4G, short for fourth generation, is the fourth generation of mobile telecommunications technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G. A 4G system, in addition to the usual voice and other services of 3G, provides mobile broadband Internet access, for example to laptops with wireless modems, to smartphones, and to other mobile devices. Potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing.

1. AKASH R
1ST
SEM MCA
CHINTECH

2. History
3G and Its Limitations
4G Concept
Key Technologies
Benefits
Applications
Conclusion

3. 4G, also known as Beyond 3G, is a term used to
describe the next step in wireless communications
 Provides comprehensive IP solution where voice,
data and streamed multimedia can be given to
users on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis
 4G will be a fully IP based integrated system

4. 1G: were designed to offer a single service, i.e., speech.
2G:were also designed primarily to offer speech with a
limited capability to offer data at low rates.
3G:are expected to offer high-quality multi-media services
and operate in different environments.

5.  At the end of the 1940’s, the first radio telephone
service was introduced, and was designed to users in
cars to the public land-line based telephone network.
 In the 1960’s, a system launched by Bell Systems,
called, Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS),
brought quite a few improvements such as direct dialing
and more bandwidth. The very first analog systems
were based upon IMTS and were created in the late 60s
and early 70s.
0G

6. 1G was an analogue system, and was
developed in the 70’s. 1G had two major improvements, this
was the invention of the micro-processor, and the digital
transform of the control link b/w the phone and the cell site.
AMPS was 1st
launched by the us and
is a 1G mobile system based on FDMA, it allows users to
make voice calls in country.
1G

7. 2G
2G devices using GSM were 1st
used early of 90’s
in Europe. GSM provides voice and limited data service , and uses
digital modulation for improved audio quality. The development of 2G
cellular system was driven by the need to improve
>transmission quality.
>system capacity.
>coverage
2G uses the standards such as
>GSM
>DAMPS
>CDMA

8. 3G
3G technology adds multimedia facilities to 2G devices by allowing
video, audio, and graphics applications over 3G devices. You can
watch streaming video or have video telephony
 3G networks provide the ability to transfer voice data and non-
voice data over the same network simultaneously
 3G networks deliver broadband capacity and support greater
numbers of voice and data customers at lower incremental costs than
2G.
Standards:
- W-CDMA: Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
- EVDO: Evolution-Data Optimized

10. FDMA – Frequency Division Multiple Access
Each phone call is allocated one frequency for the entire
duration of the call

11. TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access
Each phone call is allocated a spot in the frequency for a
small amount of time, and "takes turns" being transmitted

12. CDMA –Code Division Multiple Access
Form of multiplexing
Does not divide up the channel by time or frequency
Encodes data with a special code associated with each
channel

13. 1G DRAWBACKS
Poor voice quality
Poor battery life of devices
Large device size
No security
Frequent call drops
Limited n/w capacity
Poor hand off reliability

14. 2G DRAWBACKS
The GSM is circuit switched, circuit oriented technology,
where the end systems are dedicated for entire call session.
This causes inefficiency in usage of band width and
resources
The GSM enabled systems do not support high data rates
They are unable to handle complex data such as video

15. 3G DRAWBACKS
High band width requirement
High spectrum licensing fee
Huge capital
Power consumption is high

16. Difficulty of CDMA to provide higher data rates
Need for continuously increasing data rate and
bandwidth to meet the multimedia requirements
Limitation of spectrum and it’s allocation
Inability to roam between different services
To provide a seamless transport end-to-end
Mechanism
To introduce a better system with reduces cost

17. Less Complexity, Faster
Transmission
Unlike the 3G networks which are a
combination of circuit switched and
packet switched networks, 4G will be
based on packet switching only. This
will allow low-latency data
transmission.
3G
Leading U.S. Carrier 3G EVDO
network currently averages 400 to 700
Kbps with peak rates up to 2 Mbps.
4G
International Carrier is testing 4G
communication at 100 Mbps while
moving, and 1 Gbps while stationary
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Mbps
3G 4G

18. substantial growth in
overall number of subscribers
massive demand of new data services which can be either
data,audio,image or video
Difficult to move and interoperate due to different standards
hampering global mobility and service portability

19. These factors are enough to cause a substantial bottle
neck in cellular communication system
Through the projected data rate around 2Mbps in 3G.
Actual data rate is slower.
Data service like multimedia are going to play modest
role and will dominate the cellular traffic instead of
voice in future in such scenario the present 1G and 2G
system will saturated and will have no room to
survive.
Demand for increasing data rate leads to higher band
width requirement.

