UWB and applications

1. UWB &
APPLICATIONS
Thomas George. C
S7 ECE

2. TOPICS COVERED
 Introduction to UWB
 Comparison of UWB with other wireless
technologies
 Advantages
 Applications in various fields
 conclusion

3. Introduction to UWB
FREQUENCY RESPONSE
 Narrow pulses have a wide frequency response.

4. Introduction to UWB
Sinusoidal signals are narrow in frequency and "wide" over time
A pulse is narrow in time and wideband in frequency

5. Introduction to UWB
Limitations of narrowband communication

Narrowband Problems

• Multipath fading


Destructive interference of CW signals causes signal loss
• Insecure



Narrow Band signals are easily detected and jammed
• Poor range resolution
Range resolution for tracking applications is a function of RF
bandwidth
• Limited data rate

Narrow RF bandwidth means narrow data bandwidth

6. Introduction to UWB
So what is ultra wide band technology?




Uses narrow pulses(pulse width = nS) of very low duty
cycles.
Very high band width ( in GHz range)
The first ever radio(spark gap radio) was a form of UWB
radio, but found no use
UWB technology gained strength when FCC provided 3.1 to
10.6 GHz for unlicensed use in 2002.
UWB
3.1-10.6 GHz

7. The history of UWB Technology

Before 1900: Wireless Began as UWB


1900-40s: Wireless goes ‘tuned’





Analog processing: filters, resonators
‘Separation of services by wavelength’
Era of wireless telephony begins: AM / SSB / FM
Commercial broadcasting matures, radar and signal processing
1970-90s: Digital techniques applied to UWB



Large RF bandwidths, but did not take advantage of large spreading gain
Wide band impulse radar
Allows for realization of the HUGE available spreading gain
Now: UWB approved by FCC for commercialization

8. Introduction to UWB
Definitions and regulations of UWB



A low energy level, short-range & large bandwidth
technology in radio frequency spectrum
Very large bandwidth, >500MHz
Very low average power:
Should not exceed -43.1 dBm

Fractional bandwidth > 0.25
(fh and fl are highest and lowest frequency)

9. Comparison of UWB ,NB and SS

10. Properties of UWB

Extremely difficult to detect by unintended users


Non-interfering to other communication systems




It appears like noise for other systems
Both Line of Sight and non-Line of Sight operation


Highly Secured
Can pass through walls and doors
High multipath immunity
Common architecture for communications, radar &
positioning (software re-definable)
Low cost, low power, nearly all-digital and single chip
architecture

11. Summary of the FCC Rules
 Significant protection provided for sensitive

systems
GPS, Federal aviation systems, etc.
 Lowest emission limits ever by FCC
 Allows UWB technology to coexist with existing radio services
without causing interference
 FCC opened up new spectrum for UWB transmissions


One of the bands is from 3.1GHz to 10.6GHz
Maximum power emission limit is - 41.3dBm/MHz

13. Comparison

14. Power radiated
Device type
Transmit Power (Watts)
Allowed leakage from a MicroWave oven
1.00000 Watt
Typical mobile phone transmit power
0.25000 Watts up to 1 Watt
Class 1 Bluetooth device (100 m range)
0.10000 Watts
Class 2 Bluetooth device (10 m range)
0.00250 Watts
Sunlight reflecting from the head of a pin (on a sunny
day)
0.00100 Watts
UWB device
0.00005 Watts

15. FCC UWB Device Classifications

Report and Order authorizes 5 classes of devices with
different limits for each:

Imaging Systems
Ground penetrating radars, wall imaging, medical imaging
 Thru-wall Imaging & Surveillance Systems


Communication and Measurement Systems
Indoor Systems
 Hand-held Systems


Vehicular Radar Systems

collision avoidance, improved airbag
activation, suspension systems, etc.

16. FCC Limitations
Class / Application
Communications and
Measurement Systems
Frequency Band for Operation at
Part 15 Limits
User
Limitations
3.1 to 10.6 GHz
(different “out-of-band” emission limits for
indoor and hand-held devices)
No
<960 MHz or 3.1 to 10.6 GHz
Yes
Imaging: Through-wall
<960 MHz or 1.99 to 10.6 GHz
Yes
Imaging: Surveillance
1.99 to 10.6 GHz
Yes
22 to 29 GHz
No
Imaging: Ground
Penetrating Radar, Wall,
Medical Imaging
Vehicular

17. Modulation techniques
 DS UWB modulation techniques





Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
Bipolar Signaling (BPSK)
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
On/Off Keying (OOK)
Pulse-Shape Modulation
 Multi band OFDM suggested for data transmission

Use FFT to achieve high data rates.

