This document provides an overview of shaper, milling, and gear cutting machines. It discusses the main components and operations of shaper machines, including the shaper mechanism and work holding devices. It also covers drilling machines, boring operations, and different types of milling machines. Finally, it summarizes gear cutting and generation processes, including gear shaping, planning, and hobbing, as well as methods for finishing gears.
UNIT III SHAPER, MILLING AND GEAR CUTTING MACHINESKarthik R
Shaper - Types of operations. Drilling ,reaming, boring, Tapping. Milling operations-types of milling
cutter. Gear cutting – forming and generation principle and construction of gear milling ,hobbing
and gear shaping processes –finishing of gears.
Milling machines are versatile machines used for cutting metal. There are two main types - horizontal and vertical milling machines, distinguished by the orientation of the spindle. Milling machines can cut flat surfaces and irregular shapes using tools like end mills and face mills. They are widely used in manufacturing for machining parts and are capable of complex operations like gear cutting. The key parameters for milling are spindle speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and cutter rotation direction which must be optimized for efficient material removal.
M.P- II-UNIT III-SHAPER, MILLING AND BROACHING MACHINES.pptMohanumar S
This document provides information on shaper, milling, and broaching machines. It describes the main parts and specifications of a shaper machine and discusses different types of shapers. It also covers the various parts, specifications, classifications, and operations of milling machines. Finally, it briefly introduces broaching machines.
1. Drilling is a metal cutting process that uses a rotating drill bit to make circular holes in solid materials. Drilling machines include bench drilling machines and radial drilling machines.
2. Bench drilling machines are used for small jobs and have a work table that can be adjusted in height and rotated. Radial drilling machines are for medium and heavy duty applications and have a radial arm that can swing and be adjusted in height.
3. Milling is a metal cutting process that uses a revolving cutter with multiple cutting teeth. The workpiece is mounted on a movable table and fed against the cutter. The cutter can cut in an up or down direction depending on whether the workpiece moves opposite or with the
1. The document describes various common machining processes including lathe operations like turning, taper turning, and thread cutting.
2. Milling operations including plain milling, face milling, and side milling are discussed as well as other processes like drilling, planning, shaping, and grinding.
3. Numerical control and computer numerical control are covered as methods to control machine tools using programmed instructions.
shaping, milling and gear cutting machineslaxtwinsme
Shaper – Types of operations. Drilling, reaming, boring, Tapping. Milling operations-types of milling cutter. Gear cutting – forming and generation principle and construction of gear milling ,hobbing and gear shaping processes –finishing of gears.
This document provides information on shaper, milling and gear cutting machines. It describes the working and types of shaper machines, including crank type, hydraulic type, universal shaper. It also discusses specifications, parts, operations and tooling used in shaper machines. For milling machines, it covers principle, classification, specifications, work holding devices and operations like face milling and gear cutting. It also provides details on types of drilling machines like sensitive drilling machine, upright drilling machine, radial drilling machine and their operations.
UNIT III SHAPER, MILLING AND GEAR CUTTING MACHINESKarthik R
Shaper - Types of operations. Drilling ,reaming, boring, Tapping. Milling operations-types of milling
cutter. Gear cutting – forming and generation principle and construction of gear milling ,hobbing
and gear shaping processes –finishing of gears.
Milling machines are versatile machines used for cutting metal. There are two main types - horizontal and vertical milling machines, distinguished by the orientation of the spindle. Milling machines can cut flat surfaces and irregular shapes using tools like end mills and face mills. They are widely used in manufacturing for machining parts and are capable of complex operations like gear cutting. The key parameters for milling are spindle speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and cutter rotation direction which must be optimized for efficient material removal.
M.P- II-UNIT III-SHAPER, MILLING AND BROACHING MACHINES.pptMohanumar S
This document provides information on shaper, milling, and broaching machines. It describes the main parts and specifications of a shaper machine and discusses different types of shapers. It also covers the various parts, specifications, classifications, and operations of milling machines. Finally, it briefly introduces broaching machines.
1. Drilling is a metal cutting process that uses a rotating drill bit to make circular holes in solid materials. Drilling machines include bench drilling machines and radial drilling machines.
