of these changes.
Presented virtually by Andy Sutton, Principal Network Architect, BT Technology on 06 Aug 2020.
Andy provides an update and review of the transformational plans, capabilities and outcomes from 5G deployments in the UK. 5G networks are already enabling a step change in the range and capability of innovative applications from IoT to robotics. That pace of change is due to accelerate as 5G moves from its initial enhanced mobile broadband phase to deliver ultra-reliable and low latency communications along with massive machine type connectivity.
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
Performance Improvement of IEEE 802.22 WRAN Physical LayerIOSR Journals
The spectrum available for the wireless services is limited, the increased demand of wireless
application has put a lot of limitations on the utilization of available radio spectrum. For the efficient spectrum
utilization for wireless application IEEE 802.22 standard i.e. WRAN (Wireless Regional Area Network) is
developed which is based on cognitive radio technique that senses the free available spectrum. It allows sharing
of geographically unused channels allocated to the TV Broadcast Service, without interference.
In this paper we are evaluating the performance of WRAN over physical layer with QPSK, 16-QAM
and 64-QAM modulation with Convolution coding with code rate of 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 and obtaining the BER
curves for rician channel. Simulation is performed in MATLAB
Performance Improvement of IEEE 802.22 WRAN Physical LayerIOSR Journals
Abstract: The spectrum available for the wireless services is limited, the increased demand of wireless application has put a lot of limitations on the utilization of available radio spectrum. For the efficient spectrum utilization for wireless application IEEE 802.22 standard i.e. WRAN (Wireless Regional Area Network) is developed which is based on cognitive radio technique that senses the free available spectrum. It allows sharing of geographically unused channels allocated to the TV Broadcast Service, without interference. In this paper we are evaluating the performance of WRAN over physical layer with QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM modulation with Convolution coding with code rate of 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 and obtaining the BER curves for rician channel. Simulation is performed in MATLAB. Keywords - CC, CP, CR, OFDMA, PHY Layer, WRAN
Similar to 5G New Radio Technology Throughput Calculation (20)
5G Transport Network Requirement for Indian Telecom By Subrata SenSukhvinder Singh Malik
There are few people whom we meet and connect instantly. Recently, We met Subrata Sen, (Head, Fiber/Transport Planning at Bharti Infratel Ltd) and veteran in telecom industry during a conference. During our conversation, we had long discussion about upcoming technologies and how important the backhaul , specially fiber is for future network.
For example, if we wish to move our telco infrastructure to Cloud, virtualize our network elements, do we have the capability to move all data traffic to centralized cloud? Mr. Sen provided his expert opinion on how the transport network needs to be redesigned and what are important parameters for the same.
Smart poles as a concept is not new but is getting extremely popular with Smart cities and Small cells. Penetration of smart phones and exponential growth of data consumption has pushed operators to deploy more sites to meet both coverage and capacity requirements. Interference and frequency re-use limitation stops operators to deploy more high-power macro sites and hence operators are moving towards low power solutions to cover hotspots.
Trai has recently invited companies for a Pilot Wi-Fi open Network. Trai relates the same with PCOs which were used to do the voice calls and were very popular hotspots before the mobile phones or home landlines became the ultimate mode of communication.
Pilot project called as Wi-Fi Access Network Interface (WANI) is planned to run on a partnership model, wherein to setup Wi-Fi hotspots (or PDOs, Public Data offices) by acquiring bandwidth from multiple Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and re-selling services as data to end customers at a lower rate
To meet the new connectivity requirements of the emerging IoT segment, 3GPP has taken evolutionary steps on both the network side and the device side. A single technology or solution cannot be ideal to all the different potential IoT applications, market situations and spectrum availability. As a result, the 3GPP standardizing several technologies, including Extended Coverage GSM (EC-GSM), LTE-M and NB-IoT.
LTE-M, NB-IoT and EC-GSM are all superior solutions to meet IoT requirements as a family of solutions, and can complement each other based on technology availability, use case requirements and deployment scenarios. The evolution for these technologies is shown in figure #5. Technical studies and normative work for the support of Machine Type Communication (MTC) as part of 3GPP LTE specifications for RAN began in 3GPP Release 12 and are continuing with the goals of developing features optimized for devices with MTC traffic.
