The document discusses various machining operations like shaper operations, drilling, boring, milling and gear cutting. It describes the working, parts, types, specifications and operations of shaper, drilling machine, boring machine and milling machine. It also explains gear generation processes like gear shaping, planning and hobbing as well as gear finishing processes like shaving, rolling, burnishing, lapping and honing.

1. UNIT 3
Shaper - Types of operations. Drilling, reaming,
boring, Tapping. Milling operations-types of milling
cutter. Gear cutting – forming and generation principle
and construction of gear milling, hobbing and gear
shaping processes –finishing of gears.

2. SHAPER
 Shaper, planner and slotter are used for machining flat surface which
may be horizontal, vertical or inclined surfaces. Single point cutting
tools are mainly used in these machines.
 Drilling, grinding, boring, milling and broaching machines are not used
for machining flat surfaces but they are performing specific operations
by using a multi point cutting tool

3. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
 The shaper having a reciprocating type of machine tool with single
point cutting tool is used to produce flat surfaces.
 It has the three important parts such as
Table
Tool head
Ram

4. MACHINING THE VARIOUS TYPE OF
FLAT SURFACES
 The table is moved cross wise direction to machine the horizontal
surfaces.
 The tool head is moved perpendicular to the table in downward
direction to machine the vertical surfaces.
 The tool head is fed at an angle to produce inclined surfaces.

5. CLASSIFICATION OF SHAPER
 According to the type of driving mechanism
 Crank drive type
 Whit worth driving mechanism
 Hydraulic drive type
 According to the position of ram
 Horizontal shaper
 Vertical shaper
 Travelling head shaper
 According to the table design
 Plain shaper
 Universal shaper
 According to the type of cutting stroke
 Push out type
 Draw cut type

6. PRINCIPLE PARTS OF A SHAPER
 The different parts of a shaper are listed
Base
Column
Cross rail
Saddle
Table
Ram
Tool head

8. TOOL HEAD

9. SHAPER SPECIFICATION
 Maximum length of stroke
 Maximum crosswise movement of the table
 Maximum vertical adjustment of the table
 Type of driving mechanism
 Power of the motor
 Available speed and feed
 Type of shaper-plain or universal
 Floor space required
 Total weight of the shaper
 Ratio of cutting stroke time and return stroke time

10. TYPE OF QUICK RETURN MECHANISM
 The following are three types of quick return mechanism
Hydraulic drive
Crank and slotted link mechanism
Whit worth quick return mechanism

11. Hydraulic drive

12. Crank and slotted link mechanism

13. Quick return principle

14. Whit worth quick return mechanism

15. SHAPER OPERATIONS
 Machining horizontal surface
 Machining vertical surface
 Machining angular surface
 Machining slots, grooves and keyways
 Machining irregular surfaces

16. Machining horizontal surface

17. Machining vertical surface

18. Machining angular surface

19. Machining slots, grooves and keyways

20. Machining irregular surfaces

21. DRILLING
 Drilling is the process of producing hole on the work piece by using a
rotating cutter called drill. The machine on which the drilling is carried
out is called drilling machine.
 Drilling machine can also used for boring, counter boring, counter
sinking, reaming, tapping and spot facing operations.

22. CLASSIFICATION OF DRILLING MACHINE
 Portable drilling machine
 Sensitive drilling machine
 Bench type
 Floor type
 Upright drilling machine
 Round column type or pillar type
 Box column type or square section type
 Radial drilling machine
 Plain type
 Semi-universal type
 Universal type
 Gang drilling machine
 Multiple spindle drilling machine
 Automatic drilling machine
 Deep hole drilling machine

23. PORTABLE DRILLING MACHINE

24. SENSITIVE DRILLING MACHINE

25. UPRIGHT DRILLING MACHINE

26. RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE

27. PLAIN TYPE
The following adjustments are available in this type
 Vertical movement of the radial arm with respect to the column
 Circular movement of the radial arm about the column
 Horizontal movement of the tool along the arm ways

28. SEMI UNIVERSAL TYPE
 In addition to the above three movements as in the case of plain
type, the fourth movement of the tool post can be swung about a
horizontal axis perpendicular to the arm. This arrangement permits
for drilling a hole inclined at any angle to the horizontal plane

29. UNIVERSAL TYPE
 In addition to the above fourth movement as in the case of semi
universal type, the fifth movement of the radial arm is rotated on a
horizontal axis.
 All these movements enable the universal drilling machine to drill on a
job at any angle in either horizontal plane or vertical plane or in both
the planes.

30. MULTIPLE SPINDLE DRILLING MACHINE
 This machine is more suitable for mass production. In this machine,
several holes of different sizes can simultaneously be drilled. It has
several spindles. They are driven by a single motor by using set of
gears .
 All spindles holding the drills are fed into the work at the same time.
The feed is given either by raising the table or lowering the spindle
head.

31. GANG DRILLING MACHINE
 When a number of single spindles with essential speed and feed are
mounted side by side on one base and have a common worktable
known as gang drilling machine

32. AUTOMATIC DRILLING MACHINE
 A series of drilling machines are arranged to perform more than one
operation at a time in sequence of successive work stations is called
automatic drilling machine.

