The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and exchange data. Experts estimate that the IoT will consist of almost 50 billion objects by 2020! Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to interoperate within the existing Internet infrastructure.

1. The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or "things"
embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity,
which enables these objects to collect and exchange data.
Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system
but is able to interoperate within the existing Internet infrastructure.
Experts estimate that the IoT will consist of almost 50 billion objects by 2020!
The Internet of Things

3. Wireless connectivity
Sub 1GHz 2.4GHz to 5GHz13.4KHz /13.56MHz
Bluetooth®
technology
Bluetooth® low energy
RFID
NFC
6LoWPAN
W-Mbus
Supported standards
ZigBee®
6LoWPAN
RF4CE
Wi-Fi 802.11a/b/g/n
Wi-Fi + Bluetooth®
technology
Example applications

4. Frequency Band
2.4 GHz
5 GHz
<1 GHz
Advantages Disadvantages
Works worldwide
High data rate
Full duty Cycle allowed
Most crowded
Highest data rate
Least crowded
Less range
Best range
Less crowded
Lowest data rate
Restrictions on duty cycle at
some frequencies

5. Proprietary vs. Industry Standard
Proprietary
Industry
Standard
Advantages Disadvantages
Tailored to the application
Specialized functions
Potentially smaller software
stack
Simpler deployment
Choice of frequency bands
Each OEM’s topology can
be different
Less options among
suppliers
Inter-Operability among
different suppliers
Standardization: customer
choice of suppliers
Ease of network expansion
Larger software stack in
most cases
Potentially higher current
consumption
Sub 1GHz
2.4GHz
Examples
ZigBee
Bluetooth
BTLE
ANT
6LoWPAN
Wi-Fi
RF4CE

6. Why 2.4GHz Proprietary?
• 2.4GHz band can be used world-wide
• Very low-cost designs possible with “no-cost” PCB antennas
• RF protocol can be tailored to specific application needs
• Allows 100% duty cycle applications
• Very popular in the consumer segment
• Small form factor compared to sub-1GHz

7. Why Sub-1GHz Proprietary?
• Allows for the longest RF transmission range, up to several
kilometers (“Wide Area Networks”) depending on the Output
Power
• Strict RF regulations in sub1-GHz bands enable high reliability
and strong RF links. Limits are typically imposed by regulatory
body on:
– RF spectrum output (“don’t emit in other RF channels that you aren't
supposed to”)
– RF duty cycle in certain frequency bands (“you can’t occupy the RF channel
too long”)
• Very popular in Industrial applications

8. Signal Strength
The strength of a signal and resulting range is an outcome of
transmit (output) power and receiver sensitivity
• How loud can you yell?
• Higher is better
• Measured in dBm (for example +10dBm)
• How well can you hear?
• Lower is better
• Measured in dBm (for example -93dBm)
Transmitter Power
Receiver Sensitivity

9. Wireless Technologies Comparison
Li-Ion
Range (m)
Technology
RF4CE
Zigbee
WiFi
2.4GHz
Proprietary
ANT
BLE
Bluetooth
Sub-1GHz
10 100 10,000
Range
Technology
<250
kbps
<2
Mbps
20
Mbps
BLE/ANT
RF4CE
Zigbee
Sub-1GHz
2.4GHz
Bluetooth
Technology
Coin
CellAAA
RFID
BLE/ANT
Sub-1GHz
2.4GHz
Proprietary
Bluetooth
Zigbee
RF4CE
WiFi
WiFi
Throughput
Typical Power Source Required

10. IEEE 802.15.4
• IEEE 802.15.4 is a standard which specifies the physical layer and media access control
for low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs). It is maintained by the IEEE
802.15 working group, which has defined it in 2003. It is the basis for the ZigBee,
ISA100.11a, WirelessHART, MiWi, and Thread specifications, each of which further
extends the standard by developing the upper layers which are NOT defined in IEEE
802.15.4. Alternatively, it can be used with 6LoWPAN and standard Internet protocols to
build a wireless embedded Internet.
• Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPAN)
standard with 250kbps max data rate
• Use DSSS highly robust in the 2.4GHz RF links
• Supports both “Beacon mode” and “non-Beacon”
– Utilizes CSMA-CA
– (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance)
• Two transmission modes defined by MAC Layer
• Reliable data transfer
• Ideal for short range operation
• Reasonable battery life
• Low cost
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
Upper Layers
IEEE 802.15.4 SSCS IEEE 802.2
LLC, Type I
IEEE 802.15.4
2400 MHz
PHY
IEEE 802.15.4
868/915 MHz
PHY