As a consequence of the proliferation of smart phones and tablets, data traffic is growing significantly, both on the radio access links and the backhaul infrastructure of mobile operators’ networks. And although LTE and LTE Advanced offer higher data traffic throughput than that of 3G, given to their wider allocated bandwidths, the combined capacities of even these networks is not sufficient to meet projected future capacity demands.
The conventional solution to increasing the capacity of LTE mobile networks includes splitting macro-cells and/or adding more sites. Both of these solutions require high CAPEX and OPEX, so mobile operators are seeking new and cost effective ways of increasing their network capacity. One solution is to deploy small-cell base stations (BSs) within their existing macro-cellular networks, an approach referred to as Heterogeneous Networks.
It is well known that a HetNet not only increases the network capacity, but also provides better coverage and enhances the user’s experience. These benefits are achieved by offloading data traffic dynamically from MCBSs to SCBSs using an algorithm based on several parameters such as the characteristics of the traffic, the required QoS and network
Radio Link Analysis for 4G TD- LTE Technology at 2.3 GHz FrequencySukhvinder Singh Malik
The Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the latest step in an advancing series of mobile telecommunications systems.
In this paper, authors show interest on the link budgeting the information presented here will help readers understand how the budgeting will be done in LTE. This paper provides
dimensioning of LTE for particular city.
This will provides the number of cell count. Here we tell about a GUI MATLAB System for calculation of no. of resources required to provide services in particular area with optimum cost and better quality.
Abstract— Scheduler is the backbone of intelligence in a LTE network. Scheduler will often have clashing needs that can make its design very complex and non-trivial.
The overall system throughput needs to be maintained at the best possible value without sacrificing the cell edge user experience.
In this paper, authors compared different scheduler designs for voice and packet services. They explained the role of configuration parameters through simulations. These parameters control the tradeoff between the sector throughput and the fairness in system through. They explained a possible scheduler implementation.
COMPARISON OF BER AND NUMBER OF ERRORS WITH DIFFERENT MODULATION TECHNIQUES I...Sukhvinder Singh Malik
This paper provides analysis of BER and Number of Errors for MIMO-OFDM wireless communication system by using different modulation techniques. Wireless designers constantly seek to improve the spectrum efficiency/capacity, coverage of wireless networks, and link reliability. So the performances of the wireless communication systems can be enhanced by using multiple transmit and receive antennas, which is generally referred to as the MIMO technique. Here analysis will be carried out for an OFDM wireless communication system using different modulation techniques and considering the effect and the wireless channel like AWGN, fading. Performance results will be evaluated numerically and graphically using the plots of BER versus SNR and plots of number of errors versus SNR.
The Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the latest step in an advancing series of mobile telecommunications systems. In this paper, authors show interest on the security features and the cryptographic algorithms used to ensure confidentiality and integrity of the transmitted data. A closer look is taken upon EPS confidentiality and integrity algorithms. The authors also defined AKA, AS and NAS security and key derivations during normal Attach process and Handover also.
RF testing has remained hype for most of us. But seriously it is not so. It can be very interesting and one can develop a lot of interest in this if given an opportunity.
In this paper, authors have started with the some basic concepts of radio engineering which we studied in engineering and built upon these concepts to use in practical applications.
We have also described the basic principles of Signal Analyzer and Signal Generator which are the most common test tools used for any radio testing.
In our daily life we see so many antennas everywhere, from simple radio transreceiver to big tower antennas and DTH antennas. Antenna is a magical element in the field of communication. Nobody can dream of wireless communication without the use of antennas. It’s the antenna which creates the magic in the air and makes wireless communication possible.
In this paper authors will discuss about the cellular antennas. They will concentrate mainly on fundamentals of antenna, relationship between frequency, wavelength and dipole wave propagation and parameters of antenna like Gain, VSWR, SFR and FBR etc.
