Material balance for multiple units without chemical equation
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
9 likes•5,711 views
1) The document discusses material balances for multiple unit processes without chemical reactions. It covers concepts like system boundaries, open and closed systems, accumulation, steady state, and solving material balance problems. 2) Steps for solving material balance problems include drawing the system, specifying inputs/outputs, obtaining data, choosing a basis, writing equations, and solving for unknowns. 3) An example problem is provided and solved step-by-step to find unknown stream flows in a three unit process based on inlet/outlet compositions.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
material balance and its applications
This document provides an overview of material balances and their applications in process engineering. It begins by explaining that material balances are used to account for the mass of materials entering and leaving a process based on the law of conservation of mass. The general material balance equation is presented, which accounts for inputs, outputs, generation, consumption and accumulation of a material within a system. Examples are then provided to demonstrate how to set up and solve material balance problems for physical processes and distillation columns. Procedures for performing material balances on single and multiple unit processes are also outlined.
Shell Momentum Balances in heat transfer
This slide will explain you the chemical engineering terms .Al about the basics of this slide are explain in it. The basics of fluid mechanics, heat transfer, chemical engineering thermodynamics, fluid motions, newtonian fluids, are explain in this process.
Lecture 03: STKM3212
The document contains lecture notes on mass and heat transfer in steady state processes. It discusses key concepts like Fick's law of diffusion, examples of mass transfer in membrane separation processes used in the food industry like reverse osmosis. It also covers the basic mechanisms of heat transfer through conduction, convection and radiation. Specific equations for heat transfer by conduction through a hollow cylinder are provided.
Material balance with chemical reaction
1) Material balances apply the law of conservation of mass to chemical processes, ensuring mass is neither created nor destroyed.
2) To perform a material balance, a process flow diagram is drawn with stream labels and unknowns assigned symbols. A basis is selected before writing balance equations.
3) For reactive systems, stoichiometric ratios from chemical equations are used in material balances to determine limiting reactants and calculate yields, selectivity, and conversion.
Membrane gas separation
gas sweetening and separation , using membrane to separate carbon dioxide from natural gas in industry
Design of-absorption-column
The document summarizes the design of an absorption column to remove SO2 from an air stream using water. It involves selecting water as the solvent, 1.5 inch Raschig rings as the packing material, calculating the minimum water flow rate of 116,641 kg/h, determining the flooding velocity, diameter of 1.106 m, and height of 3.88 m for the packed column. The column will treat 40,000 ft3/h of air containing 20% SO2 and recover 96% of the SO2 using 30% excess water than the minimum flow rate.
Introduction to transport phenomena bodh raj
Introduction to transport phenomena bodh rajNFC Institute of Engineerng and Fertilliser Research aisalabad Pakistan
This document provides an introduction and table of contents to the book "Introduction to Transport Phenomena - Momentum, Heat and Mass" by Bodh Raj. The book covers momentum transfer, heat transfer, and mass transfer phenomena across four main sections. It is intended as an introductory text for undergraduate students and includes solved examples and problems for each chapter.1.1 Vapor Liquid Equilibrium
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project.
Section: Distillation
Subject: 1.1 Vapor Liquid Equilibrium
Recommended
material balance and its applications
This document provides an overview of material balances and their applications in process engineering. It begins by explaining that material balances are used to account for the mass of materials entering and leaving a process based on the law of conservation of mass. The general material balance equation is presented, which accounts for inputs, outputs, generation, consumption and accumulation of a material within a system. Examples are then provided to demonstrate how to set up and solve material balance problems for physical processes and distillation columns. Procedures for performing material balances on single and multiple unit processes are also outlined.
Shell Momentum Balances in heat transfer
This slide will explain you the chemical engineering terms .Al about the basics of this slide are explain in it. The basics of fluid mechanics, heat transfer, chemical engineering thermodynamics, fluid motions, newtonian fluids, are explain in this process.
Lecture 03: STKM3212
The document contains lecture notes on mass and heat transfer in steady state processes. It discusses key concepts like Fick's law of diffusion, examples of mass transfer in membrane separation processes used in the food industry like reverse osmosis. It also covers the basic mechanisms of heat transfer through conduction, convection and radiation. Specific equations for heat transfer by conduction through a hollow cylinder are provided.
Material balance with chemical reaction
1) Material balances apply the law of conservation of mass to chemical processes, ensuring mass is neither created nor destroyed.
2) To perform a material balance, a process flow diagram is drawn with stream labels and unknowns assigned symbols. A basis is selected before writing balance equations.
3) For reactive systems, stoichiometric ratios from chemical equations are used in material balances to determine limiting reactants and calculate yields, selectivity, and conversion.
Membrane gas separation
gas sweetening and separation , using membrane to separate carbon dioxide from natural gas in industry
Design of-absorption-column
The document summarizes the design of an absorption column to remove SO2 from an air stream using water. It involves selecting water as the solvent, 1.5 inch Raschig rings as the packing material, calculating the minimum water flow rate of 116,641 kg/h, determining the flooding velocity, diameter of 1.106 m, and height of 3.88 m for the packed column. The column will treat 40,000 ft3/h of air containing 20% SO2 and recover 96% of the SO2 using 30% excess water than the minimum flow rate.
Introduction to transport phenomena bodh raj
Introduction to transport phenomena bodh rajNFC Institute of Engineerng and Fertilliser Research aisalabad Pakistan
This document provides an introduction and table of contents to the book "Introduction to Transport Phenomena - Momentum, Heat and Mass" by Bodh Raj. The book covers momentum transfer, heat transfer, and mass transfer phenomena across four main sections. It is intended as an introductory text for undergraduate students and includes solved examples and problems for each chapter.1.1 Vapor Liquid Equilibrium
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project.
Section: Distillation
Subject: 1.1 Vapor Liquid Equilibrium
gas absorption
Gas absorption is a process used to separate gases by contacting a gas mixture with a liquid solvent. The key principles are the solubility of the absorbed gas and the rate of mass transfer as the gas dissolves into the liquid. Absorption is usually carried out counter-currently in vertical columns. The solvent is fed at the top while the gas enters at the bottom, allowing the absorbed substances to be washed out in the downward flowing liquid. Proper selection of solvent considers factors like gas solubility, volatility, cost, and viscosity. Rate of absorption is determined by volumetric mass transfer coefficients, which can be calculated from operating line and equilibrium curve diagrams.
Sedimentation
This experiment aims to discover the effect of initial concentration and initial height on sedimentation characteristics of calcium carbonate particles suspended in water. Data was collected for calcium carbonate suspensions at different concentrations (2-10%) and initial heights, measuring the settling velocity over time. The results show an inverse relationship between concentration and settling velocity, with higher concentrations settling more slowly. Higher initial heights also resulted in higher settling velocities compared to the same concentration at a lower initial height. Graphs of settling velocity versus limiting concentration were similar for all cases tested.
group 2 problem set 7
The document discusses calculating the temperature at the boundary between a refractory brick layer and insulating material layer in a plane wall. Given information includes the thicknesses of each layer, thermal conductivities, and temperatures on both surfaces. The calculated temperature at the boundary is 867.75°C. Another example calculates the time to cool a glass sheet submerged in water from an initial to average final temperature. The calculated time is 130.21 hours.
Full report gas absorption
This document outlines the procedures and results from an experiment on gas absorption using an absorption column. The experiment examined the air pressure drop across the column as air flow rate was increased for different fixed water flow rates. Pressure drop was recorded and plotted against air flow rate. The experimental flooding points where compared to theoretical calculations, with errors ranging from 11.1% to 20%. The results showed that pressure drop increased with air flow rate as expected, identifying the flooding points where liquid could no longer flow down the column.
Fluidization
Fluidization refers to a process where solid particles are made to behave like a fluid by passing a liquid or gas through it. There are two main types of fluidization - particulate and aggregative. The key conditions for fluidization include maintaining a superficial velocity lower than the particle terminal velocity and keeping the particle size between 30-300 micrometers. Common applications of fluidization include fluid catalytic cracking, drying, and granulation. The main advantages are uniform temperature distribution due to mixing and easy handling of solids. The main disadvantages are non-uniform gas-solid contacting and erosion due to particle abrasion.