18. DS Modulation techniques
 A number of modulation schemes may be used with UWB
systems. The potential modulation schemes include both
orthogonal and antipodal schemes.
 Pulse Position Modulation
(PPM)
 Pulse Amplitude Modulation
(PAM)
 On-Off Keying (OOK)
 Bi-Phase Modulation (BPSK)

19. Band Plan for MB OFDM

Group the 528 MHz bands into 4 distinct groups
GROUP B
GROUP A
GROUP C
GROUP D
Band
#1



Band
#3
Band
#4
Band
#5
Band
#6
Band
#7
Band
#8
Band
#9
Band
#10
Band
#11
Band
#12
Band
#13
3432
MHz

Band
#2
3960
MHz
4488
MHz
5016
MHz
5808
MHz
6336
MHz
6864
MHz
7392
MHz
7920
MHz
8448
MHz
8976
MHz
9504
MHz
10032
MHz
Group A: Intended for 1st generation devices (3.1 – 4.9 GHz)
Group B: Reserved for future use (4.9 – 6.0 GHz)
Group C: Intended for devices with improved SOP performance (6.0 – 8.1 GHz)
Group D: Reserved for future use (8.1 – 10.6 GHz)
f

20. Advantages of UWB
Advantage
Benefit
Coexistence with current narrowband and wideband
Avoids expensive licensing fees.
radio services
Large channel capacity
High bandwidth can support real-time highdefinition video streaming.
Ability to work with low SNRs
Offers high performance in noisy environments.
Low transmit power
Provides high degree of security with low probability
of detection and intercept.
Resistance to jamming
Reliable in hostile environments.
High performance in multipath channels
Delivers higher signal strengths in adverse
conditions.
Simple transceiver architecture
Enables ultra-low power, smaller form factor, and
better mean time between failures, all at a reduced
cost.

21. More advantages
 The low power requirement eliminates the need
of a power amplifier in the transmitter
 Adding security for data transmission is easy.
 Simple CMOS transmitters at very low power
available, suitable for battery driven devices

22. UWB Major Application Areas
a) Communications
–Wireless Audio, Data & Video Distribution
–RF Tagging & Identification
b) Radar
–Collision/Obstacle Avoidance
–Precision Altimetry
–Intrusion Detection (“see through wall”)
–Ground Penetrating Radar
c) Precision Geolocation
–Asset Tracking
–Personnel localization

23. Some of Military & Commercial
Applications of UWB

24. Source:MSSI

25. Applications of UWB
1. WPANs
 WPAN: wireless personal area

network
Small network of devices and host
 Bluetooth was previously
used
 Bandwidth of bluetooth is very low ( ≈ 1 MbPS)
 UWB can replace bluetooth for WPANs

26. UWB can enable a wide variety of WPAN
applications.
•
Replacing IEEE1394 cables between portable multimedia CE
devices, such as camcorders, digital cameras, and portable MP3
players, with wireless connectivity
•
Enabling high-speed wireless universal serial bus (WUSB)
connectivity
for
PCs
and
PC
peripherals,
including
printers,scanners, and external storage devices
•
Replacing cables in next-generation Bluetooth Technology
devices, such as 3G cell phones, as well as IP/UPnP-based connectivity
for the next generation of IP-based PC/CE/mobile devices
•
Creating ad-hoc high-bit-rate wireless connectivity for
CE,PC, and mobile devices

27. Content Transfer: Mobile Devices

Applications

Smartphone/PDA, MP3, DSC
 Media Player, Storage, display
Requirements
Low Power Use Cases


Mobile device storage sizes



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Flash 5, 32, 512, 2048 … MB
HD 4, …, 60+ GB
Images from
camera to
storage/network
MP3 titles to
music player
Range is near device (< 2m)
User requires xfer time < 10s
Low Power & High Data Rate Use
MPEG4 movie
(512 MB) to player
Mount portable HD
Exchange your
music & data
Print from handheld

28. Wireless USB

Inadequacy of current wireless solutions:

Bluetooth
Bandwidth of 3 Mbps is not enough for most of the applications which needs very high
bandwidth. The applications like video, HDTV, monitor etc. are good examples.