Authors also discuss about types of down tilt, generic requirements of antennas, selection of antennas and beam forming and active antenna systems.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Top 10 Oil and Gas Projects in Saudi Arabia 2024.pdf
5G New Radio Technology Throughput Calculation
1. 1. Introduction
5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems is abbreviated as 5G, and proposed next
telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. 5G planning aims at higher
capacity than current 4G, allowing a higher density of mobile broadband users, and supporting device-to-
device, ultra reliable, and massive machine communications. Its research and development also aims at lower
latency than 4G equipment and lower battery consumption, for better implementation of the Internet of things.
What is New Radio?
New Radio (NR) is the wireless standard that will become the foundation for the next generation 5G
of mobile networks.
Its development is part of continuous mobile broadband evolution process to meet the requirements
of 5G as outlined by IMT-2020, similar to evolution of 3G and 4G wireless technologies.
In legacy 3G and 4G connected people, whereas future 5G NR will connect everything means it will
be connecting our smartphones, cars, meters, wearable etc.
It aims to make wireless broadband same as of wireline with the fiber-like performance at a significantly
lower cost-per-bit.
With new levels of latency, reliability, and security, 5G NR will scale to efficiently connect the massive
Internet of Things (IoT), and will offer new types of mission-critical services.
Why New Radio?
NR is required to support wide range of frequency < 6GHz and mmWave band up 100GHz
Currently available technologies like LTE & HSPA not designed and optimized for mmWave
frequencies
To support wider channel bandwidth up to 1GHz
To support new channel model profile and deployments
To support eMBB, URLCC and MIoT with single technology
3GPP 5G NR standard, set to be published with 3GPP Release 15 and further developed to likely include new
features, functions and services from there. NR will define the air interface that will support next-generation
communication connectivity.
Based on the ongoing technical work, the 5G NR standard will consider standalone and non-standalone
operation of NR cells. In non-standalone operation NR cell will uses LTE cell as the control plane anchor while
in standalone operation NR cell will have full control plane functionality. Target use cases include Enhanced
Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Mission-Critical Services (MCS) and Massive Connected Device with ultra-reliable,
low-latency communications in frequencies both above and below 6 GHz.
5G New Radio- Next Generation of Mobile Broadband White Paper
Sukhvinder Singh Malik, Rahul Atri
5G New Radio Technology Introduction
And
Its Throughput Capabilities
5G New Radio Page 1
2. 5G New Radio Page 2
2. Requirements for 5G New Radio
5G New radio vision and requirements are driven from ITM-2020. It has put three main use case families and
listed performance benchmarks as provided in below tables.
2.1 Use Case
Use case Families Service
Enhanced Mobile Broadband
(eMBB)
Gigabyte Internet, 3D Video, UHD Screen, VR/AR etc.
Ultra Reliable and Low Latency
Communication (URLCC)
Self-Driving Car, Mission Critical Application, Industry
Robot/Drone etc.
Massive Machine Type
Communication (mMTC)
Smart City, Internet of Things, Home Automation, eHealth etc.
2.2 Performance Benchmarks
Parameter Requirement Use case Family
Peak Data Rate DL- 20 Gbps UL -10 Gbps eMBB
Spectral Efficiency DL- 30 bits/Hz UL- 15bits/Hz eMBB
Latency C-Plane -10 ms , U-Plane 0.5ms URLCC
User Experienced Data Rate DL-100 Mbps , UL -50 Mbps eMBB
Area Traffic Capacity 10 Mbits/s/m2 mMTC
Connection Density 1 million Devices/Km2 mMTC
Energy Efficiency 90% Reduction in Energy usage mMTC
Reliability 1 packet loss out of 100 million packets URLCC
Mobility 500Km/h eMBB
Mobility Interruption Time 0 ms URLCC
System Bandwidth support upto 1GHz eMBB
Coverage mMTC- 164 dB mMTC
UE Battery Life mMTC – 15 years mMTC
3. New Radio Network Architecture and Network Terminology
3. New RAN: A Radio Access Network which can supports either NR/E-UTRA or both and have
capabilities to interface with Next Generation Core Network (NG-CN). NG-C/U is the Control/User
Plane interface toward NG-CN
gNB: New Radio (NR) Base stations which shall have capability to interface with 5G Core named as
NG-CN over NG-C/U (NG2/NG3) interface as well as 4G Core known as Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
over S1-C/U interface.