2. Bench drilling machines are used for small jobs and have a work table that can be adjusted in height and rotated. Radial drilling machines are for medium and heavy duty applications and have a radial arm that can swing and be adjusted in height.
3. Milling is a metal cutting process that uses a revolving cutter with multiple cutting teeth. The workpiece is mounted on a movable table and fed against the cutter. The cutter can cut in an up or down direction depending on whether the workpiece moves opposite or with the
1. The document describes various common machining processes including lathe operations like turning, taper turning, and thread cutting.
2. Milling operations including plain milling, face milling, and side milling are discussed as well as other processes like drilling, planning, shaping, and grinding.
3. Numerical control and computer numerical control are covered as methods to control machine tools using programmed instructions.
shaping, milling and gear cutting machineslaxtwinsme
Shaper – Types of operations. Drilling, reaming, boring, Tapping. Milling operations-types of milling cutter. Gear cutting – forming and generation principle and construction of gear milling ,hobbing and gear shaping processes –finishing of gears.
This document provides information on shaper, milling and gear cutting machines. It describes the working and types of shaper machines, including crank type, hydraulic type, universal shaper. It also discusses specifications, parts, operations and tooling used in shaper machines. For milling machines, it covers principle, classification, specifications, work holding devices and operations like face milling and gear cutting. It also provides details on types of drilling machines like sensitive drilling machine, upright drilling machine, radial drilling machine and their operations.
PPT IS IMPORTANT FOR FE PUNE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS FOR SUBJECT BME. DETAILED DESCRIPTION IS GIVEN ABOUT LATHE MACHINE, DRILLING MACHINE AND GRINDING MACHINE
This document provides information about a shaper machine tool. It includes specifications of a shaper such as maximum ram stroke length and power input. It then describes the main parts of a shaper like the base, column, ram, and tool head. Different types of shapers are classified based on ram travel direction, cutting stroke action, and driving mechanism. Common shaping operations like machining horizontal and vertical surfaces are outlined. Formulas for cutting time and quick return ratio are also provided.
A milling machine is a machine tool that removes metal by feeding a workpiece against a rotating multipoint cutter. There are several types of milling machines categorized by their configuration and various milling operations can be performed including plain, face, side, straddle, gang, and end milling. Indexing heads are used to precisely divide and rotate the workpiece for machining operations like cutting gears.
This document provides information about milling machines and milling operations. It defines milling as a machining process where material is removed from a workpiece using a revolving cutting tool. Various types of milling machines are described, including horizontal milling machines, vertical milling machines, and universal milling machines. Milling cutters, indexing, and other related topics are also summarized. The document aims to explain the basic concepts and components involved in milling processes.
The drilling machine or drill press is one of the most common and useful machine employed in industry for producing forming and finishing holes in a workpiece.
This document provides an overview of various machining processes including turning, drilling, and milling. It describes the key operations for each process and common machine tools used. Turning operations like facing and threading are performed on lathes. Drilling and related operations like reaming and tapping are usually done on drill presses. Milling can be classified as peripheral or face milling and is commonly done on knee-and-column or bed type milling machines. The document outlines the basic mechanics and applications of various machining techniques.
This document provides an overview of various machining processes including turning, drilling, and milling. It describes the key operations for each process and common machine tools used. Turning operations like facing and threading are performed on lathes. Drilling and related operations like reaming and tapping are usually done on drill presses. Milling can be classified as peripheral or face milling and is commonly done on knee-and-column or bed type milling machines. The document outlines the basic mechanics and applications of these fundamental machining processes.
Shaper - Types of operations. Drilling, reaming, boring, Tapping. Milling operations-types of milling cutter. Gear cutting – forming and generation principle and construction of gear milling, hobbing and gear shaping processes –finishing of gears.
MILLING – Cutting parameters, machine time calculation
Milling operation – Plain milling, side & face milling, form milling, gang milling, end milling, face milling, T slot milling, slitting
GEAR CUTTING – Gear cutting on milling machine – dividing head and indexing method, gear hobbing, principle of operation, advantages & limitation, hobbing tech, gear shaping, gear finishing process
This document discusses various machining operations used to shape metal parts through material removal. It describes turning operations performed on a lathe like facing, contour turning and threading. Milling operations like slab milling, slotting and end milling are also covered. Other machining methods discussed include drilling, boring, reaming, tapping and broaching. The document also introduces machining centers that can perform multiple operations automatically.
WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY- Shaper and Milling machine.Learnwithus2
This document provides information on milling, shaper, and grinding machines. It discusses the main parts and operations of milling machines, including plain milling, face milling, and gear milling. It also describes the working principle and main parts of shaper machines, including the base, column, cross rail, and table. Finally, it gives a brief overview of grinding machines, including the principle, construction, types such as belt and bench grinders, and common uses for finishing surfaces and tools.
The document discusses drilling machines and drilling operations. It describes the main components and functions of drilling machines like bench drilling machines and radial drilling machines. It explains drilling tool components like drill bits and twist drills. It also covers other drilling operations like reaming, boring, counterboring, countersinking, spot facing and tapping that can be done on drilling machines. Safety precautions for operating drilling machines are also mentioned.
This document provides information about shaper and planer machines. It defines them as reciprocating machine tools used to produce flat surfaces. It describes their basic working principles, which involve a cutting stroke where material is removed and a quick return idle stroke. The document classifies the different types of shaper and planer machines and lists their main parts. It also outlines their common operations, advantages, and applications in machining flat, inclined, or curved surfaces on metal workpieces.
Here are the steps to solve these cutting speed and spindle speed problems:
1. D = 15mm, S (cutting speed) = 47-81 m/min (for machine steel CS 90)
Let's take S = 60 m/min
Using the formula:
S = πDN/1000
60 = π × 15 × N/1000
N = 60 × 1000/(π × 15) = 400 rev/min
2. D = 10mm, N = 178 rev/min
Using the formula:
S = πDN/1000
S = π × 10 × 178/1000 = 56.5 m/min
3. D = 9mm, N
This document discusses shaper and planer machines used in manufacturing. It describes the main components and functions of shapers, including that they cut horizontally and only during the forward stroke. It also classifies shapers by mechanism, position/travel, and cutting stroke. The document then covers planers, noting they are used for larger workpieces and the tool is stationary during cutting. It lists types of planers and provides specifications and safety precautions for operating shaper and planer machines.
The document discusses the shaper machine, which is a reciprocating machine tool used to produce flat surfaces. It has a ram, tool head, and table. The tool head cuts on the forward stroke and returns idle on the back stroke. Flat surfaces can be made horizontally, vertically, or at angles based on the movement of the tool head and table. Shapers are classified based on ram travel direction and cutting stroke action. Other machine tools discussed include the planer, slotter, drilling machines, and broaching machines.
The document discusses the shaper machine, which is a reciprocating machine tool used to produce flat surfaces. It has a ram, tool head, and table. The tool head cuts on the forward stroke and returns idle on the back stroke. Flat surfaces can be made horizontally, vertically, or at angles based on the movement of the tool head and table. Shapers are classified based on ram travel direction and cutting stroke action. Other machine tools discussed include the planer, slotter, drilling machines, and broaching.
This document provides an overview of various machine tools, including lathes, shapers, milling machines, drilling machines, and broaching machines. It discusses the construction, operations, and classifications of lathes, shapers, slotters, planers, and milling machines. It also covers topics like cutting speed, feed, depth of cut, machining time, indexing, dividing heads, drilling tools, boring, reaming, and broaching. The document aims to give the reader a comprehensive understanding of common machine tools, their workings, applications, and the mathematical relationships involved in machining operations.
The document describes laboratory experiments for testing the strength of materials and fluid mechanics. It includes 13 experiments such as Rockwell hardness testing, Brinell hardness testing, Izod impact testing, Charpy impact testing, torsion testing, deflection testing, and heat treatment processes. Details are provided on the procedure, theory, apparatus, and formulas for calculating results for Rockwell hardness testing, Brinell hardness testing, Izod impact testing and Charpy impact testing. The aim is to determine the hardness and impact strength of various metal specimens.
This document summarizes an experimental study of HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) engines. HCCI engines have the potential for high efficiency and low emissions compared to spark ignition and compression ignition engines. However, controlling autoignition in HCCI engines is challenging. The document discusses various control methods for HCCI combustion including variable compression ratio, intake air heating, and variable valve timing. It also covers dual combustion modes, engine performance characteristics, recent HCCI engine prototypes, and conclusions about controlling premixed ratios in HCCI combustion for emissions and efficiency.
