This document provides an introduction to the Master Theorem, which can be used to determine the asymptotic runtime of recursive algorithms. It presents the three main conditions of the Master Theorem and examples of applying it to solve recurrence relations. It also notes some pitfalls in using the Master Theorem and briefly introduces a fourth condition for cases where the non-recursive term is polylogarithmic rather than polynomial.

1. Master
Theorem
CSE235
Introduction
Pitfalls
Examples
4th Condition
Master Theorem
Slides by Christopher M. Bourke
Instructor: Berthe Y. Choueiry
Spring 2006
Computer Science & Engineering 235
Introduction to Discrete Mathematics
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2. Master
Theorem
CSE235
Introduction
Pitfalls
Examples
4th Condition
Master Theorem I
When analyzing algorithms, recall that we only care about the
asymptotic behavior.
Recursive algorithms are no different. Rather than solve exactly
the recurrence relation associated with the cost of an
algorithm, it is enough to give an asymptotic characterization.
The main tool for doing this is the master theorem.
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3. Master
Theorem
CSE235
Introduction
Pitfalls
Examples
4th Condition
Master Theorem II
Theorem (Master Theorem)
Let T(n) be a monotonically increasing function that satisfies
T(n) = aT(n
b ) + f(n)
T(1) = c
where a ≥ 1, b ≥ 2, c > 0. If f(n) ∈ Θ(nd) where d ≥ 0, then
T(n) =



Θ(nd) if a < bd
Θ(nd log n) if a = bd
Θ(nlogb a) if a > bd
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4. Master
Theorem
CSE235
Introduction
Pitfalls
Examples
4th Condition
Master Theorem
Pitfalls
You cannot use the Master Theorem if
T(n) is not monotone, ex: T(n) = sin n
f(n) is not a polynomial, ex: T(n) = 2T(n
2 ) + 2n
b cannot be expressed as a constant, ex: T(n) = T(
√
n)
Note here, that the Master Theorem does not solve a
recurrence relation.
Does the base case remain a concern?
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5. Master
Theorem
CSE235
Introduction
Pitfalls
Examples
4th Condition
Master Theorem
Example 1
Let T(n) = T n
2 + 1
2 n2 + n. What are the parameters?
a =
b =
d =
Therefore which condition?
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6. Master
Theorem
CSE235
Introduction
Pitfalls
Examples
4th Condition
Master Theorem
Example 1
Let T(n) = T n
2 + 1
2 n2 + n. What are the parameters?
a = 1
b =
d =
Therefore which condition?
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7. Master
Theorem
CSE235
Introduction
Pitfalls
Examples
4th Condition
Master Theorem
Example 1
Let T(n) = T n
2 + 1
2 n2 + n. What are the parameters?
a = 1
b = 2
d =
Therefore which condition?
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8. Master
Theorem
CSE235
Introduction
Pitfalls
Examples
4th Condition
Master Theorem
Example 1
Let T(n) = T n
2 + 1
2 n2 + n. What are the parameters?
a = 1
b = 2
d = 2
Therefore which condition?
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9. Master
Theorem
CSE235
Introduction
Pitfalls
Examples
4th Condition
Master Theorem
Example 1
Let T(n) = T n
2 + 1
2 n2 + n. What are the parameters?
a = 1
b = 2
d = 2
Therefore which condition?
Since 1 < 22, case 1 applies.
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10. Master
Theorem
CSE235
Introduction
Pitfalls
Examples
4th Condition
Master Theorem
Example 1
Let T(n) = T n
2 + 1
2 n2 + n. What are the parameters?
a = 1
b = 2
d = 2
Therefore which condition?
Since 1 < 22, case 1 applies.
Thus we conclude that
T(n) ∈ Θ(nd
) = Θ(n2
)
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11. Master
Theorem
CSE235
Introduction
Pitfalls
Examples
4th Condition
Master Theorem
Example 2
Let T(n) = 2T n
4 +
√
n + 42. What are the parameters?
a =
b =
d =
Therefore which condition?
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12. Master
Theorem
CSE235
Introduction
Pitfalls
Examples
4th Condition
Master Theorem
Example 2
Let T(n) = 2T n
4 +
√
n + 42. What are the parameters?
a = 2
b =
d =
Therefore which condition?
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13. Master
Theorem
CSE235
Introduction
Pitfalls
Examples
4th Condition
Master Theorem
Example 2
Let T(n) = 2T n
4 +
√
n + 42. What are the parameters?
a = 2
b = 4
d =
Therefore which condition?