11. Techniques against Inteferers: DSSS, FHSS & FA
DSSS – Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Wide Band Transmission
Power
Freq
FHSS – Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
Narrow Band Transmission
Freq
Power
1 2
Power
FA – Frequency Agility
Freq
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) is a spread
spectrum technique whereby the original data signal is
multiplied with a pseudo random noise spreading code.
This spreading code has a higher chip rate (this the bitrate
of the code), which results in a wideband time continuous
scrambled signal.
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) is a method of
transmitting radio signals by rapidly switching a carrier among
many frequency channels, using a pseudorandom sequence
known to both transmitter and receiver.

12. IEEE 802.15.4 Frequency Spectrum & Topology
2.4 GHz
16 Channels 5 MHz
10 Channels
928 MHz902 MHz
2 MHz
S1
H
S6 S2
S3
S5
S4
Star Network Topology
Point to Point Topology
H S
868.3 MHz
1 Channel

13. Frequency Band and Data rate in
IEEE 802.15.4 standard

14. Why RFID?
• Passive (non-battery operated) RF solution
• Operating frequency at 13.56Mhz (HF) or
134Khz (LF)
• HF and LF systems use the Magnetic field
to transfer power by induction
• Tags are mainly in label (flat) and
moderately inexpensive
• Applications include POS (point of sale),
access control, authentication, medical

15. Why NFC?
• Highly stable wireless connectivity
technology that provides intuitive, safe &
simple two-way interactions between
electronic devices
• Operates at 13.56 MHz (HF) and
provides data-rates up to 424 kbps
• NFC can be considered as a “super-set”
of RFID
• NFC-device can operate in 3 modes
– Traditional RFid Reader/Writer
– Peer-Peer Communication
– Card Emulation (Tag Emulation)

16. Why W-MBus?
• European-only wireless protocol for
remote reading of heating and
energy meters (UK installations)
• Only available in 868MHz band in
Europe
• Allows meters to be placed where
future access is difficult/not required
• Allows up to 250 devices on one bus
which is a benefit for apartment
complexes
• Allows interoperability among
different meter/sensor/actuator
manufacturers
• Standard reduces error of manual
meter reading and is low cost to
install

17. Why 6LoWPAN?
• Open standard that defines IPv6 over IEEE802.15.4
• IPv6 is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworking and
provides end-to-end datagram transmission across multiple IP networks, closely
adhering to the design principles developed in the previous version of the
protocol, Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4).
• Runs on top of IEEE 802.15.4 physical layer
• Uses mesh technique to support large,
scalable networks that require IP connectivity
for all nodes
• Leverage on the structure of
IP network protocol stack
• Utilzied with sub-1 GHz and 2.4 GHz
• Target applications:
– Smart metering
– home/industrial automation

18. Why ZigBee?
• Protocol chosen as standard for SE
(Smart Energy) and Medical (Continua)
networks
• Scalable up to 1000’s of nodes
• Helps achieve full mesh topology
• Allows interoperability among different
manufacturers
• Low data rate (up to 250Kbps) targeted for
battery applications (gas /water meters)
• Uses IEEE 802.15.4 radio architecture
Image