3 size reduction
The document discusses size reduction, which is the process of reducing the size of solid materials through mechanisms like impact, attrition, compression, and cutting. Size reduction is important to increase surface area for applications like reactions. Common size reduction equipment includes crushers, grinders, and cutting machines. Crushers are used for coarse size reduction through impacts. Grinders provide intermediate and fine size reduction through impacts or abrasion. Factors that influence equipment choice include the feed and desired product sizes, material properties, and capacity needs. The efficiency of size reduction depends on factors like the energy required to generate new surface area.
Phase Equilibrium
1. The phase rule describes the relationship between the number of phases, components, and degrees of freedom in a system at equilibrium. It states that the degrees of freedom F equals the number of components C minus the number of phases P plus two.
2. A phase diagram graphically represents the phase equilibria of a system. The phase diagram for ice, water, and water vapor shows three single-phase regions and three phase boundary lines where two phases coexist in equilibrium.
3. The triple point is the only condition where ice, water, and water vapor can coexist in equilibrium, with zero degrees of freedom. It occurs at a temperature of 0.01 degrees C and a pressure of 4.
Distillation
1) Distillation is a method used to separate components of a liquid solution based on differences in how the components distribute between the vapor and liquid phases when heated to their boiling points.
2) Raoult's law describes vapor-liquid equilibrium for ideal solutions, relating the partial pressure of a component in vapor phase to its mole fraction in the liquid phase. Boiling point diagrams can be constructed using vapor pressure data.
3) Equilibrium or flash distillation involves heating a liquid mixture to partially vaporize it in a single stage, separating the vapor and liquid which approach equilibrium compositions.
Thermodynamics problems
This document contains multiple problems involving ideal gas processes. The first problem describes a steady flow compressor handling nitrogen with known intake conditions and discharge pressure. It asks to determine the final temperature and work for two process types. The second problem involves air in a cylinder being compressed in a polytropic process with known initial and final pressures and temperatures. It asks to determine the work and heat transfer. The third problem describes a gas turbine expanding helium polytropically and asks to determine the final pressure, power produced, heat loss, and entropy change.
2.2 McCabe-Thiele method
The McCabe-Thiele method is a graphical technique for determining the minimum number of stages required for distillation. It involves plotting the equilibrium relationship between liquid and vapor phases on a diagram and constructing operating lines to represent the mass balances in the rectifying and stripping sections. Intersections between the lines indicate the number of ideal stages. The method was developed in 1925 and remains useful for preliminary column design. Key considerations include the feed composition and enthalpy, reflux ratio, and use of partial condensers or reboilers.
Classification of mass transfer processes
This document discusses various mass transfer separation processes used in chemical industries. It describes core separation processes like distillation, gas absorption, liquid-liquid extraction, drying, adsorption, crystallization and membrane separation. These processes are classified based on the phases involved (gas, liquid, solid) and the mechanism of separation - contact of immiscible phases, indirect contact of miscible phases through a membrane, direct contact of miscible phases, or use of surface phenomena. Examples of typical applications and separation processes are provided for different combinations of phases.
CRE Numericals
The document summarizes solutions to two chemistry problems.
Problem 1 calculates the rate of reaction in a municipal wastewater treatment plant as 2.17×10-4 mol/m3∙s. Problem 2 calculates the rate of reaction in a coal burning power station using fluidized bed combustors as 0.15 ton mol/m3∙hr. The document shows the step-by-step work and equations used to determine the rates of reaction for the two problems.
Dryers
A rotary dryer is used to dry sand with the following specifications:
- Wet sand at 30°C with 7% moisture is dried to 0.5% moisture at 115°C.
- 20 metric tons of dried sand is produced per hour.
- Bunker oil at 41870 kJ/kg HHV is used as fuel with an efficiency of 60%.
Calculating the heat requirements and fuel consumption rate, 204 kg/hr of bunker oil is needed, equivalent to 227 liters/hr.
Transport phenomena Solved problems
1. The document derives a general differential equation for fluid flow problems in rectangular Cartesian coordinates using a shell momentum balance.
2. It considers flow between parallel plates where the velocity depends only on the x-coordinate and derives expressions for the shear stress distribution, velocity profile, maximum velocity, average velocity, and mass flow rate for a Newtonian fluid.
3. The shear stress is found to be linearly proportional to x, the velocity profile parabolic, the maximum velocity occurs at the center, and the average velocity is 2/3 of the maximum velocity.
Chemical Reaction Engineering
A 10-minute experimental run shows that 75% of liquid reactant is converted to product by a half-order rate. What would be the fraction converted in a half-hour run?
Gas Absorption & Stripping in Chemical Engineering (Part 3/4)
COURSE LINK:
https://www.chemicalengineeringguy.com/courses/gas-absorption-stripping/
Introduction:
Gas Absorption is one of the very first Mass Transfer Unit Operations studied in early process engineering. It is very important in several Separation Processes, as it is used extensively in the Chemical industry.
Understanding the concept behind Gas-Gas and Gas-Liquid mass transfer interaction will allow you to understand and model Absorbers, Strippers, Scrubbers, Washers, Bubblers, etc…
We will cover:
- REVIEW: Of Mass Transfer Basics required
- GAS-LIQUID interaction in the molecular level, the two-film theory
- ABSORPTION Theory
- Application of Absorption in the Industry
- Counter-current & Co-current Operation
- Several equipment to carry Gas-Liquid Operations
- Bubble, Spray, Packed and Tray Column equipments
- Solvent Selection
- Design & Operation of Packed Towers
- Pressure drop due to packings
- Solvent Selection
- Design & Operation of Tray Columns
- Single Component Absorption
- Single Component Stripping/Desorption
- Diluted and Concentrated Absorption
- Basics: Multicomponent Absorption
- Software Simulation for Absorption/Stripping Operations (ASPEN PLUS/HYSYS)
----
Please show the love! LIKE, SHARE and SUBSCRIBE!
More likes, sharings, suscribers: MORE VIDEOS!
-----
CONTACT ME
Chemical.Engineering.Guy@Gmail.com
www.ChemicalEngineeringGuy.com
http://facebook.com/Chemical.Engineering.Guy
You speak spanish? Visit my spanish channel -www.youtube.com/ChemEngIQA
Thermodynamics 1 law-closed-system
Here, we represent the ppt for first law of thermodynamics.
We keep the implementation to close system (control mass) only.
VLE Notes.ppt
1. The document discusses vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) and some simple models for calculating VLE, including Raoult's law and Henry's law.
2. Raoult's law assumes an ideal gas in the vapor phase and an ideal solution in the liquid phase. Henry's law is applicable for very dilute solutions and low pressures where the vapor can be treated as an ideal gas.
3. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating bubble point, dew point, and equilibrium conditions using these models. Modified Raoult's law is also introduced, which accounts for non-ideality in the liquid phase using activity coefficients.
Chap 1(a) molecular-diffusion_in_gas(2)
The document discusses principles of molecular diffusion in gases. It covers topics such as equimolar counter diffusion, diffusion through cross-sectional areas like spheres, and calculating diffusion coefficients. Examples and problems are provided to demonstrate how to calculate flux and diffusion rates in various scenarios, including diffusion between binary gas mixtures and evaporation from surfaces. Methods for estimating gas diffusivity are also presented.
Flash Distillation in Chemical and Process Engineering (Part 3 of 3)
FULL COURSE:
https://courses.chemicalengineeringguy.com/p/flash-distillation-in-chemical-process-engineering/
Introduction:
Binary Distillation is one of the most important Mass Transfer Operations used extensively in the Chemical industry.
Understanding the concept behind Gas-Gas, Liquid-Liquid and the Gas-Liquid mass transfer interaction will allow you to understand and model Distillation Columns, Flashes, Batch Distillator, Tray Columns and Packed column, etc...