PPT IS IMPORTANT FOR FE PUNE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS FOR SUBJECT BME. DETAILED DESCRIPTION IS GIVEN ABOUT LATHE MACHINE, DRILLING MACHINE AND GRINDING MACHINE
This document provides information about a shaper machine tool. It includes specifications of a shaper such as maximum ram stroke length and power input. It then describes the main parts of a shaper like the base, column, ram, and tool head. Different types of shapers are classified based on ram travel direction, cutting stroke action, and driving mechanism. Common shaping operations like machining horizontal and vertical surfaces are outlined. Formulas for cutting time and quick return ratio are also provided.
A milling machine is a machine tool that removes metal by feeding a workpiece against a rotating multipoint cutter. There are several types of milling machines categorized by their configuration and various milling operations can be performed including plain, face, side, straddle, gang, and end milling. Indexing heads are used to precisely divide and rotate the workpiece for machining operations like cutting gears.
This document provides information about milling machines and milling operations. It defines milling as a machining process where material is removed from a workpiece using a revolving cutting tool. Various types of milling machines are described, including horizontal milling machines, vertical milling machines, and universal milling machines. Milling cutters, indexing, and other related topics are also summarized. The document aims to explain the basic concepts and components involved in milling processes.
The drilling machine or drill press is one of the most common and useful machine employed in industry for producing forming and finishing holes in a workpiece.
This document provides an overview of various machining processes including turning, drilling, and milling. It describes the key operations for each process and common machine tools used. Turning operations like facing and threading are performed on lathes. Drilling and related operations like reaming and tapping are usually done on drill presses. Milling can be classified as peripheral or face milling and is commonly done on knee-and-column or bed type milling machines. The document outlines the basic mechanics and applications of various machining techniques.
This document provides an overview of various machining processes including turning, drilling, and milling. It describes the key operations for each process and common machine tools used. Turning operations like facing and threading are performed on lathes. Drilling and related operations like reaming and tapping are usually done on drill presses. Milling can be classified as peripheral or face milling and is commonly done on knee-and-column or bed type milling machines. The document outlines the basic mechanics and applications of these fundamental machining processes.
Shaper - Types of operations. Drilling, reaming, boring, Tapping. Milling operations-types of milling cutter. Gear cutting – forming and generation principle and construction of gear milling, hobbing and gear shaping processes –finishing of gears.
MILLING – Cutting parameters, machine time calculation
Milling operation – Plain milling, side & face milling, form milling, gang milling, end milling, face milling, T slot milling, slitting
GEAR CUTTING – Gear cutting on milling machine – dividing head and indexing method, gear hobbing, principle of operation, advantages & limitation, hobbing tech, gear shaping, gear finishing process
This document discusses various machining operations used to shape metal parts through material removal. It describes turning operations performed on a lathe like facing, contour turning and threading. Milling operations like slab milling, slotting and end milling are also covered. Other machining methods discussed include drilling, boring, reaming, tapping and broaching. The document also introduces machining centers that can perform multiple operations automatically.
WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY- Shaper and Milling machine.Learnwithus2
This document provides information on milling, shaper, and grinding machines. It discusses the main parts and operations of milling machines, including plain milling, face milling, and gear milling. It also describes the working principle and main parts of shaper machines, including the base, column, cross rail, and table. Finally, it gives a brief overview of grinding machines, including the principle, construction, types such as belt and bench grinders, and common uses for finishing surfaces and tools.
The document discusses drilling machines and drilling operations. It describes the main components and functions of drilling machines like bench drilling machines and radial drilling machines. It explains drilling tool components like drill bits and twist drills. It also covers other drilling operations like reaming, boring, counterboring, countersinking, spot facing and tapping that can be done on drilling machines. Safety precautions for operating drilling machines are also mentioned.
This document provides information about shaper and planer machines. It defines them as reciprocating machine tools used to produce flat surfaces. It describes their basic working principles, which involve a cutting stroke where material is removed and a quick return idle stroke. The document classifies the different types of shaper and planer machines and lists their main parts. It also outlines their common operations, advantages, and applications in machining flat, inclined, or curved surfaces on metal workpieces.