20. The expected features of 4G are:-
Much higher data rate around 100Mbps
Higher bandwidth requirement of an order of hundred of
MHz
Plenty of service like
> mobile web access,
> IP telephony,
> gaming services,
> high-definition mobile TV,
> video conferencing,
> 3D television,
> cloud computing.
It all will be provided with seamless connectivity and improved
quality of services

21. “The user has freedom and flexibility
to select any desired service with
reasonable QoS and affordable price,
anytime, anywhere.”

22. Fourth Generation
Communication (4G)
4G4G
4G is not one defined technology or
standard, but rather a collection of
technologies and protocols aimed at
creating fully packet-switched networks
optimized for data.
 4G networks are projected to provide
speeds of 100 Mbps while moving and 1
Gbps while stationary.
2G2G
3G3G
1G1G
0G0G

23. The 4G system was
originally conceived by the DARPA .The DARPA
selected the distributed architecture and end-to-end
Internet protocol (IP).
And believed at an early stage in
peer-to-peer networking in which every mobile
device would be both a transceiver and a router for
other devices in the network, eliminating the spoke-
and-hub weakness of 2G and 3G cellular systems
History of 4G

24. Peer to peer Ad Hoc Networks

25. 4G NETWORK
4G n/w will consist of a set of various network using IP as a
common protocol.
So that the users are in control as they will be able choose every
application and environment. Accessing information anywhere, any
time with seamless connection to a wide range of information.
Obtaining services, receiving a large amount of information , data,
picture, video, and so on are the key of the 4G infrastructure .

26. High network capacity: more simultaneous users per cell
 A data rate of at least 100 Mbit/s between any two points in the world
 Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple networks
 High quality of service for next generation multimedia support

30. How 4G Becomes Faster??
UWB (Ultra Wide Band)
 OFDM
Smart Antenna
IPv6.0

31. UWB (Ultra Wide Band)
Uwb is an advanced transmission
technology that can be used in the implementation of 4G
network . The secret to uwb is that it is typically detected as
noise . This highly kind of noise does not cause interference
with current radio frequency devices
But it can be decoded by another device that recognizes uwb
and can reassemble it back to a signal.
It uses a frequency b/w 3.1 to 10.6 GHz.
Uwb uses frequency from high to low. There by passing
through objects like sea or layers of rocks , nevertheless
because of the weakness of the signal

32. Ultra Wide Band (UWB)
 It can use any part of the frequency spectrum.
 It uses less power, since it transmits pulse instead of
continuous signal.
 we can get 60Mps band width which is a 6 times
faster than today's network

33. OFDM is a method of digital modulation in which a signal
is split into several narrowband channels at different
frequencies .
The technology was 1st
conceived in the 60’s and 70’s
during research into minimizing interference among
channels near each other in frequency
In some respects OFDM is similar to conventional FDM
the difference lies in way in which the signal are
modulated and demodulated.
Priority is given to minimizing the interference or crosstalk
among the channels and symbols comprising the data
stream

34.  Preservation of orthogonality in severe multi-path
 Efficient FFT based receiver structures
 Support for adaptive modulation by subcarrier
 Frequency diversity
 Robust against narrow-band interference
 Used for highest speed applications
 Supports dynamic packet access

35. Smart Antennas
Multiple “smart antennas” can be employed to help
find, tune, and turn up signal information. Since the
antennas can both “listen” and “talk,” a smart
antenna can send signals back in the same direction
that they came from. This means that the antenna
system cannot only hear many times louder, but
can also respond more loudly and directly as well.
There are two types of smart antennas:-

36. 1.SWITCHED BEAM ANTENNA
Switched beam systems have several available fixed beam
patterns.
A decision is made as to which beam to access, at given
point in time, based up on the requirements of system.
2.ADAPTIVE ARRAY ANTENNA
It represent the most advanced smart antenna
approach to date using a variety of new signal processing
algorithms to locate and track the user, minimize interference,
and maximize intended signal reception.