eLTE eNB: An eLTE eNB is evolved eNodeB that can support connectivity to EPC as well as NG-CN
Non-standalone NR : It is a 5G Network deployment configuration, where a gNB needs a LTE eNodeB
as an anchor for control plane connectivity to 4G EPC or eLTE eNB as anchor for control plane
connectivity to NG-CN
Standalone NR: It is a 5G Network deployment configuration where gNB does not need any
assistance for connectivity to core Network, it can connect by its own to NG-CN over NG2 and NG3
interfaces
Non-standalone E-UTRA: It is a 5G Network deployment configuration where the eLTE eNB requires
a gNB as anchor for control plane connectivity to NG-CN.
Standalone E-UTRA: It is typical 4G network deployment where a 4G LTE eNB connects to EPC
Xn Interface: It is a logical interface which interconnect the New RAN nodes i.e. it interconnects gNB
to gNB and eLTE eNB to gNB and vice versa.
4. New Radio Physical Layer
To support Enhance Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLCC) and
Massive IoT (MIoT) using single technology, NR requires a scalable and flexible physical layer design. To
enable all these, 3GPP has introduced a set of parameters such as the subcarrier spacing Symbol length,
cyclic prefix, Transmission Time Interval (TTI). A numerology is defined as a fixed configuration for these set
of parameters.
4.1 Subcarrier Spacing (SCS) and Numerology (𝝁)
Subcarrier spacing specifies the bandwidth of a single subcarrier in entire bandwidth and it can be represented
by∆𝑓and SCS. As per the 3GPP specification TS 38.211, ∆𝑓 = 2𝜇 ∗15 KHz and possible values of 𝜇 can be
0, 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Consider above NR supports can have subcarrier spacing of 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 KHz depending on the
value 𝜇. Here 𝜇 is known as the NR numerology constant.
𝝁 ∆𝒇 = 𝟐𝝁 ∗15 KHz Cyclic Prefix
0 15 KHz Normal
1 30 KHz Normal
2 60 KHz Normal and Extended
3 120 KHz Normal
4 240 KHz Normal
Subcarrier spacing is a trade-off between symbol duration and cyclic prefix overhear. When SCS is lower
symbol duration is larger and to avoid inter symbol interference (ISI) small CP should be enough, while larger
SCS result shorter symbol duration and it large CP to handle inter symbol interference.
4.2 Cyclic Prefix (CP)
Cyclic Prefix (CP) is required to manage inter symbol interference (ISI) due to multiple path signals. New Radio
supports both Normal CP Length and Extended CP Length similar to Long Term Evolution (LTE). CP Length
is a trade-off between CP overhead and ISI protection. The selection of CP shall be determined by
Outdoor/Indoor Deployment, frequency band and type of service.
5G New Radio Page 3
4. 4.3 Radio Frame Structure
5G NR support multiple numerologies, hence radio frame structure get a little different depending on the type
of numerology. However regardless of numerology the duration of one radio frame and subframe remain
constant as given below.
1 NR Radio Frame = 10 ms
1 NR Subframe = 1 ms
But number of slots with in a subframe changes with the numerology
𝝁 ∆𝒇 = 𝟐𝝁 ∗15 KHz No. of OFDM
Symbols per Slot
No. of Slot
per Subframe
No. of Subframe
per Frame
No. of Slots
per Frame
0 15 KHz 14 1 10 10
1 30 KHz 14 2 10 20
2 60 KHz –Normal CP 14 4 10 40
2 60 KHz Extended CP 12 4 10 40
3 120 KHz 14 8 10 80
4 240 KHz 14 16 10 160
1. Normal CP, Numerology (𝝁) = 0, Subcarrier Spacing (SCS) = 15 KHz
2. Normal CP, Numerology (𝝁) = 1, Subcarrier Spacing (SCS) = 30 KHz
3. Normal CP, Numerology ( 𝝁) = 2, Subcarrier Spacing (SCS) = 60 KHz
5G New Radio Page 4
5. 5G New Radio Page 5
4. Normal CP, Numerology 𝝁 = 3 Subcarrier spacing (SCS) = 120 KHz
5. Normal CP, Numerology 𝝁 =4 Subcarrier Spacing (SCS) = 240 KHz
4.4 NR Resource Block Definition
One NR Resource Block (RB) contains 14 symbols in time domain and 12 subcarriers in frequency domain. In
LTE resource block bandwidth is fixed to 180 KHz but in NR it is not fixed and depends on subcarrier spacing.