Here are the steps to solve these cutting speed and spindle speed problems:
1. D = 15mm, S (cutting speed) = 47-81 m/min (for machine steel CS 90)
Let's take S = 60 m/min
Using the formula:
S = πDN/1000
60 = π × 15 × N/1000
N = 60 × 1000/(π × 15) = 400 rev/min
2. D = 10mm, N = 178 rev/min
Using the formula:
S = πDN/1000
S = π × 10 × 178/1000 = 56.5 m/min
3. D = 9mm, N
This document discusses shaper and planer machines used in manufacturing. It describes the main components and functions of shapers, including that they cut horizontally and only during the forward stroke. It also classifies shapers by mechanism, position/travel, and cutting stroke. The document then covers planers, noting they are used for larger workpieces and the tool is stationary during cutting. It lists types of planers and provides specifications and safety precautions for operating shaper and planer machines.
The document discusses the shaper machine, which is a reciprocating machine tool used to produce flat surfaces. It has a ram, tool head, and table. The tool head cuts on the forward stroke and returns idle on the back stroke. Flat surfaces can be made horizontally, vertically, or at angles based on the movement of the tool head and table. Shapers are classified based on ram travel direction and cutting stroke action. Other machine tools discussed include the planer, slotter, drilling machines, and broaching machines.
The document discusses the shaper machine, which is a reciprocating machine tool used to produce flat surfaces. It has a ram, tool head, and table. The tool head cuts on the forward stroke and returns idle on the back stroke. Flat surfaces can be made horizontally, vertically, or at angles based on the movement of the tool head and table. Shapers are classified based on ram travel direction and cutting stroke action. Other machine tools discussed include the planer, slotter, drilling machines, and broaching.
This document provides an overview of various machine tools, including lathes, shapers, milling machines, drilling machines, and broaching machines. It discusses the construction, operations, and classifications of lathes, shapers, slotters, planers, and milling machines. It also covers topics like cutting speed, feed, depth of cut, machining time, indexing, dividing heads, drilling tools, boring, reaming, and broaching. The document aims to give the reader a comprehensive understanding of common machine tools, their workings, applications, and the mathematical relationships involved in machining operations.
The document describes laboratory experiments for testing the strength of materials and fluid mechanics. It includes 13 experiments such as Rockwell hardness testing, Brinell hardness testing, Izod impact testing, Charpy impact testing, torsion testing, deflection testing, and heat treatment processes. Details are provided on the procedure, theory, apparatus, and formulas for calculating results for Rockwell hardness testing, Brinell hardness testing, Izod impact testing and Charpy impact testing. The aim is to determine the hardness and impact strength of various metal specimens.
This document summarizes an experimental study of HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) engines. HCCI engines have the potential for high efficiency and low emissions compared to spark ignition and compression ignition engines. However, controlling autoignition in HCCI engines is challenging. The document discusses various control methods for HCCI combustion including variable compression ratio, intake air heating, and variable valve timing. It also covers dual combustion modes, engine performance characteristics, recent HCCI engine prototypes, and conclusions about controlling premixed ratios in HCCI combustion for emissions and efficiency.
The document provides an overview of hydraulic circuits and components. It discusses key considerations in designing hydraulic circuits such as satisfying operational specifications safely, performing smooth operations, and reducing costs and heat generation. Hydraulic circuits are graphical diagrams that indicate the operation of components in hydraulic systems. The document also covers various types of circuits like speed control, pressure control, unloading, sequencing and accumulator circuits. It emphasizes understanding the application and selecting components appropriately based on factors like required forces, speeds, flows and pressures.
This document provides an overview of the laws of thermodynamics:
- The first law states that energy is conserved and the change in internal energy of a system equals heat added minus work done. Key processes like adiabatic, isothermal, isobaric, and isochoric are also introduced.
- The second law introduces the concept of entropy and states that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cooler to a warmer body. It describes irreversible processes and defines the efficiency of heat engines.
- The third law states that absolute zero cannot be reached with a finite number of steps. This established the Kelvin temperature scale.