37. Smart Antennas
 Optimize available power
 Increase base station range and coverage
 Reuse available spectrum
 Increase bandwidth
 Lengthen battery life of wireless devices.
 Antenna can act as both transmitter & receiver

38. Smart Antennas &UWB
Although UWB and smart antenna
technology may play a large role in a 4G system, advanced
software will be needed to process data on both the sending and
receiving side. This software should be flexible, as the future
wireless world will likely be a heterogeneous mix of
technologies.

39. MobileIPv6 (MIPv6) is a standardized IP-
based mobility protocol for Ipv6 wireless systems. In this
design, each terminal has an IPv6 home address whenever
the terminal moves outside the local network, the home
address becomes invalid, and the terminal obtain a new
Ipv6 address (called a care-of address) in the visited
network. A binding between the terminal’s home address
and care-of address is updated to its home agent in order to
support continuous communication.
IPv6.0

40. IPv6.0
 IPv6 support is essential in order to support a large
number of wireless-enabled devices.
 IPv6 removes the need for Network Address
Translation (NAT), a method of sharing a limited
number of addresses among a larger group of
devices.
 It includes 128 bits, which is 4 times more than 32
bits IP address in IPv4.

42. 4G TECHNOLOGY
LTE
WIMAX

43. Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a radio platform technology that
will allow operators to achieve even higher peak throughputs than
HSPA+ in higher spectrum bandwidth.
The overall objective for LTE is to provide an extremely high
performance radio-access technology that offers full vehicular speed
mobility and that can readily coexist with HSPA and earlier
networks. Because of scalable bandwidth, operators will be able to
easily migrate their networks and users from HSPA to LTE over
time.
LTE assumes a full Internet Protocol (IP) network architecture
and is designed to support voice in the packet domain.
LTE

44. The Current impact.

45. Is a wireless communication standard designed to
provide 30 to 40Mbps data rates. With the 2011 update
providing up to 1Gbps for fixed stations.
The name wimax was created by the wimax forum,
which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity
and interoperability of the standard
The forum describes wimax as a standard –based
technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless
broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL

46.  World Interoperability for Microwave Access
There are two main applications of WiMAX:
1) Fixed WiMAX (IEEE 802.16-2004) - Fixed WiMAX
applications are point-to-multipoint enabling the delivery of
last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable
and DSL for homes and businesses.
2) Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) - Mobile WiMAX
offers the full mobility of cellular networks at true broadband
speeds.

47. Fixed WiMAX ArchitectureFixed WiMAX Architecture

48. Mobile WiMAX ArchitectureMobile WiMAX Architecture

49.  convergence of Cellular Mobile Networks and WLANs
Benefits for Operators
Higher bandwidths, Lower cost of networks and equipment,The use
of licence-exempt spectrum, Higher capacity and Qos enhancement,
higher revenue.
Users
Access to broadband multimedia services with lower cost and here
mostly needed, Inter-network roaming.
 Convergence of Mobile Communication and Broadcasting
Benefits for Operators
Cellular operators will benefit from offering their customers a
range of new broadband multi-media services in vehicular
environments.
Users
Users will benefit from faster access to a range of broadband multi-
media services with reasonable QoS and lower cost.

50. Support interactive multimedia
User friendliness
 High speed, high capacity and low cost per bit
Higher band widths
Terminal Heterogeneity
Network Heterogeneity

51.  Full macro-cellular/metropolitan coverage
 Variable bandwidth - 1 to 5 MHz
 Smart/adaptive antennas supported
 ……….

52. Traffic Control
Telemedicine
Traffic Control during Disaster
……….
Entertainment services

53. Traffic Control
Some major cities have deployed cameras on traffic
lights and send those images back to a central
command centre . This is generally done by using
fibre . Which limits where the cameras can be hung .
I.e. no fibre no camera. 4g network allows cities to
deploy cameras and backhaul them wirelessly .

54. . . . The use of electronic information and
communications technologies to provide and
support health care when distance separates the
participants.
 Paramedic assisting a victim of a traffic
accident in a remote location could access
medical records and establish a video
conference that a remotely based surgeon could
provide “0n scene “ assistance .
Telemedicine

55. Telemedicine

56. Traffic Control during Disaster
If a hurricane hits the coast and cars start
driving south-east, 4g n/w can allow officials to access traffic
control boxes to change inland traffic lanes to green. Instead of
having to send officers to every box on the roads being
overwhelmed by civilians who are evacuating. It can be done
remotely and dynamically.