Numerology 𝜇 =0, ∆𝑓 = 15 KHz: One Resource Block is 180 KHz (15 x 12) in frequency domain and
1ms in time domain, Normal CP
Numerology 𝜇 =1, ∆𝑓 = 30 KHz: One Resource Block is 360 KHz (30 x 12) KHz in frequency domain
and 0.5ms in time domain, Normal CP
Numerology 𝜇 =2, ∆𝑓 = 60 KHz: One Resource Block is 720 KHz (60 x 12) KHz in frequency domain
and 0.25ms in time domain ,Normal CP
Numerology 𝜇 =3, ∆𝑓 = 120 KHz: One Resource Block is 1440 KHz (120 x 12) KHz in frequency
domain and 0.125ms in time domain, Normal CP
Numerology 𝜇 =4, ∆𝑓 = 240 KHz: One Resource Block is 2880 KHz (240 x 12) KHz in frequency
domain and 0.0625ms in time domain, Normal CP
4.5 NR Channel Bandwidth
The NR is expected to work with 100MHz channel bandwidth for lower bands < 6GHz and 400MHz channel
bandwidth higher bands in mmWave ranges. NR is designed to provide higher bandwidth efficiency reaching
to 99% which was about 90% in LTE. Another difference the NR has w.r.t. LTE is that it does not reserve any
D.C. subcarrier for uplink and downlink.
Each numerology has defined minimum and maximum number of resource block and having knowledge of
one resource block bandwidth, one can calculate minimum and maximum channel bandwidth.
Table below shows the same calculation for minimum and maximum channel bandwidth considering lower
band and higher band. The bandwidths shown here include the guard band bandwidth also.
𝝁 ∆𝒇 = 𝟐𝝁 ∗15 KHz Min RBs Max RBs Min. Channel BW (MHz) Max Channel BW (MHz)
0 15 KHz 24 275 4.32 49.5
1 30 KHz 24 275 8.64 99
2 60 KHz 24 275 17.28 198
3 120 KHz 24 275 34.56 396
4 240 KHz 24 138 69.12 397.44
6. 4.6 Maximum Number of Resource Block after Guard band
3GPP 38.101 has specified maximum transmission bandwidth configuration for each UE channel and
subcarrier spacing provided in below table. The resource block number shown here are after removing guard
band from channel bandwidth and maximum bandwidth considered is 100 MHz
𝝁 𝑺𝑪𝑺 KHz Supported
Bandwidth
Min. Guard Band Max Number of RB NRB
0 15 KHz 50 MHz 692.5 KHz 270
1 30 KHz 100 MHz 845 KHz 273
2 60 KHz 100 MHz 1370 KHz 135
Transmission Bandwidth Configuration NRB [RB]
Transmission
Bandwidth [RB]
f
Channel Bandwidth [MHz]
Active Resource
Blocks
Guardband, can be asymmetric
ResourceBlock
ChannelEdge
ChannelEdge
Resource block calculation example: (Assumption guard band is symmetric)
1) Numerology 𝜇 =0, ∆𝑓 = 15 KHz, One Resource Block is 180 KHz
Channel Bandwidth: 50 MHz
Guard Bandwidth: 692.5 KHz
No. of Resource Block = (Channel Bandwidth – 2x Guard Bandwidth) / One Resource Block Bandwidth
= (50x103 - 2x 692.5) / 180 = (48615/180) = 270 PRB
2) Numerology 𝜇 =1, ∆𝑓 = 30 KHz: One Resource Block is 360 KHz
Channel Bandwidth: 100 MHz
Guard Bandwidth: 845 KHz
No. of Resource Block = (Channel Bandwidth – 2x Guard Bandwidth) / One Resource Block Bandwidth
= (100x103 - 2x 845) / 360 = (98310/360) = 273 PRB
3) Numerology 𝜇 =2, ∆𝑓 = 60 KHz: One Resource Block is 720 KHz
Channel Bandwidth: 100 MHz
Guard Bandwidth: 1370 KHz
No. of Resource Block = (Channel Bandwidth – 2x Guard Bandwidth) / One Resource Block Bandwidth
= (100x103 - 2x 1370) 720 = (97260/720) = 135 PRB
4.8 Modulation Support in NR
5G/New Radio supports modulations like QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM and 256-QAM in downlink and uplink
shared channels (PDSCH/PUSCH). Each modulation has its bits carrying capacity per symbol and it is
commonly known as modulation order mQ .