- The zeroth law establishes that if two bodies are in thermal
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on hydraulics and pneumatics. The course aims to provide students with knowledge of fluid power applications in industry and an understanding of hydraulic and pneumatic components and systems. The syllabus covers topics like fluid power principles, hydraulic pumps, actuators and controls, hydraulic circuits, pneumatic systems, troubleshooting, and applications. Upon completing the course, students will be able to explain fluid power operation, hydraulic components, hydraulic circuits systems, pneumatic circuits and systems, and troubleshoot hydraulic and pneumatic systems. The textbook and references for the course are also listed.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on hydraulics and pneumatics. The course aims to provide students with knowledge of fluid power applications in industry and an understanding of hydraulic and pneumatic components and systems. The syllabus covers topics like fluid power principles, hydraulic pumps, actuators and controls, hydraulic circuits, pneumatic systems, troubleshooting, and applications. Upon completing the course, students will be able to explain fluid power operations, hydraulic components and circuits, pneumatic systems, and troubleshoot hydraulic and pneumatic issues. The document also lists two textbooks and four references for the course.
This document summarizes an experimental study of HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) engines. HCCI engines have the potential for high efficiency and low emissions compared to spark ignition and compression ignition engines. However, controlling autoignition in HCCI engines is challenging. The document discusses various control methods for HCCI combustion including variable compression ratio, intake air heating, and variable valve timing. It also covers dual combustion modes, engine performance characteristics, recent HCCI engine prototypes, and conclusions about controlling premixed ratios in HCCI combustion for emissions and efficiency.
Fluid power systems use liquids or gases to transmit power and control movement. This document discusses fluid power applications and different fluid power systems. It compares hydraulic and pneumatic systems, lists their advantages and disadvantages, and explains their industrial uses. Key points covered include properties of hydraulic fluids, types of hydraulic fluids and factors influencing fluid selection, components of hydraulic systems, and distribution of fluids through pipes, tubes, hoses and connectors.
Form measurement includes measuring screw threads, gears, radii, surface finish, straightness, and roundness. Screw threads are classified as external or internal and have specific geometric features like crests, flanks, roots, pitch, and diameters that are measured using instruments like micrometers and comparators. The major diameter of external threads can be measured using an ordinary or bench micrometer by taking readings on a setting gauge and the thread. The minor diameter and pitch are measured using comparative methods with V-blocks or rollers and slip gauges or pitch measurement machines that precisely measure the distance between thread features.
The document discusses various topics related to metrology. It begins by defining metrology as the science of measurement and dividing it into two main types - industrial metrology and medical metrology. Some key points covered include the importance of length and time measurements, analyzing measurement errors, gauges design and manufacturing, and industrial inspection. It also discusses types of metrology like scientific, industrial, legal and fundamental metrology. Specific measuring instruments like vernier calipers, micrometers, and slip gauges are explained in detail. The document concludes by covering various other metrology topics such as measurement principles, linear measuring instruments, and applications of limit gauges.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Gas agency management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project entitled "Gas Agency" is done to make the manual process easier by making it a computerized system for billing and maintaining stock. The Gas Agencies get the order request through phone calls or by personal from their customers and deliver the gas cylinders to their address based on their demand and previous delivery date. This process is made computerized and the customer's name, address and stock details are stored in a database. Based on this the billing for a customer is made simple and easier, since a customer order for gas can be accepted only after completing a certain period from the previous delivery. This can be calculated and billed easily through this. There are two types of delivery like domestic purpose use delivery and commercial purpose use delivery. The bill rate and capacity differs for both. This can be easily maintained and charged accordingly.
2. • Shaper
• Types of operations
• Drilling
• Reaming
• Boring
• Tapping
• Milling operations
• Types of milling cutter
• Gear cutting
• Forming and Generation principle
• Construction of gear milling
• Hobbing and Gear shaping processes
• Finishing of gears
3. SHAPER
The main function of the shaper is to produce flat
surfaces in different planes.
In general the shaper can produce any surface
composed of straight line elements.
The shaper was first developed in the year 1836.
The shaper is a low cost machine tool and is used for
initial rough machining of the blanks.
4. Principle of Machining
• The work is held firmly on the table and the ram
is allowed to reciprocate over it. A single point
cutting tool is attached to the ram. When the
ram moves horizontally in the forward direction,
the tool removes metal from the work. On the
return stroke, metal is not removed. The ram
moves at a slow speed during forward stroke.