19. Standards Comparison
THE wireless mesh networking standard for
monitoring and control
 Low-power (mains or battery)
 Simple (self-configuring)
 Reliable and robust (self-healing)
 Flexible (mesh topology)
 Secure (built-in cryptography)
 Low-cost
Market Name Wi-Fi™ Bluetooth™ LE Z-Wave ZigBee™
Underlying Standard
IEEE 802.11b (Open
Standard)
Bluetooth SIG
(Proprietary)
Z-Wave
(Proprietary)
IEEE 802.15.4
(Open Standard)
Application Focus Web, Email, Video Consumer Applications Remote Control Monitoring and Control
Battery Time Short Long Long Long
Network Size 32 10 100 500
Bandwidth (K bits/s) 11000 1000 40 250
Range (meters) 30+ 10+ 30+ 1000+
Frequency Band 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 900 MHz 2.4 GHz
Number of Channels 11 37 1 16
Network Architecture Star Star Mesh Mesh
Cost High Low Low Low
Optimized For Bandwidth Low Cost, Low Power
Low Cost, Low
Power
Reliability, Low Power, Low
Cost, Scalability
19

20. ZigBee (cont)
• ZigBee is the default standard used by the
Connected Lighting Alliance
(http://www.theconnectedlightingalliance.org/)
• It will easily interface to Lowe’s IRIS and THD
Revolv – these only support ZigBee, Zwave,
Insteon, WiFi.
• ZigBee also allows interface with iControl
(http://www.icontrol.com/). This is network,
cloud control used by major services like ADT,
Time Warner, Cox, and Comcast. (Cable
companies) They do not currently offer Bluetooth
interface.
• The Zigbee standard DOES requires a gateway
which means extra cost, but allows WiFi
access.

21. ZigBee Vertical Markets
Commercial
Lighting
Mesh Network
Lighting
Occupancy
Sensors
Wall Switches
Ballast and
LED Drivers
Gateways
Connected
Home
Smart Devices
Thermostats,
Displays,
Smart-plugs,
Gateways,
Door-locks,
Residential
Lighting
Market
Application
Devices
Industrial
Controls
HVAC Controls
Thermostats
Dampers
Routers
End-Nodes

22. Why RF4CE?
• In 2009 the RF4CE (Radio Frequency for Consumer Electronics)
Consortium and ZigBee Alliance agreed to jointly deliver a standard for
radio frequency remote controls. ZigBee RF4CE is designed for a wide
range of consumer electronics products, such as TVs, Blu-Ray, set-top
boxes and 3D glasses.
• Bi-directional communication with smaller memory configurations for
lower cost devices
• Longer range, longer battery life and interoperability
• RF4CE is a profile of the Zigbee Alliance
• Uses IEEE 802.15.4 radio architecture
• Non-line-of-sight control

23. • Wireless technology standard for exchanging data, audio
or voice in industrial, consumer and medical applications
• 10-100m range personal ‘bubble’ (Personal Area Network)
• Instant, secure, automatic connections
• Low power consumption
• Good data rates
– (~2Mbps throughput)
• Serial cable replacement
• Endless adoption
Why Bluetooth®
?

24. Devices form ad-hoc networks called piconets
• Each piconet uses a different frequency
hopping sequence
• Piconets have 1 master and up to 7 slaves
• Master determines hopping scheme and timing
• Communicate in round-robin fashion
• Devices can switch roles
Bluetooth Operation
Frequency
(GHz)Designed to avoid interference
• Hop between 79 frequencies
of 1MHz each (2.401-2.480
GHz)
• Pseudo-random pattern
known to transmitter and
receiver

25. Bluetooth at a high level
UART Interface
CSR8811
Dual mode BLE and BT Classic
USB interface
CSR8510
Dual mode BLE and BT Classic
ROM
BT Classic 3.0+EDR
Limited BLE
Many versions
Configurable
not customizable
Focused on audio
use cases (speakers
and headphones)
and not data
Flash
Full BT Classic and
BLE BT 4.x
Fully Customizable
Onboard uP and
DSP
Flexible interfaces
incl. PCM, I2S,
UART, USB etc
Built in codecs
Third party audio
processing available
CSR867x
Single Mode BC05MM
Stand Alone – BT Stack runs
totally on CSR chip
Requires host stack from CSR or third party running on main system uC
Low level BT stack runs on CSR chip
HCI Dual
Mode
Stand
Alone
Dual
Mode
BLE
Single
Mode
Stand
Alone
Stand Alone -
BLE stack runs on
CSR Chip
User application
space available
Multiple versions of
CSR 10xx family
On board uC
I2C, UART and SPI
interface