One QPSK symbol can carry 2 bits, one 16-QAM symbol can carry 4 bits, one 64-QAM single can carry 6 bits
and one 256-QAM symbol can carry 8 bits.
5G New Radio Page 6
7. 4.9 FR1 and FR 2 Definition
As per specification 38.104, NR bands are designated for different frequency range (FR) and can be defined
as FR1 and FR2. FR1 range considers all band < 6GHz frequencies whereas FR2 considers all band above >
24GHz frequency. The actual range is given below
𝑭𝑹 Desgination Frequency Range
FR1 450 MHz- 6000 MHz
FR2 24250 MHz – 52600 MHz
5. New Radio Throughput Capabilities
The DL and UL max data rate supported by the UE is calculated by band combinations and baseband
processing combinations supported by the UE. For NR, the approximate data rate for a given number of
aggregated carriers in a band or band combination is computed as follows.
J
j
j
s
jBW
PRBjj
m
j
OH
T
N
RfQvLayers
1
)(
),(
max
)()()(6
1
12
10Mbps)(inRateData
Where in
J is the number of aggregated component carriers in a band or band combination
Rmax = 948/1024
For the j-th Carrier Component,
is the maximum number of layers
)( j
mQ is the maximum modulation order
)( j
f is the scaling factor and it can at least take the values 1 and 0.75.
)( j
f is signaled per band and per band per band combination
is NR numerology
sT is the average OFDM symbol duration in a subframe for numerology , i.e.
214
10 3
sT
assuming the normal cyclic prefix.
,jBW
PRBN is the maximum RB allocation in bandwidth
j
BW with numerology
j
BW is the UE supported maximum bandwidth in the given band or band combination.
)( j
OH is the overhead and takes the following values
[0.14], for frequency range FR1 for DL
[0.08], for frequency range FR1 for UL
[0.18], for frequency range FR2 for DL
[0.10], for frequency range FR2 for UL
)( j
Layers
v
5G New Radio Page 7
8. 5.1 Throughput Calculation Example
To calculate max throughput let’s consider following:
J = 1 Single carrier component
= 4 Four Layers transmission
)( j
mQ = 8 When 256-QAM max modulation is applied
)( j
f = 1 least scaling
= 1 30 KHz carrier spacing
1
33
214
10
214
10
sT =1
,jBW
PRBN = 273 Max number of resource block with =1 and j =1
)( j
OH = 0.14 & 0.08 Consider band is designated in FR1 frequency range
DL Data Rate (in Mbps) = 10-6 *1*4 * 8 * 1* (948/1024)*(273*12)*(14*21)*(1-0.14)
= 2337 Mbps =2.34Gbps
UL Data Rate (in Mbps) = 10-6 *1*4 * 8 * 1* (948/1024)*(273*12)*(14*21)*(1-0.08)
= 2500 Mbps =2.5Gbps
5.2 Max Throughput Snapshots
Assumption: In following snapshots, we are considering J as 1, 2, 4 and 8 which indicates number of
aggregate carrier components. In each case we assume the every carrier component has same number of
Resource block and use same across all carrier components. E.g. in case of J=4, all four carrier component
use same number of resource blocks and same .