57. TRAFFIC CONTROL DURING DISASTER

58. Although the concept of 4g communications shows much
promise ; there are still limitations that must be addressed.
A major concern is interoperability b/w the signalling
technique that are planned for use in 4g.
Cost is another factor that could hamper the progress of 4G
technology .equipment are still expensive
 Challenge facing deployment of 4G technologies is how to
make the network architectures compatible with each other

59. Both service providers and users want to reduce the cost of wireless
systems and the cost of wireless services.
 Lesser the expensive of the system, the more people who will want
to own it.
 4G's flexibility will allow the integration of several different LAN
and WAN technologies.
Finally, the 4G wireless system would truly go into a "one size fits
all" category, having a feature set that meets the needs of just
about everyone.
FUTURE

60. 1G WIRELESS SYSTEM 2G WIRELESS SYSTEMS
MODELS OF
WIRELESS SYSTEM

61. 4G WIRELESS SYSTEM3G WIRELESS SYSTEM
Cont….

62. To migrate current systems to 4G with the features mentioned
previously, researchers are facing a number of challenges
These challenges are grouped into the following different aspects:
Accessing Different Networks:
Multimode Devices
Overlay Network
Terminal Mobility
Location Management
Handoff Management
4G Systems Challenges

63. 4G Wireless Networks Challenges
First Challenge: Accessing Different Networks
One of the most challenging problems facing deployment of 4G
technology is how to access several and different mobile and wireless
networks
There are two possible architectures
Multimode Devices
Overlay Network

64. First Challenge: Accessing Different Networks
1. Multimode Devices Architecture
 A single physical terminal with multiple
interfaces to access the different wireless
networks
 Advantages:
 Improve call completion
 Expand coverage area
 Reliable coverage in case of network,
link or switch failure
 Disadvantages:
 Complexity in the hardware of the
device
 Handoff Mechanism:
Performed by the user, device or network

65. First Challenge: Accessing Different Networks
2. Overlay Network Architecture
 A user accesses an overlay network
consisting of several UAPs
 UAPs Functions:
 Select a wireless network based on
availability and user choices
 Store IPs of user, network and devices
 Advantages:
 Simplify hardware of device
 Supports single billing
 Disadvantages:
 More network devices
 Handoff Mechanism between UAPs:
Performed by overlay network rather than
the user or device

66. In order to provide wireless services at any time and
anywhere, terminal mobility is a must in 4G infrastructure
Terminal mobility allows mobile clients to roam across
geographical boundaries of the wireless networks
There are two main issues in terminal mobility:
 location management
 handoff management
4G Wireless Networks Challenges
Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility

67. Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility
1. Location Management
The system tracks and locates a mobile terminal for possible
connection
Location management involves handing all the information
about
Roaming terminals such as original and current location cells
 Authentication information
 QoS capabilities

68. Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility
2. Handoff Management
 Maintain ongoing communication when the terminal roams
 IP changes during handoff :
IPv6 within the same cell:
216.37.129.9, 79.23.178.229, 65.198.2.10, 192.168.5.120
home address mobile IP address local network address

69. Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility
2. Handoff Management
216.37.129.9,
care-of address mobile IP address local network address
79.23.178.229,
IPv6 when the terminal roams to another cell:
65.198.2.10, 192.168.5.120

70. • Horizontal handoff is performed
when the terminal moves from one
cell to another within the same
wireless system.
• Vertical handoff is performed
when the terminal moves between
two different wireless systems
(e.g., from WLAN to GSM) .
Handoff Management (cont.)
Handoff Management Challenges

71. • Vertical & Horizontal handoff will increase
– System load (increasing control packets)
– Packet losses
– Handover latency
Challenges in Handoff Management

72. As the history of mobile communications shows,
attempts have been made to reduce a number of
technologies to a single global standard. Projected 4G
systems offer this promise of a standard that can be
embraced worldwide through its key concept of
integration. Future wireless networks will need to support
diverse IP multimedia applications to allow sharing of
resources among multiple users..
CONCLUSION

73. There must be a low complexity of implementation
and an efficient means of negotiation between the end
users and the wireless infrastructure. The fourth
generation promises to fulfil the goal of PCC (personal
computing and communication)—a vision that
affordably provides high data rates everywhere over a
wireless network.
CONCLUSION

74. Thank You ...
any queries please...

75. Reference
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