We will cover:
REVIEW: Of Mass Transfer Basics (Equilibrium VLE Diagrams, Volatility, Raoult's Law, Azeotropes, etc..)
Distillation Theory - Concepts and Principles
Application of Distillation in the Industry
Equipment for Flashing Systems such as Flash Drums
Design & Operation of Flash Drums
Material and Energy Balances for flash systems
Adiabatic and Isothermal Operation
Animations and Software Simulation for Flash Distillation Systems (ASPEN PLUS/HYSYS)
Theory + Solved Problem Approach:
All theory is taught and backed with exercises, solved problems, and proposed problems for homework/individual study.
At the end of the course:
You will be able to understand mass transfer mechanism and processes behind Flash Distillation.
You will be able to continue with Batch Distillation, Fractional Distillation, Continuous Distillation and further courses such as Multi-Component Distillation, Reactive Distillation and Azeotropic Distillation.
About your instructor:
I majored in Chemical Engineering with a minor in Industrial Engineering back in 2012.
I worked as a Process Design/Operation Engineer in INEOS Koln, mostly on the petrochemical area relating to naphtha treating.
There I designed and modeled several processes relating separation of isopentane/pentane mixtures, catalytic reactors and separation processes such as distillation columns, flash separation devices and transportation of tank-trucks of product.
Material balance Equation
This document discusses material balance applied to oil reservoirs. It introduces the Schilthuis material balance equation, which is a basic tool for interpreting and predicting reservoir performance. The general form of the material balance equation accounts for underground withdrawal of oil and gas, expansion of oil and originally dissolved gas, expansion of any gas cap gas, and changes in hydrocarbon pore volume due to water and pore volume changes. The document provides the specific equations that make up the material balance and shows how it can be simplified for different reservoir drive mechanisms, including solution gas drive above and below the bubble point pressure. It also provides examples of calculating recovery factors and gas saturation from the material balance equation for a reservoir undergoing primary depletion by solution gas drive.
Introduction to material and energy balance
This 3-page document provides an introduction to material and energy balance concepts. It defines the law of conservation of mass which states that mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a process. The law applies to entire processes as well as individual units. The document also discusses different types of processes including steady-state, transient, batch, and semi-batch processes. It introduces the concept of a material balance equation applied to processes to account for mass entering and leaving the system.
More Related Content
What's hot
gas absorption
Gas absorption is a process used to separate gases by contacting a gas mixture with a liquid solvent. The key principles are the solubility of the absorbed gas and the rate of mass transfer as the gas dissolves into the liquid. Absorption is usually carried out counter-currently in vertical columns. The solvent is fed at the top while the gas enters at the bottom, allowing the absorbed substances to be washed out in the downward flowing liquid. Proper selection of solvent considers factors like gas solubility, volatility, cost, and viscosity. Rate of absorption is determined by volumetric mass transfer coefficients, which can be calculated from operating line and equilibrium curve diagrams.
Sedimentation
This experiment aims to discover the effect of initial concentration and initial height on sedimentation characteristics of calcium carbonate particles suspended in water. Data was collected for calcium carbonate suspensions at different concentrations (2-10%) and initial heights, measuring the settling velocity over time. The results show an inverse relationship between concentration and settling velocity, with higher concentrations settling more slowly. Higher initial heights also resulted in higher settling velocities compared to the same concentration at a lower initial height. Graphs of settling velocity versus limiting concentration were similar for all cases tested.
group 2 problem set 7
The document discusses calculating the temperature at the boundary between a refractory brick layer and insulating material layer in a plane wall. Given information includes the thicknesses of each layer, thermal conductivities, and temperatures on both surfaces. The calculated temperature at the boundary is 867.75°C. Another example calculates the time to cool a glass sheet submerged in water from an initial to average final temperature. The calculated time is 130.21 hours.
Full report gas absorption
This document outlines the procedures and results from an experiment on gas absorption using an absorption column. The experiment examined the air pressure drop across the column as air flow rate was increased for different fixed water flow rates. Pressure drop was recorded and plotted against air flow rate. The experimental flooding points where compared to theoretical calculations, with errors ranging from 11.1% to 20%. The results showed that pressure drop increased with air flow rate as expected, identifying the flooding points where liquid could no longer flow down the column.
Fluidization
Fluidization refers to a process where solid particles are made to behave like a fluid by passing a liquid or gas through it. There are two main types of fluidization - particulate and aggregative. The key conditions for fluidization include maintaining a superficial velocity lower than the particle terminal velocity and keeping the particle size between 30-300 micrometers. Common applications of fluidization include fluid catalytic cracking, drying, and granulation. The main advantages are uniform temperature distribution due to mixing and easy handling of solids. The main disadvantages are non-uniform gas-solid contacting and erosion due to particle abrasion.
3 size reduction
The document discusses size reduction, which is the process of reducing the size of solid materials through mechanisms like impact, attrition, compression, and cutting. Size reduction is important to increase surface area for applications like reactions. Common size reduction equipment includes crushers, grinders, and cutting machines. Crushers are used for coarse size reduction through impacts. Grinders provide intermediate and fine size reduction through impacts or abrasion. Factors that influence equipment choice include the feed and desired product sizes, material properties, and capacity needs. The efficiency of size reduction depends on factors like the energy required to generate new surface area.
Phase Equilibrium
1. The phase rule describes the relationship between the number of phases, components, and degrees of freedom in a system at equilibrium. It states that the degrees of freedom F equals the number of components C minus the number of phases P plus two.
2. A phase diagram graphically represents the phase equilibria of a system. The phase diagram for ice, water, and water vapor shows three single-phase regions and three phase boundary lines where two phases coexist in equilibrium.
3. The triple point is the only condition where ice, water, and water vapor can coexist in equilibrium, with zero degrees of freedom. It occurs at a temperature of 0.01 degrees C and a pressure of 4.
Distillation
1) Distillation is a method used to separate components of a liquid solution based on differences in how the components distribute between the vapor and liquid phases when heated to their boiling points.
2) Raoult's law describes vapor-liquid equilibrium for ideal solutions, relating the partial pressure of a component in vapor phase to its mole fraction in the liquid phase. Boiling point diagrams can be constructed using vapor pressure data.
3) Equilibrium or flash distillation involves heating a liquid mixture to partially vaporize it in a single stage, separating the vapor and liquid which approach equilibrium compositions.
Thermodynamics problems
This document contains multiple problems involving ideal gas processes. The first problem describes a steady flow compressor handling nitrogen with known intake conditions and discharge pressure. It asks to determine the final temperature and work for two process types. The second problem involves air in a cylinder being compressed in a polytropic process with known initial and final pressures and temperatures. It asks to determine the work and heat transfer. The third problem describes a gas turbine expanding helium polytropically and asks to determine the final pressure, power produced, heat loss, and entropy change.
2.2 McCabe-Thiele method
The McCabe-Thiele method is a graphical technique for determining the minimum number of stages required for distillation. It involves plotting the equilibrium relationship between liquid and vapor phases on a diagram and constructing operating lines to represent the mass balances in the rectifying and stripping sections. Intersections between the lines indicate the number of ideal stages. The method was developed in 1925 and remains useful for preliminary column design. Key considerations include the feed composition and enthalpy, reflux ratio, and use of partial condensers or reboilers.
Classification of mass transfer processes
This document discusses various mass transfer separation processes used in chemical industries. It describes core separation processes like distillation, gas absorption, liquid-liquid extraction, drying, adsorption, crystallization and membrane separation. These processes are classified based on the phases involved (gas, liquid, solid) and the mechanism of separation - contact of immiscible phases, indirect contact of miscible phases through a membrane, direct contact of miscible phases, or use of surface phenomena. Examples of typical applications and separation processes are provided for different combinations of phases.
CRE Numericals
The document summarizes solutions to two chemistry problems.