26. Bluetooth at a high level
BLE
Single
Mode
Stand
Alone
Advantages
• Lowest power
• Highly integrated
• All firmware from CSR
(no third party stack
needed)
• Customer firmware space
available
• Variety of pin compatible
IO options available
• No Mfi needed for Apple
iOS operation
Things to Know
• BLE only- no classic
• BLE has lower data
throughput than Classic
• Older SmartPhones and
tablets do not “talk” BLE
• iPhone 4s and newer
• iPad 3 and newer
• Android 4.2 and newer,
but Android
implementation is not
universal
• BB10
• Win 8.1, not Win 7

27. Bluetooth at a high level
Advantages
• Highly integrated and
flexible
• Custom BLE profiles can
be added
• Support for advanced
features (TWS, ShareMe
etc)
• Also many 3rd party
algorithms
• Custom VM Apps allow
for full system control
• Apple MFi and CSR
GAIA support
Things to Know
• Highly integrated solution
may have functions not
everyone needs
• Complex software
integration effort – longer
software design cycle
Stand
Alone
Dual
Mode
FLASH

28. Bluetooth at a high level
Advantages
• Many options and flavors
• Lower cost than flash,
easily configurable
• Very simple to implement
• Configurable with CSR
GAIA extensions
Things to Know
• ROM chips only do what
CSR programmed them to
do- no user DSP or apps
(configurable but not
customizable)
• Current family has limited
BT 4.0 support- battery
profile only
• BLE support is limited to
battery profile only
• Focused on audio solutions
• No MFi
Stand
Alone
Dual
Mode
ROM

29. Bluetooth at a high level
Advantages
• Can operate in Dual
Mode (BLE AND Classic)
OR single mode
• UART or USB available
• Different flavors from
CSR, with DSP for
speech processing on
CSR chip to reduce host
load
• Lower cost than stand
alone Flash chips (i.e.
CSR8670)
• Profiles can be limited to
just what is needed
Things to Know
• Integrating HCI Bluetooth
into an audio solution is
complex- many third
party bits to integrate
• Software integration of a
stack running on the host
is needed- some license
cost possible
• Host micro is required
• Host must run for
connection – has to be
factored in to power
calculations
HCI Dual
Mode

30. Bluetooth at a high level
There are several HCI transport
layer standards, each using a
different hardware interface to
transfer the same command, event
and data packets. The most
commonly used are USB (in PCs)
and UART (in mobile phones and
PDAs).
In Bluetooth devices with simple
functionality (e.g., headsets), the
host stack and controller can be
implemented on the same
microprocessor. In this case the HCI
is optional, although often
implemented as an internal software
interface.
Host controller interface (HCI)
Standardized communication between the host stack (e.g., a PC or mobile phone
OS) and the controller (the Bluetooth IC). This standard allows the host stack or
controller IC to be swapped with minimal adaptation.

31. Bluetooth v4.0 (BTLE)
• The Bluetooth SIG completed the Bluetooth
Core Specification version 4.0 (called Bluetooth
Smart) and has been adopted as of 30 June
2010. It includes Classic Bluetooth, Bluetooth
high speed and Bluetooth low energy protocols.
Bluetooth high speed is based on Wi-Fi, and
Classic Bluetooth consists of legacy Bluetooth
protocols.
• Bluetooth low energy, previously known as
Wibree,[61] is a subset of Bluetooth v4.0 with an
entirely new protocol stack for rapid build-up of
simple links. As an alternative to the Bluetooth
standard protocols that were introduced in
Bluetooth v1.0 to v3.0, it is aimed at very low
power applications running off a coin cell. Chip
designs allow for two types of implementation,
dual-mode, single-mode and enhanced past
versions.[62] The provisional names Wibree and
Bluetooth ULP (Ultra Low Power) were
abandoned and the BLE name was used for a
while. In late 2011, new logos “Bluetooth Smart
Ready” for hosts and “Bluetooth Smart” for
sensors were introduced as the general-public
face of BLE.[63]
• In a single-mode implementation, only the low
energy protocol stack is implemented.
STMicroelectronics,[64] AMICCOM,[65] CSR,[66]
Nordic Semiconductor[67] and Texas
Instruments[68] have released single mode
Bluetooth low energy solutions.
• In a dual-mode implementation, Bluetooth Smart
functionality is integrated into an existing Classic
Bluetooth controller. As of March 2011, the
following semiconductor companies have
announced the availability of chips meeting the
standard: Qualcomm-Atheros, CSR,
Broadcom[69][70] and Texas Instruments.
• Cost-reduced single-mode chips, which enable
highly integrated and compact devices, feature a
lightweight Link Layer providing ultra-low power
idle mode operation, simple device discovery, and
reliable point-to-multipoint data transfer with
advanced power-save and secure encrypted
connections at the lowest possible cost.
• General improvements in version 4.0 include the
changes necessary to facilitate BLE modes, as
well the Generic Attribute Profile (GATT) and
Security Manager (SM) services with AES
Encryption.