J=1 = 4 and
)( j
mQ =8
𝝁 𝑺𝑪𝑺 KHz Max Number of RB NRB Max DL Throughput Max. UL Throughput
0 15 KHz 270 1.16Gbps 1.24Gbps
1 30 KHz 273 2.34Gbps 2.5Gbps
2 60 KHz 135 2.31Gbps 2.47Gbps
J=2 = 4 and
)( j
mQ =8
𝝁 𝑺𝑪𝑺 KHz Max Number of RB NRB Max DL Throughput Max. UL Throughput
0 15 KHz 270 2.31Gbps 2.47Gbps
1 30 KHz 273 4.67Gbps 5Gbps
2 60 KHz 135 4.62Gbps 4.95Gbps
J=4 = 4 and
)( j
mQ =8
𝝁 𝑺𝑪𝑺 KHz Max Number of RB NRB Max DL Throughput Max. UL Throughput
0 15 KHz 270 4.62Gbps 4.95Gbps
1 30 KHz 273 9.35Gbps 10Gbps
2 60 KHz 135 9.25Gbps 9.89Gbps
)( j
Layers
v
)( j
Layers
v
)( j
Layers
v
)( j
Layers
v
5G New Radio Page 8
9. 8. Authors
Sukhvinder Singh Malik Rahul Atri
J=8 = 4 and
)( j
mQ =8
𝝁 𝑺𝑪𝑺 KHz Max Number of RB NRB Max DL Throughput Max. UL Throughput
0 15 KHz 270 9.25Gbps 9.89Gbps
1 30 KHz 273 18.7Gbps 20Gbps
2 60 KHz 135 18.49Gbps 19.78Gbps
6. Conclusion
In this paper, we discussed about 5G New Radio also known as NR. NR is developed as part of IMT-2020 and
its specification has been start as part of 3GPP release 15 onwards. New Radio is targeted to support major
three service segment namely ultra-high speed internet (eMBB), ultra reliable and low latency communication
(URLCC) and internet of thing (MIoT).
To support Enhance Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLCC) and
Massive IoT (MIoT) using single technology, NR requires a scalable and flexible physical layer design. To
enable all these, 3GPP has introduced a set of parameters to define such as subcarrier spacing, Symbol
length, cyclic prefix, Transmission Time Interval (TTI). A numerology is defined as a fixed configuration for
these set of parameters.
Based on numerology, we have calculated the maximum throughput capabilities. The maximum throughput
depends on no. of aggregate carrier components, no. of transmission layer layers, Modulation, numerology,
no. of resource block, scaling and overhead data.
As per our calculation the maximum throughput can be achieved in numerology 1 when 8 carrier
components are aggregated and each carrier component transmission is of 4 layer transmission with
100MHz as channel bandwidth and UE is able to decode highest MCS QAM-256.
7. References
1. 3GPP TS 38.101-1: "NR User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception Part 1: Range 1
Standalone".
2. 3GPP TS 38.101-2: "NR User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception Part 2: Range 2
Standalone".
3. 3GPP TS 38.101-3: "NR User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception Part 3: Range 1 and
Range 2 Interworking operation with other radios".
4. 3GPP TS 38.133: "NR Requirements for support of radio resource management".
5. 3GPP TS 38.201: "NR; Physical Layer – General Description
6. 3GPP TS 38.211: "NR Physical channels and modulation"
7. 3GPP TS 38.212: "NR; Multiplexing and channel coding"
8. 3GPP TS38.300: “NR; NR and NG-RAN Overall Description; Stage 2”
9. Nomor White Paper
10. 5G America White Paper
11. Ericsson White Paper
)( j
Layers
v
5G New Radio Page 9
Disclaimer:
Authors state that this whitepaper has been compiled meticulously and to the
best of their knowledge as of the date of publication. The information
contained herein the white paper is for information purposes only and is
intended only to transfer knowledge about the respective topic and not to earn
any kind of profit.
Every effort has been made to ensure the information in this paper is
accurate. Authors does not accept any responsibility or liability whatsoever
for any error of fact, omission, interpretation or opinion that may be present,
however it may have occurred