Problem 1 calculates the rate of reaction in a municipal wastewater treatment plant as 2.17×10-4 mol/m3∙s. Problem 2 calculates the rate of reaction in a coal burning power station using fluidized bed combustors as 0.15 ton mol/m3∙hr. The document shows the step-by-step work and equations used to determine the rates of reaction for the two problems.
Dryers
A rotary dryer is used to dry sand with the following specifications:
- Wet sand at 30°C with 7% moisture is dried to 0.5% moisture at 115°C.
- 20 metric tons of dried sand is produced per hour.
- Bunker oil at 41870 kJ/kg HHV is used as fuel with an efficiency of 60%.
Calculating the heat requirements and fuel consumption rate, 204 kg/hr of bunker oil is needed, equivalent to 227 liters/hr.
Transport phenomena Solved problems
1. The document derives a general differential equation for fluid flow problems in rectangular Cartesian coordinates using a shell momentum balance.
2. It considers flow between parallel plates where the velocity depends only on the x-coordinate and derives expressions for the shear stress distribution, velocity profile, maximum velocity, average velocity, and mass flow rate for a Newtonian fluid.
3. The shear stress is found to be linearly proportional to x, the velocity profile parabolic, the maximum velocity occurs at the center, and the average velocity is 2/3 of the maximum velocity.
Chemical Reaction Engineering
A 10-minute experimental run shows that 75% of liquid reactant is converted to product by a half-order rate. What would be the fraction converted in a half-hour run?
Gas Absorption & Stripping in Chemical Engineering (Part 3/4)
COURSE LINK:
https://www.chemicalengineeringguy.com/courses/gas-absorption-stripping/
Introduction:
Gas Absorption is one of the very first Mass Transfer Unit Operations studied in early process engineering. It is very important in several Separation Processes, as it is used extensively in the Chemical industry.
Understanding the concept behind Gas-Gas and Gas-Liquid mass transfer interaction will allow you to understand and model Absorbers, Strippers, Scrubbers, Washers, Bubblers, etc…
We will cover:
- REVIEW: Of Mass Transfer Basics required
- GAS-LIQUID interaction in the molecular level, the two-film theory
- ABSORPTION Theory
- Application of Absorption in the Industry
- Counter-current & Co-current Operation
- Several equipment to carry Gas-Liquid Operations
- Bubble, Spray, Packed and Tray Column equipments
- Solvent Selection
- Design & Operation of Packed Towers
- Pressure drop due to packings
- Solvent Selection
- Design & Operation of Tray Columns
- Single Component Absorption
- Single Component Stripping/Desorption
- Diluted and Concentrated Absorption
- Basics: Multicomponent Absorption
- Software Simulation for Absorption/Stripping Operations (ASPEN PLUS/HYSYS)
----
Please show the love! LIKE, SHARE and SUBSCRIBE!
More likes, sharings, suscribers: MORE VIDEOS!
-----
CONTACT ME
Chemical.Engineering.Guy@Gmail.com
www.ChemicalEngineeringGuy.com
http://facebook.com/Chemical.Engineering.Guy
You speak spanish? Visit my spanish channel -www.youtube.com/ChemEngIQA
Thermodynamics 1 law-closed-system
Here, we represent the ppt for first law of thermodynamics.
We keep the implementation to close system (control mass) only.
VLE Notes.ppt
1. The document discusses vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) and some simple models for calculating VLE, including Raoult's law and Henry's law.
2. Raoult's law assumes an ideal gas in the vapor phase and an ideal solution in the liquid phase. Henry's law is applicable for very dilute solutions and low pressures where the vapor can be treated as an ideal gas.
3. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating bubble point, dew point, and equilibrium conditions using these models. Modified Raoult's law is also introduced, which accounts for non-ideality in the liquid phase using activity coefficients.
Chap 1(a) molecular-diffusion_in_gas(2)
The document discusses principles of molecular diffusion in gases. It covers topics such as equimolar counter diffusion, diffusion through cross-sectional areas like spheres, and calculating diffusion coefficients. Examples and problems are provided to demonstrate how to calculate flux and diffusion rates in various scenarios, including diffusion between binary gas mixtures and evaporation from surfaces. Methods for estimating gas diffusivity are also presented.
Flash Distillation in Chemical and Process Engineering (Part 3 of 3)
FULL COURSE:
https://courses.chemicalengineeringguy.com/p/flash-distillation-in-chemical-process-engineering/
Introduction:
Binary Distillation is one of the most important Mass Transfer Operations used extensively in the Chemical industry.
Understanding the concept behind Gas-Gas, Liquid-Liquid and the Gas-Liquid mass transfer interaction will allow you to understand and model Distillation Columns, Flashes, Batch Distillator, Tray Columns and Packed column, etc...
We will cover:
REVIEW: Of Mass Transfer Basics (Equilibrium VLE Diagrams, Volatility, Raoult's Law, Azeotropes, etc..)
Distillation Theory - Concepts and Principles
Application of Distillation in the Industry
Equipment for Flashing Systems such as Flash Drums
Design & Operation of Flash Drums
Material and Energy Balances for flash systems
Adiabatic and Isothermal Operation
Animations and Software Simulation for Flash Distillation Systems (ASPEN PLUS/HYSYS)
Theory + Solved Problem Approach:
All theory is taught and backed with exercises, solved problems, and proposed problems for homework/individual study.
At the end of the course:
You will be able to understand mass transfer mechanism and processes behind Flash Distillation.
You will be able to continue with Batch Distillation, Fractional Distillation, Continuous Distillation and further courses such as Multi-Component Distillation, Reactive Distillation and Azeotropic Distillation.
About your instructor:
I majored in Chemical Engineering with a minor in Industrial Engineering back in 2012.
I worked as a Process Design/Operation Engineer in INEOS Koln, mostly on the petrochemical area relating to naphtha treating.
There I designed and modeled several processes relating separation of isopentane/pentane mixtures, catalytic reactors and separation processes such as distillation columns, flash separation devices and transportation of tank-trucks of product.
What's hot (20)
Gas Absorption & Stripping in Chemical Engineering (Part 3/4)
Gas Absorption & Stripping in Chemical Engineering (Part 3/4)
Flash Distillation in Chemical and Process Engineering (Part 3 of 3)
Flash Distillation in Chemical and Process Engineering (Part 3 of 3)
Viewers also liked
Material balance Equation
This document discusses material balance applied to oil reservoirs. It introduces the Schilthuis material balance equation, which is a basic tool for interpreting and predicting reservoir performance. The general form of the material balance equation accounts for underground withdrawal of oil and gas, expansion of oil and originally dissolved gas, expansion of any gas cap gas, and changes in hydrocarbon pore volume due to water and pore volume changes. The document provides the specific equations that make up the material balance and shows how it can be simplified for different reservoir drive mechanisms, including solution gas drive above and below the bubble point pressure. It also provides examples of calculating recovery factors and gas saturation from the material balance equation for a reservoir undergoing primary depletion by solution gas drive.
Introduction to material and energy balance
This 3-page document provides an introduction to material and energy balance concepts. It defines the law of conservation of mass which states that mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a process. The law applies to entire processes as well as individual units. The document also discusses different types of processes including steady-state, transient, batch, and semi-batch processes. It introduces the concept of a material balance equation applied to processes to account for mass entering and leaving the system.
Material and Energy Balance
This document provides lecture notes on mass and energy balances. It covers key topics such as dimensions, units, unit conversion, material balances, and energy balances. Chapter 1 defines dimensions, units, and common unit systems used in engineering. It explains how to perform unit conversions and check the dimensional homogeneity of equations. Later chapters discuss using material and energy balances to analyze processes involving multiple units and unit operations.
1.4 material and energy balance
Material and energy balances are important tools for analyzing industrial processes. A material balance ensures mass is conserved by equating the mass entering and leaving a system, including any mass stored. Similarly, an energy balance equates energy in and out of a system, plus energy stored. Balances can be simple or complex, depending on the process, but follow the basic principle that input must equal output. Material and energy balances are used throughout the design, operation, and improvement of industrial processes to optimize yields and minimize costs.