32. Bluetooth v4.1 and v4.2 (wireless infrastructure)
Bluetooth v4.1
• The Bluetooth SIG announced formal adoption of
the Bluetooth v4.1 specification on 4 December
2013. This specification is an incremental
software update to Bluetooth Specification v4.0,
and not a hardware update. The update
incorporates Bluetooth Core Specification Addenda
(CSA 1, 2, 3 & 4) and adds new features that
improve consumer usability. These include
increased co-existence support for LTE, bulk
data exchange rates—and aid developer innovation
by allowing devices to support multiple roles
simultaneously.
• New features of this specification include:
• Mobile Wireless Service Coexistence Signaling
• Train Nudging and Generalized Interlaced Scanning
• Low Duty Cycle Directed Advertising
• L2CAP Connection Oriented and Dedicated
Channels with Credit Based Flow Control
• Dual Mode and Topology
• LE Link Layer Topology
• 802.11n PAL
• Audio Architecture Updates for Wide Band Speech
• Fast Data Advertising Interval
• Limited Discovery Time
Bluetooth v4.2
• Bluetooth v4.2 was released on December 2,
2014. It Introduces some key features for IoT.
Some features, such as Data Length Extension,
require a hardware update. But some older
Bluetooth hardware may receive some Bluetooth
v4.2 features, such as privacy updates via
firmware.
The major areas of improvement are:
• LE Data Packet Length Extension
• LE Secure Connections
• Link Layer Privacy
• Link Layer Extended Scanner Filter Policies
• IP connectivity for Bluetooth Smart devices to
become available soon after the introduction of
BT v4.2 via the new Internet Protocol Support
Profile (IPSP).
• IPSP adds an IPv6 connection option for
Bluetooth Smart, to support connected home and
other IoT implementations.

33. Why Wi-Fi?
• Connect electronic devices to each other,
to the Internet, and to wired networks –
quickly and securely
• Existing Infrastructure: Most prominent
wireless connectivity technology for
computers and internet
• Real-world performance similar to wired
networks
• High data rates (>100Mbps throughput)
• Over 2.5B Wi-Fi units deployed in the
market today; It is estimated that
approximately 1 billion units shipped per
year since 2011!

34. WLAN Infrastructure Mode Networks
Access Point
Access Point (AP)
• Networks are built to transfer data between
stations
• The hub to relay all network communications,
translating frames between a wireless medium
and a wired medium
• Given a service set identifier (SSID), which
becomes the network name for the users
• Sends out beacons to let stations know there is
an access point they can connect to
Stations
• Computing devices with wireless network
interfaces
• Stations associate with an AP to join a network
• Stations listen for beacons to understand if any
traffic is available
• Because stations know when the next beacon is
coming, they can go to sleep during this wait
period and wake up in time for the next beacon
• Stations can access the Internet through the
access point connected to a network
Stations

35. Why GPS?
• Space-based global navigation
satellite system (GNSS)
• Provide reliable location, time, and
velocity information to a receiver
anywhere in the world
– Location – Latitude, longitude, elevation
– Time – Receivers keep track of time
provided by GPS satellites’ precise atomic
clock
– Velocity – Track the speed at which you’re
moving
• Use in all weather, at all times,
anywhere on/near the Earth
• Widely deployed and useful tool for
commerce, asset tracking as well as
surveillance