Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) is an Indian state-owned aerospace and defense company established in 1954. It manufactures advanced electronics for India's defense sector, including radar systems, communications equipment, antennas, and microwave components. BEL has over 12,000 employees spread across 9 manufacturing units in India. The document discusses BEL's history and founding, product ranges, manufacturing units, and services in defense and non-defense sectors.

1. PRESNTED BY RAGHWENDRA KUSHWAHA
B.TECH (ECE)
F.I.T ENGG. COLLEGE MERRUT

2. ABOUT BEL
Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) was established in 1954 as a
public Sector Enterprise under the administrative control of
Ministry of Defence.
It manufactures advanced electronic products for the defense.
BEL was among the first Indian companies to manufacture
computer parts and peripherals under arrangement with
International Computers India Limited (ICIL) in 1970s.
It has total employee strength of about 12000 people spread across 9
manufacturing units, and few regional offices.

3. MANUFACTURING UNITS
 BANGALORE (KANARATAKA) – 1954
 GHAZIABAD (UTTER PRADESH)– 1974
 PUNE (MAHARASHTRA)– 1979
 MACHILIPATNAM (ANDHRA PRADESH– 1983
 PANCHKULA (HARYANA)– 1985
 CHENNAI (TAMIL NADU)– 1985
 KOTDWARA (UTTER PRADESH)– 1986
 TALOJA (MAHARASHTRA)– 1986
 HYDERABAD (ANDHRA PRADESH)– 1986

4. PRODUCT RANGES
RADAR SYSTEMS
 3-Dimensional High Power Static and Mobile Radar for the Air Force.
 Low Flying Detection Radar for both the Army and the Air force.
 Tactical Control Radar System for the Army.
 Battlefield Surveillance Rader for the Army.
 IFF Mk-X Radar systems for the Defence and export.
 ASR/MSSR systems for Civil Aviation.
 Radar & allied systems Data Processing Systems.

5. COMMUNICATIONS
 Digital Static Tropo scatters Communication Systems for the Air
Force.
 Digital Mobile Tropo scatters communication System for the Air
Force and Army.
 VHF, UHF & Microwave Communication Equipment.
 Bulk Encryption Equipment.
 Turnkey communication Systems Projects for Defence & civil users.
 Static and Mobile Satellite Communication Systems for Defence.
 Telemetry /Tele-control Systems.

6. ANTENNA
 Antennae for Radar, Terrestrial & Satellite Communication Systems.
 Antennae for TV Satellite Receive and Broadcast applications.
 Antennae for Line-of-sight Microwave Communication Systems.
MICROWAVE COMPONENT
 Active Microwave components like LNAs, Synthesizer, and
Receivers etc.
 Passive Microwave components like Double Balanced
Mixers, etc.

7. SERVICES OF BHARAT ELECTRONICS
LIMITED (BEL):-
DEFENCE PRODUCTS:-
 Naval System
 Military Communication Equipment
 Radars
 Tele Communication & Broadcasting Services
 Opto Electronics
 Electronic Warfare
 Tank Electronics

8. NON-DEFENCE PRODUCTS:-
 Electronic Voting Machine
 Solar Products
 Simputer
 DTH

9. ROTATION PROGRAM
Under this students are introduced to the company by putting them under a rotation
program to various departments. The several departments where I had gone under my
rotational program are:
1. Test Equipment and Automation
2. P.C.B. Fabrication
3. Quality Control Works-Radar
4. Work Assembly- Communication
5. Magnetics
6. Microwave lab
Rotation period was to give us a brief insight of the company’s functioning and
knowledge of the various departments. A brief idea of the jobs done at the particular
departments was given. The cooperative staff at the various departments made the learning
process very interesting , which allowed me to know about the company in a very short time.

10. RADAR
The term RADAR was coined in 1941 as an acronym for
Radio Detection and Ranging. This acronym of American
origin replaced the previously used British abbreviation RDF
(Radio Direction Finding).

11. BASIC PRINCIPLE
Echo and Doppler Shift
Echo is something you experience all the time. If you shout into a
well or a canyon, the echo comes back a moment later. The echo
occurs because some of the sound waves in your shout reflect off of
a surface (either the water at the bottom of the well or the canyon
wall on the far side) and travel back to your ears.
Doppler shift is also common. You probably experience it daily
(often without realizing it). Doppler shift occurs when sound is
generated by, or reflected off of, a moving object. Doppler shift
in the extreme creates sonic booms

12. Basic Radar System :

13. RADAR EQUATION
The amount of power Pr returning to the receiving antenna is
given by the radar equation:-
where
Pt = transmitter power
Gt = gain of the transmitting antenna
Ar = effective aperture (area) of the receiving antenna
σ = radar cross section, or scattering coefficient, of the target
F = pattern propagation factor
Rt = distance from the transmitter to the target
Rr = distance from the target to the receiver.

14. RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING
Distance measurement
Transit time

15. RADAR TRANSMITTER
The radar transmitter produces the short duration high-power of
pulses of energy that are radiated into space by the antenna. The
radar transmitter is required to have the following technical and
operating characteristics:
 The transmitter must have the ability to generate the required mean RF power
and the required peak power
 The transmitter must have a suitable RF bandwidth.
 The transmitter must have a high RF stability to meet signal processing
requirements
 The transmitter must be easily modulated to meet waveform design
requirements.
 The transmitter must be efficient, reliable and easy to maintain and the life
expectancy and cost of the output device must be acceptable.

16. Picture:
transmitter
of P-37

17. An easy block diagram of a fully
coherent radar

18. RADAR APPLICATIONS
 Air traffic control uses radar to track planes both on the ground and in the air,
and also to guide planes in for smooth landings.
 Police use radar to detect the speed of passing motorists.
 NASA uses radar to map the Earth and other planets, to track satellites and space
debris and to help with things like docking and maneuvering.
 The military uses it to detect the enemy and to guide weapons.