Petroleum system
The document defines a petroleum system as the essential elements and processes involved in the formation, migration, and accumulation of hydrocarbons. The key elements of a petroleum system are:
1) A source rock that generates hydrocarbons through thermal maturation.
2) A reservoir rock with sufficient porosity and permeability to store migrating hydrocarbons.
3) A seal rock that traps hydrocarbons by forming an impermeable barrier to fluid migration.
4) A migration pathway through which hydrocarbons move from the source rock into reservoir rocks.
5) A trap such as a structural or stratigraphic feature that prevents further hydrocarbon migration.
Basicprinciplesandcalculationsinchemicalengineering7thedition2 140607171816-p...
Basicprinciplesandcalculationsinchemicalengineering7thedition2 140607171816-p...Viswa Prasad Kalidindi
This document provides a summary of a textbook on chemical engineering principles and calculations. It was written by David M. Himmelblau and James B. Riggs, and is now in its 7th edition. The textbook covers topics such as material balances, energy balances, thermodynamics, and other core chemical engineering concepts. It aims to explain principles in a clear, readable manner while also developing problem-solving skills. The intended audience is undergraduate chemical engineering students, though it may also be useful for related courses and independent study.08 basic material balance eqns
This document discusses material balance equations used to relate fluid movement and production from a reservoir to the amount of fluids contained. It provides an equation that accounts for: 1) remaining oil, 2) free gas remaining, 3) change in gas cap volume, and 4) net water influx. The equation is based on conservation of mass as production causes pore volume contraction and fluid expansion/contraction. Applications of the material balance equation include calculating stock tank oil originally in place and gas originally in place.
Chemical engineering Introduction to Process Calculations Stoichiometry
Introduction to Process Calculations Stoichiometry
Chemical engineering
https://www.scribd.com/doc/245696881/Introduction-to-Process-Calculations-Stoichiometry
Material & Energy Balance for Distillation
The document describes a distillation system with multiple units including a feed preheater, reboiler, distillation column, bottom product cooler, top product cooler, and condenser. It provides material and energy balances for the system, including flow rates, temperatures, heat duties, and phases of the streams at each component.
Food engineering powerpoint
Food engineering is a multidisciplinary field that combines science, engineering, and microbiology to develop food and agricultural products and processes. It involves genetically modifying crops and livestock to grow faster/bigger and produce more in less space. However, there are concerns that food engineering technologies have not been adequately tested for safety, are not precise enough, and can lead to pesticides in crops and animal cruelty from factory farming practices. While companies claim it can address world hunger and costs, critics argue it has instead removed nutrients from food and increased corporate profits without lowering consumer prices.
Nodal analysis
Production Optimization using nodal analysis. The nodal systems analysis approach is a very flexible method
that can be used to improve the performance of many well
systems. The nodal systems analysis approach may be used to analyze
many producing oil and gas well problems. The procedure can
be applied to both flowing and artificial
Energy Expenditure
This document discusses methods for estimating total daily energy expenditure (TDEE). TDEE can be estimated by calculating basal metabolic rate (BMR) using tables or equations, adjusting for daily activity level, and adding the estimated energy cost of exercise. The document provides tables and examples to guide estimating BMR, selecting an activity level factor, and calculating weekly and daily exercise energy expenditure to determine overall TDEE. Accurately estimating TDEE and balancing energy intake can help manage body weight over the long term.
Q913 re1 w3 lec 9
This document provides an overview of unsteady-state flow and the diffusivity equation, which is used to model pressure changes over time in reservoirs. It discusses the assumptions and solutions of the diffusivity equation, including the Ei-function and dimensionless pressure drop solutions. The constant-terminal pressure and constant-terminal rate solutions are examined. Graphs demonstrate how pressure profiles change over different times based on these solutions. The document also explores using dimensionless variables to simplify analyses of unsteady-state flow regimes.
Energy Balance
This document discusses how energy from the sun interacts with the atmosphere and Earth's surface. Solar radiation enters the atmosphere and is scattered, refracted, reflected, or absorbed. Atmospheric gases and particles influence these processes. Absorbed radiation is transferred within the atmosphere and at the surface via conduction, convection, and radiation. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and clouds contribute to the greenhouse effect by trapping infrared radiation emitted from the surface. The surface and atmospheric energy budgets describe the distribution of solar energy after it passes through the atmosphere and reaches the Earth's surface.
Practical Fundamentals of Chemical Engineering
Many technical professionals today find themselves working with large scale chemical processes even though they don't have formal training in Chemical Engineering. This workshop intends to fill this gap and provide you with knowledge of chemical engineering fundamentals along with the ability to apply this knowledge to specify, design, operate, maintain and troubleshoot chemical processes. If you are a non-chemical engineer this manual will enable you to confidently talk to and work effectively with chemical engineers and process equipment.
http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-fundamentals-chemical-engineering-27?id=21
Energy balance presentation
1) Maintaining energy balance requires balancing calories consumed with calories expended through physical activity and lifestyle.
2) Modern environments promote sedentary lifestyles and energy-dense foods, making it easy to consume excess calories without expending much energy.
3) Simple strategies like drinking water instead of soda, eating smaller portions of high-calorie foods, and incorporating 30 minutes of physical activity most days can help create a 150-calorie daily deficit to promote weight balance or loss over time.
Energy Balance
Energy balance occurs when energy intake from food matches energy expenditure by the body. Energy expenditure consists of basal metabolic rate (BMR), the energy required for basic body functions, thermic effect of activity and food, and adaptive thermogenesis. BMR accounts for 50-75% of total energy expenditure and can be estimated using formulas factoring in weight, height, age, and gender. Tracking energy intake and expenditure helps determine if a person has a surplus, deficit, or balance of calories.
Introduction to Chemical Engineering
Lecture Slides by Prof. Imitaz Ali at Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute for Engineering Sciences and Technology (GIKI).
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Hernan de Caso from OPC provided this presentation at the SPE London Introduction to Exploration and Production event on 18th November 2014
Episode 62 : MATERIAL BALANCE FOR REACTING SYSTEM
Episode 62 : MATERIAL BALANCE FOR REACTING SYSTEM
Many chemical reactions are irreversible and occur in one direction only, namely forward
Reversible reactions occur in both directions i.e. forward and backward
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Viewers also liked (20)
Basicprinciplesandcalculationsinchemicalengineering7thedition2 140607171816-p...
Basicprinciplesandcalculationsinchemicalengineering7thedition2 140607171816-p...
Chemical engineering Introduction to Process Calculations Stoichiometry
Chemical engineering Introduction to Process Calculations Stoichiometry
Similar to Material balance for multiple units without chemical equation
Lecture 02: STKM3212
The document discusses mass balance concepts in food processing systems operating at steady state. It defines different types of processes (batch, continuous, semi-batch) and steady vs unsteady state. Examples of mass balance problems are provided for dilution, evaporation/concentration, and mixing processes. Component balances are used to solve problems involving multiple streams and components.
Material balance problem without chemical reaction
Evaporator - Crystallizer Unit
Prepared by :
19013123-019 M. Faheem Ullah
University of Gujrat
Measuring Energy Balance in Mice from VO2/VCO2, Food Intake and Activity Data
Metabolic research continues to have an increased need for simultaneous multi-parameter measurements of Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER), animal activity, and food intake (caloric consumption) to properly asses compounds, proteins, and genes on how they influence metabolism. But temporal alignment of this data into meaningful conclusions can have a steep learning curve for the non-initiated, and selecting appropriate options for such a complicated system can be over whelming. This webinar aims to discuss the essential elements and how they are to be applied.
In this webinar sponsored by Columbus Instruments, Chris Adams provides an overview of essential parameters for studying energy expenditure in laboratory rodents. He reviews gas exchange using open circuit indirect calorimetry to measure VO2, VCO2, RER and energy expenditure; food/water intake using direct mass measurement for accumulative and/or bout monitoring for controlling caloric intake and for identifying diet preference; and activity using an IR photo-cell array and/or running wheel rotation for scoring locomotion, stereotypic behavior (grooming/scratching), resting behavior and wheel running behavior.