Wi-Fi

One of the main disadvantage of Wi-Fi is its high expense to set up a network and make it
working. It is not always feasible to install Wi-Fi for home or personal networks.

Another draw back of Wi-Fi is the higher power consumption. Power consumption is
one of the important hurdles of wireless designers. As the wireless devices work on
their own power, almost always battery power, the high power consumption
becomes a big drawback.

29. Wireless USB

30. Wireless USB




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Wireless USB is used in game controllers, printers, scanners, digital
cameras, portable media players, hard disk drives and flash drives.
It is also suitable for transferring parallel video streams.
Due to high data rate, HD videos can be transmitted live without
wires.
As in USB 2.0 a WUSB hub supports 127 devices
It frees the USB devices from cables.
To back support the devices, a WUSB hub is also developed

31. Wireless USB
• Due to absence of physical ports port expansion is easy
• Host
USB interface of host computer system – Host Controller
Wire Adapters
Belkin Wireless USB hub

32. Bluetooth 3.0
 In 2006 it was predicted that
Bluetooth 3.0 will have data rates
Up to 480 Mbps using UWB
 But due to standardization issues, it accepted the
60-GHz technology, which provides a data rate of
24 Mbps.

33. Applications of UWB
RADAR application
 Due to high bandwidth and short pulse duration,
UWB radars can be used for penetration RADARs.
 As it is spread over a wide range jamming is not
possible

34. Ground and Ice Penetrating RADAR
• A system used to detect objects buried in the ground.
•A special directional antenna to transmit the stimulus signal into the ground and
receive the reflected waves.
•Depth of penetration is typically between 0.5 and 10 m, very short pulses are
needed to resolve typical buried targets.
Wall Imaging Radar System
•To detect the location of objects contained within a "wall," such as a concrete
structure, the side of a bridge, or the wall of a mine.
•Operation is restricted by FCC to law enforcement, fire and rescue organizations, to
scientific research institutions, to commercial mining companies, and to construction
companies.

35. Through Wall Radar System
•Uses very short pulses to provide detection of objects
on the opposite side of a non-metallic wall.
•The stimulus signal is transmitted into the wall. A
portion of the signal incident on the wall is transmitted
through the wall and into the space on the far side.
•Objects in the field then reflect the signal back to the wall where part of the
signal is transmitted through the wall to the receiver.
•Freq of Operation: below 960 MHz or 3.1-10.6 GHz band.

36. Vehicular Radar Systems
Potential applications include
• collision avoidance,
• proximity aids,
•intelligent cruise control systems,
•improved airbag activation
•suspension systems that better respond to road conditions.
•FCC limits operation of vehicular radar to the 22-29 GHz band using
directional antennas on terrestrial transportation vehicles provided the
center frequency of the emission and the frequency at which the
highest radiated emission occurs are greater than 24.075 GHz.

37. Medical application
• Penetrating through obstacles
• High precision ranging at the centimeter level
• Low electromagnetic radiation
•
Low processing energy consumed
Used for…
• Patient monitoring( movement, vital signs, medical store security)
• Medical imaging ( cardiac imaging, pneumology, ENT, Obstretrics)

38. Medical imaging

39. Other applications
•
•
•
•
•
Wireless Sensor networks( military and commercial use)
Automotive industry (collision avoidance, roadside assistance)
Tagging and identification
Non LOS communication
Intrusion detection

40. Challenges in UWB
• Main challenge is in the standardization. Different countries allocated
different spectral regions for unlicensed use.
• Design of antenna
• Due to power limit set by FCC, the high data rate is available only in
short range ( <10 m)

41. Conclusion
 UWB technology has very high potential in real life
applications, due to its high bandwidth and low
power.
 Very interesting application in wireless content
transfer, especially for HD videos.

42. References
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Ultra-wideband communications: fundamentals and applications-F
Nekoogar – 2005
K. Siwiak and D. McKeown, Ultra-Wideband Radio Technology, Wiley:
UK, 2004.
J. McCorkle, “A Tutorial on Ultrawideband Technology,” Doc. IEEE 802.1500/082r0, March 2000.
Young Man Kim. Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Technology and Applications. Ohio
State University NEST group.