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14. Master
Theorem
CSE235
Introduction
Pitfalls
Examples
4th Condition
Master Theorem
Example 2
Let T(n) = 2T n
4 +
√
n + 42. What are the parameters?
a = 2
b = 4
d = 1
2
Therefore which condition?
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15. Master
Theorem
CSE235
Introduction
Pitfalls
Examples
4th Condition
Master Theorem
Example 2
Let T(n) = 2T n
4 +
√
n + 42. What are the parameters?
a = 2
b = 4
d = 1
2
Therefore which condition?
Since 2 = 4
1
2 , case 2 applies.
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16. Master
Theorem
CSE235
Introduction
Pitfalls
Examples
4th Condition
Master Theorem
Example 2
Let T(n) = 2T n
4 +
√
n + 42. What are the parameters?
a = 2
b = 4
d = 1
2
Therefore which condition?
Since 2 = 4
1
2 , case 2 applies.
Thus we conclude that
T(n) ∈ Θ(nd
log n) = Θ(
√
n log n)
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17. Master
Theorem
CSE235
Introduction
Pitfalls
Examples
4th Condition
Master Theorem
Example 3
Let T(n) = 3T n
2 + 3
4 n + 1. What are the parameters?
a =
b =
d =
Therefore which condition?
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18. Master
Theorem
CSE235
Introduction
Pitfalls
Examples
4th Condition
Master Theorem
Example 3
Let T(n) = 3T n
2 + 3
4 n + 1. What are the parameters?
a = 3
b =
d =
Therefore which condition?
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19. Master
Theorem
CSE235
Introduction
Pitfalls
Examples
4th Condition
Master Theorem
Example 3
Let T(n) = 3T n
2 + 3
4 n + 1. What are the parameters?
a = 3
b = 2
d =
Therefore which condition?
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20. Master
Theorem
CSE235
Introduction
Pitfalls
Examples
4th Condition
Master Theorem
Example 3
Let T(n) = 3T n
2 + 3
4 n + 1. What are the parameters?
a = 3
b = 2
d = 1
Therefore which condition?
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21. Master
Theorem
CSE235
Introduction
Pitfalls
Examples
4th Condition
Master Theorem
Example 3
Let T(n) = 3T n
2 + 3
4 n + 1. What are the parameters?
a = 3
b = 2
d = 1
Therefore which condition?
Since 3 > 21, case 3 applies.
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22. Master
Theorem
CSE235
Introduction
Pitfalls
Examples
4th Condition
Master Theorem
Example 3
Let T(n) = 3T n
2 + 3
4 n + 1. What are the parameters?
a = 3
b = 2
d = 1
Therefore which condition?
Since 3 > 21, case 3 applies. Thus we conclude that
T(n) ∈ Θ(nlogb a
) = Θ(nlog2 3
)
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23. Master
Theorem
CSE235
Introduction
Pitfalls
Examples
4th Condition
Master Theorem
Example 3
Let T(n) = 3T n
2 + 3
4 n + 1. What are the parameters?
a = 3
b = 2
d = 1
Therefore which condition?
Since 3 > 21, case 3 applies. Thus we conclude that
T(n) ∈ Θ(nlogb a
) = Θ(nlog2 3
)
Note that log2 3 ≈ 1.5849 . . .. Can we say that
T(n) ∈ Θ(n1.5849) ?
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24. Master
Theorem
CSE235
Introduction
Pitfalls
Examples
4th Condition
“Fourth” Condition
Recall that we cannot use the Master Theorem if f(n) (the
non-recursive cost) is not polynomial.
There is a limited 4-th condition of the Master Theorem that
allows us to consider polylogarithmic functions.
Corollary
If f(n) ∈ Θ(nlogb a logk
n) for some k ≥ 0 then
T(n) ∈ Θ(nlogb a
logk+1
n)
This final condition is fairly limited and we present it merely for
completeness.
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25. Master
Theorem
CSE235
Introduction
Pitfalls
Examples
4th Condition
“Fourth” Condition
Example
Say that we have the following recurrence relation:
T(n) = 2T
n
2
+ n log n
Clearly, a = 2, b = 2 but f(n) is not a polynomial. However,
f(n) ∈ Θ(n log n)
for k = 1, therefore, by the 4-th case of the Master Theorem
we can say that
T(n) ∈ Θ(n log2
n)
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