In addtion, Dr. Marta Fiorotto presents quantitative data acquired in her lab such as energy intake and energy expenditure while highlighting qualitative measurements such as spontaneous cage activity, voluntary activity and dietary-induced thermogenesis. She discusses the value of "secondary data" as well with a focus on RER and behaviors such as eating patterns, sleeping and exploratory drive. Finally, Dr. Fiorotto highlights key considerations for proper experimental design and to ensure data validity including habituation, animal-to-animal individuality, diets, environmental factors, instrument setup, timing of measurement and normalization protocols.
Energy+balance++by+tes
The document provides details on the material and energy balances, equipment needs, costs, and economic evaluation of a proposed corn starch production plant. Key points:
- Material and energy balances are presented to determine equipment size and energy requirements. The total estimated energy needed is 3,090,800 kWh/year.
- Major equipment needs and costs are listed, with a total purchased equipment cost of 710,000 ETB. The total fixed capital investment is estimated at 2,868,400 ETB.
- Production costs are estimated, including raw materials, utilities, labor, maintenance, etc. The total manufacturing cost is estimated to be 6,141,875 ETB + 3% of total production cost
Structural Design Calculations of Cement Mill 4
This document provides a structural design calculation and analysis of reinforced concrete columns for a proposed transporter structural steel frame at a cement mill. It includes descriptions of the project title, owner, location, and job order. It then details the design loads considered - including dead loads, operational loads, vibration loads, soil pressures, and earthquake loads. Load combinations are defined for both service and ultimate limit states. The results of the column design are then summarized, finding that all structural members passed the limit state requirements.
Introduction
Thermodynamic systems can be any collection of objects that can exchange energy with its surroundings. A thermodynamic process involves changes in the state of a system. Work done by a system is positive if the system does work and negative if work is done on the system. The total work done on a system during a process depends on the path taken in pressure-volume space and is calculated as the area under the pressure-volume curve. The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added to the system minus the work done by the system.
Design and Simulation of Divided Wall Column - Material and Energy Balances
The document summarizes the design and simulation of a divided wall column for separating a reformate mixture containing benzene, toluene, and p-xylene. Material and energy balances are presented for the divided wall column, which operates at a capacity of 1 MMTPA. The column is able to achieve purities of 99% for benzene, 98% for toluene, and 97% for p-xylene. Simulation results show a distillate flow of 138 Kmol/hr, side stream of 551 Kmol/hr, and bottom flow of 611 Kmol/hr. Energy balances are also presented for the feed, distillate, bottom, side stream, condenser, and rebo
Chemical thermodynamics and electrochemistry.pdf
This document discusses chemical thermodynamics and electrochemistry. It first defines thermodynamics and explains that it deals with energy changes in macroscopic systems involving large numbers of molecules. It notes that thermodynamics is concerned with initial and final equilibrium states, not how transformations occur. It then defines chemical thermodynamics as applying thermodynamic principles to determine the feasibility and direction of chemical reactions under given conditions. The document asks how the energy change of a chemical reaction/process can be determined, what drives reactions, and to what extent they proceed.
Equilibrium student 2014 2
The document discusses chemical equilibrium. It begins by defining chemical equilibrium as a state where the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal, but the reactions are still occurring dynamically. It also notes that at equilibrium, the concentrations or pressures of all species remain constant over time. The document then provides the definitions and expressions for equilibrium constants Kc and Kp, which relate the concentrations or pressures of reactants and products at equilibrium. It also discusses how equilibrium positions can be manipulated by changing conditions based on Le Chatelier's principle.
Chapter 6 notes
The document discusses different types of energy and energy changes that occur during chemical reactions. It defines key concepts such as:
- The six main types of energy - kinetic, potential, radiant, thermal, chemical, and nuclear.
- Exothermic and endothermic reactions, where exothermic reactions release energy as heat and endothermic reactions absorb energy in the form of heat.
- Thermochemistry and thermodynamics, where thermochemistry is the study of heat changes in chemical reactions and thermodynamics is the broader study of energy interconversions.
- Key thermodynamic concepts like state functions, the first law of thermodynamics, enthalpy, and standard enthalpy
Thermodynamics, part 3.ppt
The document discusses the first law of thermodynamics. It provides equations and explanations for how the internal energy (U) of a system can change through heat (Q) added or removed from the system or work (W) done on or by the system. The first law is expressed as ΔU = Q - W. Specific processes discussed include adiabatic (no heat transfer), isobaric (constant pressure), isochoric (constant volume), and isothermal (constant temperature). Diagrams are used to illustrate these concepts and how to calculate work from changes in pressure and volume.
Process costing
Process costing is a method used in manufacturing where units are mass produced through continuous processes. In process costing, the total cost is averaged over total units produced rather than tracking costs of individual jobs (like in job costing). Key terms include normal loss (expected waste), abnormal loss/gain (unexpected variance from normal), work in progress, equivalent units, and scrap value. To calculate cost per unit, total costs are divided by total equivalent units after accounting for opening/closing work in progress, normal/abnormal losses/gains, and scrap value if any.
IB Chemistry on Energetics experiment and Thermodynamics
1. The document provides information on thermodynamics concepts including heat, temperature, enthalpy change, heat capacity, calorimetry techniques, and Hess's law.
2. It explains that heat is the transfer of thermal energy between objects due to a temperature difference, while temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles and is not a form of energy.
3. Examples of calorimetry techniques like bomb calorimetry and coffee cup calorimetry are provided to demonstrate how to measure enthalpy changes during chemical reactions.
Chapter 5 gen chem
This document discusses thermochemistry and energy changes in chemical reactions. It defines different types of energy, including kinetic energy, potential energy, and internal energy. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved in chemical reactions, with the change in internal energy of a system equaling the negative of the change in energy of the surroundings. Enthalpy is related to the internal energy and pressure-volume work term. Calorimetry experiments allow measurement of enthalpy changes using calorimeters and bomb calorimeters. Hess's law allows calculation of enthalpy changes from enthalpies of individual reaction steps. Fossil fuels are discussed as a non-renewable energy source.
Lect w6 152_abbrev_ le chatelier and calculations_1_alg
This document provides an overview of key concepts from a general chemistry unit on chemical equilibrium. It introduces the reaction quotient Q and how it relates to the equilibrium constant K. It discusses how changing conditions like concentration, pressure, volume, and temperature can shift an equilibrium position according to Le Châtelier's principle. Examples are provided for writing reaction quotients, determining if a reaction is at equilibrium, and calculating equilibrium concentrations. Approximations are described for simplifying equilibrium calculations when concentrations differ greatly from K values.
Properties of gas
This document provides an outline of topics related to properties of gases, including gas laws and non-flow processes. It introduces gases and perfect gases, and outlines Boyle's law, Charles' law, and the combined gas law. It also describes the gas constant R and the relationship between the specific heats cp and cv. Finally, it discusses several non-flow processes including constant volume, constant pressure, constant temperature, adiabatic, and polytropic processes.
Process costing explained
Process costing explained with examples free of cost .It is for students of managerial accounting ,read this to quickly go through process costing.
http://www.brightscholarships.com
Twitter @scholarshipskys
IB Chemistry on Energetics, Enthalpy Change and
1. The document provides information on thermodynamics concepts including heat, temperature, enthalpy change, exothermic and endothermic reactions, calorimetry techniques, and standard enthalpy changes.
2. Key concepts explained include the difference between heat and temperature, factors that determine the rate of heat transfer between objects, and the calculation of enthalpy changes using calorimetry.
3. Standard enthalpy changes are defined for various reaction types including combustion, solution, hydration, displacement, lattice formation, precipitation, and neutralization reactions.
