The document discusses the concept of extrema in functions, specifically local and global maxima and minima, and outlines methods for identifying these points. It emphasizes the importance of this topic in differential calculus, particularly for students preparing for the JEE examination, and provides analytical techniques and tips for mastering it. Additionally, it highlights practical applications of maxima and minima in various professional fields.

2. The maximum and minimum values of a
function are together termed as extrema.
Pierre de Fermat was one of the
mathematicians to propose a general
technique for finding the maxima & minima.

3.  Stationary points
 Turning points
 Local maxima & minima
 Ways to identify local maxima & minima
 Global maxima & minima
We shall give a brief outline of these topics in
addition to the tips to master them. Those
willing to go into the intricacies can refer the
study material of maxima and minima.

4.  Mathematically, we can define the local maxima of a function
f to be a point ‘a’ such that f(a) > f(a-h) and f(a) > f(a+h),
where h > 0 is a small quantity.
 Similarly, a function f(x) is said to have a local minimum at
the point ‘a’ if the value of the function at the point x = a is
less than the value at the neighboring points.

5. Global maxima or minima of f(x) in [a, b] refers to the greatest or least
value of f(x) in [a, b]. Mathematically, it can be explained as:
The function f(x) has a global maximum at the point ‘a’ in the interval I
if
Similarly, f(x) has a global minimum at the point ‘a’ if f (a) ≤f (x), for all
x ∈ I.
From the figure given below, it becomes clear that while global maxima
denotes the maxima of the function in the entire interval, local maxima
denotes the point at which the value of the function is maximum as
compare to the neighboring points.

6. Generally speaking, there are three ways to test a function for
local maxima/ minima:

7. Maxima & Minima is an extremely important topic of differential
calculus. The differential calculus portion accounts for 13% of the JEE
screening and maxima & minima is an important component of
application of derivatives. Some of the books which are considered
to be best for calculus are Arihant differential calculus and Das
Gupta calculus. These books not only explain the concepts in detail
but also contain various solved and unsolved examples. Various JEE
level questions are also included in them.

8. Illustration 1:
If f(x) = (x2-1)/(x2+1), for every real number x, then the minimum value of
f (IIT JEE 1998)
A. does not exist because f is unbounded B. is not attained even
though f is bounded
C. is equal to 1 D. is equal to -1.
Solution:
Given f(x) = (x2-1)/(x2+1) = 1- 2/(x2+1)
This shows that f(x) will be minimum when 2/(x2+1) is maximum
i.e. when (x2+1) is maximum i.e. at the point x = 0
Hence, the minimum value of f(x) is f(0) = -1.

9. Illustration 2:
Let f(x) = |x|, for 0 < |x| ≤ 2
1, for x = 0
Then at x = 0, the function f has (IIT JEE 2000)
A. a local maximum B. no local
maximum
C. a local minimum D. no extremum
Solution:
First of all, we draw the figure for it.
It is clear from the above figure that at the point x= 0, the
function f(x) is not continuous.
Hence, f has no extremum at x = 0.

10.  We can identify the stationary points by looking for the points at which dy/dx = 0.
 All turning points are stationary points but the converse does not hold true, i.e. all
stationary points are not turning points.
 A maximum (minimum) value of a function may not be the greatest (least) value in
a finite interval.
 A function can have various minimum and maximum values and a minimum value
may at times exceed the maximum value.
 The maximum and minimum values of a function always occur alternatively i.e.
between every two maximum values, there exists a minimum value and vice-versa.
 If dy/dx = 0 and d2y/dx2> 0, then that point must be a point of minima.
 If dy/dx = 0 and d2y/dx2< 0, then that point must be a point of maxima.
 Global maximum and minimum in [a, b] would always occur at critical points of
f(x) within [a, b] or at the end pints of the interval provided f is continuous in [a,
b].
 If f(x) is a continuous function on a closed bounded interval [a,b], then f(x) will
have a global maximum and a global minimum on [a,b].
 If the interval is not bounded or closed, then there is no guarantee that a
continuous function f(x) will have global extrema.
 If f(x) is differentiable on the interval I, then every global extremum is a local
extremum or an endpoint extremum.

11. Maxima & minima is an extremely simple and an important topic of mathematics
syllabus of IIT JEE. However, due to lack of conceptual clarity, students often get
confused and commit mistakes in the questions. Here, we shall give you some
tips which can help you fetch perfect scores in this topic:
 Do not refer too many books as different books use different methods of
computing the points of extremum.
 Stick to standard books like Arihant Calculus or the one by Das Gupta.
 Maxima & Minima is a simple topic but consistent practice is essential in order to
excel in it.
 Various formulas and results must be on your fingertips.
 Whenever you are about to attempt a question on maxima or minima, read the
question carefully to identify what it actually demands.
 First of all, you must try to identify the stationary points.
 Remember the difference between stationary and turning points.
 If possible, try to plot the function on a graph as it often helps in reaching at the
accurate solution easily and quickly.
 In order to identify the local maxima or minima of a function, first you must try to
apply the first derivative test.
 In case you are not able to compute using the first derivative test, try to apply the
second derivative test and if that also fails, then proceed toward the nth
derivative test.

12. It might sound surprising, but the fact is that we can encounter maxima and
minima anywhere in our daily lives. Some of the instances include:
 Suppose as a diligent consumer, you wish to collect data of your cell phone
usage (say) for a month. You develop a function representing the cell phone
usage and then the local maxima/minima give you a fair idea of your cell
phone usage which helps you in choosing the most appropriate plan.
 In case we own a company and wish to minimize the cost of production, two
types of maxima and minima can prove useful- absolute maxima & minima
and local maxima and minima.
 A person planning a theme park utilizes the model of total revenue as a
function of admission price. In order to identify the ideal maximum price
which would be the one that helps in fetching the maximum revenue again the
concept of absolute maximum of this function would be used.
 An actuary also utilizes the concept of local minima of the functions in order
to identify the productive markets and low risk, high yielding ventures for his
insurance company.
 A NASA engineer working on an innovative space shuttle needs to analyze the
function that calculates the pressure acting on the shuttle at a given height.
The pressure that the shuttle should be capable of withstanding is given by the
absolute maximum of the function.

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