33. DEEP HOLE DRILLING MACHINE
 Deep hole drilling machines are used when the drill hole depth exceeds
the normal drill hole depth.

34. SPECIFICATION OF DRILLING
MACHINE
 Maximum size of the drill in mm that the machine can be operated
 Table size of maximum dimensions of a job can mount on a table in
square metre.
 Maximum spindle travel in mm
 The number of spindle speed and range of spindle speeds are in rpm
 Power input of the machine is in HP
 Floor space required
 Net weight of the machine

35. DRILLING OPERATIONS
 Drilling
 Reaming
 Boring
 Counter boring
 Counter sinking
 Spot facing
 Tapping
 Trepanning
 Undercutting
 Grinding
 Lapping
 honing

41. MOUNTING THE DRILL TOOL
 Both taper shank and straight shank drills can be mounted on the
drilling machine spindle in a number of ways.
Fitting directly in the spindle
By using a sleeve
By using a socket
By means of chucks

44. BORING
 Boring is the process of enlarging and locating previously drilled holes
with a single point cutting tool.

45. TYPE OF BORING MACHINE
 Horizontal boring machine
Table type
Floor type
Planer type
Multiple head type
 Vertical boring machine
 Precision boring machine
 Jig boring machine

46. Horizontal boring machine

47. Floor type

48. Planer type

49. Multiple head type

50. Vertical boring machine

52. OPERATIONS IN HORIZONTAL
BORING MACHINE
 Boring
 Face milling
 Drilling
 Reaming

53. OPERATIONS IN VERTICAL BORING
MACHINE
 Cylindrical turning
 Taper turning
 Boring
 Turning plain surface
 Necking

54. JIG BORING MACHINE
 A jig boring machine is a precision boring machine used for boring
accurate holes at centre to centre distances.
 There are mainly two types of jig boring machines
Single vertical column type
Planer type

56. MILLING
 Milling is the process of removing metal by feeding the work past against
a rotating multipoint cutter. The metal is removed in the form of small
chips.

57. SPECIFICATION OF MILLING
MACHINE
 The table length and width
 Maximum longitudinal cross and vertical travel of the table
 Number of spindle speeds and feeds
 Power of driving motor
 Floor space required
 Type of milling machine

58. CLASSIFICATION OF MILLING
MACHINE
 Column and knee types
 Plain milling machine
 vertical milling machine
 Universal milling machine
 Ram type milling machine
 omniversal milling machine
 Bed type milling machine
 Simplex milling machine
 Duplex milling machine
 Triplex milling machine
 Plano-type milling machine
 Special purpose milling machine
 Rotary table milling machine
 Drum milling machine
 Profile milling machine

68. WORK HOLDING DEVICES
 The following work holding devices are used for clamping the work in
the milling machine.
 Swivel vice
 Universal vice
 Indexing head

72. TOOL HOLDING DEVICES
 The following tool holding devices are used in milling machines.
Arbors
Adaptors
Collets

76. MILLING CUTTERS
Classification of cutters
According to the shape of the tooth
Milled tooth cutters
Form relieved cutters

77. According to the type of operation
Plain milling cutter
Side milling cutters
End milling cutters
Angle milling cutters
T slot milling cutter
Slitting saws
Form milling cutter
Fly cutters

88. MILLING OPERATIONS
 Plain or slab milling
 Face milling
 Angular milling
 Straddle milling
 Gang milling
 Form milling
 End milling
 T slot milling
 Gear cutting

98. DIVIDING HEADS
These are the following types of dividing heads
Plain or simple dividing head
Universal dividing head
Optical dividing head

102. INDEXING METHODS
 Direct or rapid indexing
 Plain or simple indexing
 Differential indexing
 Compound indexing
 Angular indexing

103. GEAR CUTTING
 Gear cutting by single point form tool
 Gear cutting by shear speed shaping process
 Gear milling using a formed end mill
 Gear broaching
 Template method

104. Gear cutting by single point form tool

105. Gear cutting by shear speed shaping process

106. Gear milling using a formed end mill

107. Gear broaching

108. Template method

109. GEAR GENERATION PRINCIPLE AND
CONSTRUCTION OF GEAR MILLING
 The common gear generation processes are given below
 Gear shaping process
 Gear planning process
 Gear hobbing process

110. GEAR SHAPING PROCESS

112. APPLICATIONS
 Gear shaping is used for generating both internal and external spur
gears.
 Helical gears can also be generated using special attachments.

113. GEAR PLANNING PROCESS

114. GEAR HOBBING PROCESS

116. FINISHING OF GEARS
 Generally the gear teeth are produced by any one of the generating
processes, but the gear does not be more accurate with good quality
surface.
 The rough surface gear teeth occur due to vibrations causing noise,
excessive wear, play and backlash between meshing pair of gears.
 Therefore, the gear finishing is carried at last in gear manufacturing.

117. GEAR SHAVING

118. ROLL FINISHING OF GEAR TOOTH

119. GEAR BURNISHING

120. GEAR LAPPING

121. GEAR HONING