Industrial stoichiometry dlc 2105 29.10.2019 (1)
Stoichiometry is the quantitative study of chemical reactions. It enables the prediction of amounts of products formed from given amounts of reactants. Industrial stoichiometry applies this to macro-scale chemical processes. Material balances account for all mass entering and leaving an industrial process based on the law of conservation of mass. They can be written for total mass, individual compounds, or atomic elements. Material balances are useful for process design, development, evaluation, and daily operation.
Similar to Material balance for multiple units without chemical equation (20)
Material balance problem without chemical reaction
Material balance problem without chemical reaction
Measuring Energy Balance in Mice from VO2/VCO2, Food Intake and Activity Data
Measuring Energy Balance in Mice from VO2/VCO2, Food Intake and Activity Data
Design and Simulation of Divided Wall Column - Material and Energy Balances
Design and Simulation of Divided Wall Column - Material and Energy Balances
IB Chemistry on Energetics experiment and Thermodynamics
IB Chemistry on Energetics experiment and Thermodynamics
Lect w6 152_abbrev_ le chatelier and calculations_1_alg
Lect w6 152_abbrev_ le chatelier and calculations_1_alg
More from knowledge1995
Communicating At Workplace
This document discusses communication in the workplace. It defines communication and explains its importance for job placement, performance, advancement and success in the new world of work. It identifies factors like global competition and diverse workforces that affect modern workplaces and require excellent communication skills. The document also outlines barriers to communication like lack of listening skills and provides tips for overcoming them, including encouraging an open environment and improving language skills. It describes formal and informal communication channels in organizations.
Basic Flow Chart
The document outlines steps for making tea, starting with filling a kettle with water and heating it. It then checks if the water has boiled yet, and if not continues heating, if yes then moves to making the tea. The process ends with having made a cup of tea.
Glass Manufacturing
This document discusses two glass manufacturing processes: pressing and glass blowing. Pressing involves feeding molten glass into a mold to form flat pieces like dishes or lenses. Glass blowing involves gathering molten glass on the end of a pipe, shaping it into a parison, and then blowing air into it while it is placed in a wet mold to form hollow containers like bottles or flasks. The document also describes the annealing process used to relieve internal stresses in glass products formed by these manufacturing methods by slowly heating and cooling the glass pieces.
Hardness ppt
One if the mechanical properties that may be important to consider is hardness which is a measure of material’s resistance to localized plastic deformation. There are several different tests to measure hardness, including Mohs, Vickers, Knoop, Scleroscope, Brinell, and Rockwell. The Vickers test uses a diamond indenter and measurements are independent of indenter size, while the Knoop test is used for brittle materials where only a small indentation can be made. The Scleroscope test measures rebound hardness using a dropped diamond-tipped hammer, and the Brinell test uses a steel ball indenter under a standard load and time. The Rockwell test indentation hardness that uses different loads or
Fabrication of metals
This document discusses various metal fabrication processes and heat treatments. The main metal fabrication processes covered are cutting, folding, punching, shearing, welding, forging, rolling, extrusion and drawing. Common raw materials used include plate metal, tube stock, welding wire, castings and fittings. Annealing heat treatments are also summarized, which involve heating metal to high temperatures to relieve stresses, increase softness and ductility, and produce desired microstructures, followed by controlled cooling. The stages of annealing and different types of annealing like normalizing and full annealing are defined.
Evaporators
An evaporator uses a heat exchanger to boil or evaporate a refrigerant, absorbing heat from the substance being refrigerated. There are different types of evaporators categorized by tube length and orientation. Common types include falling film, rising film, thin film, and multi-effect evaporators. Evaporators are widely used in industrial applications such as pharmaceuticals, foods, chemicals, and more.
Newtons law of viscosity
Newton's law of viscosity states that shear stress is directly proportional to velocity gradient. Fluids that obey this law are called Newtonian fluids, while those that do not are non-Newtonian fluids. Non-Newtonian fluids can be divided into two categories based on whether their shear stress is dependent or independent of time. Examples of time-independent non-Newtonian fluids that have shear stress independent of time include Bingham plastics, pseudoplastics, and dilatants. Time-dependent non-Newtonian fluids that have shear stress dependent on time include thixotropics, rheopectics, and viscoelastic fluids.
Renewable energy
This document discusses various sources of renewable energy including fossil fuels, solar energy, geothermal energy, hydro energy, and hydrogen as a potential future fuel. It notes that while fossil fuels currently provide a reliable energy supply, they are non-renewable and cause environmental issues like pollution and global warming. Renewable sources like solar, geothermal, and hydro provide clean energy alternatives, but technologies are not yet mature and established. Hydrogen is highlighted as an ideal future fuel because it is abundant, non-toxic, and can be produced from renewable resources, though safe storage and transportation of hydrogen remains a challenge.
Fire Triange
The document discusses the fire triangle and the requirements for combustion: fuel, oxygen, and an ignition source. It also discusses flame structure and properties. Combustion requires the right concentrations of fuel and oxygen, sufficient temperature to ignite fuel, turbulence or mixing of fuel and oxygen, and enough time for complete combustion. A flame is a self-sustaining combustion zone that propagates at subsonic speeds through a confined mixture of fuel and oxygen. Flames have different zones with varying temperatures and degrees of combustion.
coke and metallurgical coal
Coke is a porous, high-strength carbon material produced by heating coal in ovens without oxygen. It is a key material used in blast furnaces for ironmaking. Metallurgical coke is made specifically from bituminous coal that can withstand high heat and pressures. The coking process involves heating coal to around 2000°F for 12-36 hours to drive off impurities. Coke is then used as both a fuel and reducing agent in blast furnaces, where its combustion produces carbon monoxide to reduce iron ore into molten iron. High quality coke is necessary to support blast furnace operations and produce quality iron.
Animals that are chemical engineers
Mussels filter up to 40 liters of water per day, cleaning polluted lakes and reservoirs similarly to chemical engineers. Spiders produce different types of silk through an acid-based chemical process in their bodies. Canaries were historically used as early warning systems for detecting toxic gases in mines. Honeybees chemically process nectar into honey through enzymes that convert sugars and produce hydrogen peroxide as a preservative. Electric eels produce large electric charges through thousands of battery-like cells to stun prey or defend themselves.
Job interview
The document provides information about preparing for a job interview, including the objectives, characteristics, preparation techniques, and types of interview questions. Specifically, it discusses self-analysis, researching the organization and job, developing interview skills, and being prepared to answer open-ended, specific, probing, and reflective questions to demonstrate suitability for the position. The document aims to help candidates understand the interview process and how to project a positive image.
Letter to editor
The document provides information on writing letters to the editor. It explains that letters to the editor allow readers to voice their opinions on issues to a wider audience. The document outlines tips for writing effective letters, including grabbing the reader's attention in the opening sentence, clearly stating the purpose and importance of the issue, providing evidence to support any claims, stating what should be done, and keeping the letter brief. Readers are also advised to include their contact information when signing off.
High shear mill
The high shear mill is a device used to reduce particle sizes through attrition force. It consists of a stationary disc and a rotating disc with a gap that particles are fed into. As the rotating disc spins at high speeds, the particles are crushed and grind against each other and the screens until they are small enough to pass through. High shear mills can be used across industries to mix, blend, and process liquids, gases, and powders. They provide efficient mixing through short processing times and uniform temperatures without hot spots. However, they also have high operating costs and produce dust during particle size reduction.
Agitaion and mixing
1. Agitation involves inducing motion within a material while mixing distributes components randomly.
2. Mixing operations involve various combinations of gases, liquids, and solids and may require agitation to enhance mass and heat transfer between phases.
3. Effective agitation and mixing depends on factors like the impeller type, liquid properties, and vessel design which influence flow patterns within the vessel.
Sui gas
The writer complains about gas load shedding in their area of Lahore that has been ongoing for three weeks. This has made cooking difficult and compelled people to buy expensive LPG cylinders instead. Gas load shedding has caused stress and depression among people of Pakistan who are tired of paying bills yet receiving poor services. The writer requests the authorities to immediately restore the gas supply so residents can survive the cold winter season.
Principles of effective communication
The document discusses the principles of effective communication. It outlines seven key principles: completeness, conciseness, clarity, consideration, courtesy, correctness, and appropriate language level. Completeness means including all necessary information for the receiver. Conciseness is communicating using the fewest words possible. Clarity ensures the intended meaning is understood. Consideration focuses on the receiver's perspective. Courtesy uses respectful language and tone. Correctness refers to accurate facts, appropriate language level, and proper grammar. The document provides examples and guidelines for applying each principle to make communication effective.
sample of critique
The document discusses issues with Pakistan's education system. It argues that neither schools nor madrassas properly educate students about knowing Allah, and instead schools focus only on preparing students for money. It also says madrassa students have difficulty adjusting to modern society. The system needs reform to bridge the gap between schools and madrassas and give students space to develop their talents. However, spending on education needs to increase as literacy rates are rising despite policies that only benefit political aims rather than educating Pakistan.
Types of communication
This document discusses different types of communication and the role of language in verbal communication. It notes that human language is learned rather than inherited biologically and that the ability to acquire any language is innate. The document also covers the importance of language and differences in verbal and nonverbal communication between genders and cultures. Specifically, it states that language represents social identity and shapes thoughts and perceptions of reality. It provides examples of how "yes" can mean different things in different cultures and tips for improving nonverbal communication skills.
how to write a paragraph
A paragraph is a group of sentences about one topic. Each sentence must provide information about the topic. Paragraphs can be used to describe something, tell a story, explain something, or convince the reader. A good paragraph includes a topic sentence, supporting details, and a closing statement. The topic sentence states the main idea and what the paragraph will be about. Supporting details provide information to understand the topic. The closing restates the paragraph's message.
More from knowledge1995 (20)
Material balance for multiple units without chemical equation
- 2. Material Balance for Multiple Units without Chemical Reaction.
- 3. Index • Material Balance • System • System Boundary • Open System • Closed System • Accumulation • Steady State System • Steps to solve the snags • Related Problems
- 4. Material Balance Material Balance is nothing more than the application of the Law of the Conversation of Mass. Material Balance is also called Mass Balance.
- 5. Law of the Conversation of Mass “Matter is neither created nor destroyed”.
- 6. General Expression Input through system boundary – Output through system boundary + Generation within system boundary – Consumption within system boundary = Accumulation
- 7. Applications Why Material Balance is so Important?
- 8. System Any Arbitrary part OR AWhole process is called a System.
- 9. System Boundary Imaginary Limit OR Boundary of the system.
- 10. Open System A system in which material enters or crosses the system boundary. Open system is also called Flow System.
- 12. Closed System A system in which no material crosses the system boundary.
- 13. Accumulation The difference between Input and Output is called Accumulation. Negative Accumulation A reduction of material in the system is called negative accumulation.
- 14. Steady State System A system in which all the conditions (temperature, pressure, amount of material) remains constant. In Steady State System Accumulation = 0
- 15. Un-Steady State System A system in which one or more of the conditions (pressure, temperature, amount of material) of the system vary with time. It is also known as a transient system Continuous Process A system in which the material enters or leaves the system without break.
- 16. Strategy for solving material balance problems 1. Read and understand the problem statement. 2. Draw a sketch of process and specify the system boundary. 3. Place labels for unknown variables and values for non-variables on the sketch. 4. Obtain any missing needed data. 5. Choose the basis. 6. Determine the number of unknowns. 7. Determine the numbers of independent equations and carry out degree of freedom analysis. 8. Write down the equation to be solved. 9. Solve the equation and calculate the quantities asked for.
- 17. Numerical
- 18. BASIS = F =100kg=hour Overall Material Balance As we know that INPUT =OUTPUT SO, F=P+W Now, Component KCL Balance 0.2(100) =0.95(P) +0 P= 21.05kg/hour Now, Component Water Balance F =P+W 0.8(100) = 0.05(21.05) +1(W) W =78.84kg/hour Now, Total Material Balance on Unit 1 F+C =A
- 19. 100 +C = A Equation (1) Now, KCL Balance 0.2(100) + 0.33(C) = 0.25(A) 20 +0.33(C) =0.25(100 + C) 20+ 0.33(C) = 25+0.25(C) 0.08(C) =5 C =62.5kg/hour Putting value of C in Equation (1) 100+62.5=A A=162.5kg/hour Now, Total Material Balance on Unit (2) A =W+B Now, KCL Balance 0.25(A) = 0(W) + 0.5 (B) 0.25(162.5) = 0.5(B) B = 81.25kg/hour
- 20. Figure Acetone is used in the manufacturer of many chemicals and also as a solvent. In its latter role, many restrictions are placed on the release of acetone vapour to the environment.You are asked to design an acetone, recovery system having the flow sheet illustrated in figure.All the concentrations shown in figure of both gases and liquids are specified in weight percent in this special case to make the calculations simpler. Calculate A, F,W, B and D per hour. Numerical
- 21. Solution Basis = 1400kg =1hr Overall Material Balance W+G=A+B+D Unit 1 Material Balance W+G=A+F Acetone Balance 1400(0.03) =F (0.19) In which F=42/0.19 So F=221.054 Air Balance 1400(0.95) =0.995A A=1336.7 Water Balance 1400(0.02) +W (1.00) =F (0.81) +A (0.005) 28+W=0.81*221.05+1336.7*0.005 W=157.68 Now we have to find D and B. For this we have to apply Material Balance on unit 2 + unit 3 Material balance unit 2+ unit 3 F=D+B Acetone Balance 221.05*0.19=0.99D+0.04B Equation 1 Water Balance 0.81*221.05=0.01D+0.96B Equation 2 Now comparing both equations By this method we find the value B= 188.08 D= 34.83
- 22. Calculate all the streams while W2 is 25%of feed and also calculate unknown composition in W2 also find the ratio W1 to F Numerical
- 23. Feed = F =1200 kg Overall Material Balance: Input = Output F = P1 + P2 +W2 1200 = P1 + P2 + 0.25 (1200) 900 = P1 + P2 Component A Balance on 1 & 2 unit: 0.15(F) = 0.45(P1) + 0.1(P2) + 0.002(W2) 0.15 (1200) = 0.45 (P1) + 0.1(900-P1) P1 = 255.43kg & P2 = 644.57kg Component B Balance on 1 & 2:
- 24. 0.3(1200) = (0.3) (255.43) + (0.15) (644.57) + B (300) In Stream W₂ WA +WB +WC 0.002 + 0.62+ C = 1 WC = 37.8 % A = 0.2 % B = 62 % C = 37.8 % Total Material Balance on Unit 1 F = P₁ +W₁ 1200 + 255.43 +W₁ W₁ = 944.57 kg W₁/F = 0.787
- 26. Basis 1000 lb/hr = F Overall Balance F = P + M + D 1000 = P + M + D M = 1000 – P – D (1) Xylene – Balance 0.2 (F) = 0 (P) + 0(M) +0.90(D) 0.2(1000) =0.9(D) D = 222.2 lb/hr Putting the value of “D” in Equation (1) M = 1000 – P – 222.2 M = 777.8 – P (2) Benzene Balance 0.4(F) = 0.99(P) + 0.05(M) + 0(D) Using the Equation (2) 0.4(1000) = 0.99(P) + 0.05(777.8-P) 400 = 0.99(P) + 388.9 – 0.005 (P) 11.1 = 0.94(P) P = 11.80 lb/hr Putting the value of “P” in Equation (2) M = 777.8 – 11.80 M = 766 lb/hr
- 28. BASIS= 14670=P3 Overall Balance F=V1 +V2+V3+P3 NaCl Balance 0.25(F) =0+0+0+14670(0.97) F=56919.6 Total Material Balance on Unit 1 F=V1+P1 NaCl Balance 0.25(56919.6) =0+0.33(P1) P1=43120.9 Total Material Balance on Unit (2) P1=V2+P2 NaCl Balance 0.33(43120.9) =0+0.50(P2) P2=28459.8