5. • But during return stroke, the ram moves at a
faster speed. Though the distances of ram
movement during the forward and return stroke
remain the same, the time taken by the return
stroke is less as it is faster by using Quick return
mechanism.
7. Classification of shaper
1. According to the type of mechanism used
• Crank shaper.
• Geared shaper.
• Hydraulic shaper.
2. According to the position and travel of ram
• Horizontal shaper.
• Vertical shaper.
• Traveling head shaper.
8. 3. According to the type of design of the table
• Standard or plain shaper.
• Universal shaper.
4. According to the type of cutting stroke
• Push type shaper.
• Draw type shaper.
12. SPECIFICATIONS OF SHAPER MACHINE
• Adjustable stroke
• Length of ram
• Max. and Min. distance from table to ram
• Max. Table travel (Horizontal and vertical)
• Angular movement of table
• Max. Vertical travel of tool slide
• No. of ram speeds and range of speeds
• Range of table feed per stroke of ram
• Overall dimensions (Length. Width, Height)
• Net weight
13. Shaper mechanism (Quick Return Mechanism)
• The shaper machine should be so designed that it can allow the
ram holding the tool to move at a comparatively slower speed
during the forward cutting stroke the cutting speed depending
upon the type of material & machining conditions, whereas
during the return stroke it can allow the ram to move at a faster
rate to reduce the idle return time. This mechanism is known as
Quick return mechanism
1. Crank & slotted link mechanism
2. Whit worth quick return mechanism
3. Hydraulic shaper mechanism
14. Crank & slotted link mechanism
• Since useful work is done only during the forward stroke of
ram, the mechanism driving the ram is so designed that the
return stroke is completed in much less time than the
forward stroke.
• Clearly the time taken to complete forward stroke is
proportional to angle α and the return stroke is completed in
less time which is proportional to angle β.
• The ratio between the cutting time & return time may be
determined by
= [ Cutting time / Return time ] = (α / β)
17. Stroke length Calculation and Adjustment
• The length of the stroke is calculated to be nearly 30
mm longer than the work. The position of stroke is
so adjusted that the tool starts to move from a
distance of 25 mm before the beginning of the cut
and continues to move 5mm after the end of the
cut.
• Forward stroke is the cutting stroke. Return stroke
the tool does not cut,
Double stroke = cutting stroke + return stroke
18. • For example as shown in Fig. 3.7, the length of the work is
100mm. The stroke length of the ram is calculated to be 130
mm. (25+100+5). The calculation of stroke length.
19. Ratchet and Pawl mechanism (Automatic feed mechanism
for the table)
20. Work holding devices
• Work pieces can be held and supported on the
shaper table directly or by having some special
devices. Depending on the size and shape of the
work.
• Shaper vise
• Angle plate
• Clamps and stop pins
• V – Block
• T-bolts and step blocks
• Special fixtures
21. Shaper Vise
• Shaper Vise is the most common and simple
work holding device used in a shaper. Different
types of vises are used in a shaping machine
according to the need.
• Plain vise
• Swivel vise
• Universal vise
27. Types of shaper tools
1. Right hand (R. H) tool
• This is a tool used for machining by moving the
job from right to the left.
2. Left hand (L. H) tool
• This is a tool used for machining by moving the
job from left to right.
29. Operations performed in a shaping machine
• Different types of operations are performed in a
shaping machine. They are broadly classified as
1. Regular operations ( horizontal, vertical, angle)
2. Special operations (Inclined surface
• Concave surface
• ‘V’ groove
• Deep slot
• Horizontal surface
• Vertical surface
• Step cut surface)
34. Machining calculations for shaper
1. Cutting speed (v)
= LN (1+m) / 1000
Where
L= length or cutting speed
N speed in rpm
m= ratio between the return and cutting stroke
time
35. Time for machining surface
t = L / (f N) min
Where,
L = length of the stroke,
f = feed per stroke,
N = speed in rpm,
36. Material removal rate (MRR)
• It is the volume of metal removed per unit
time.
MRR = f d L N (1+m) mm3/min
Where
D= is depth of cut in mm
f =is feed in mm/stroke;
N= is strokes/min
L =is length of stroke in mm
M= is ratio of return stroke time to cutting
stroke time
37. DRILLING MACHINE
• Drilling machine is one of the most important
machine tools in a workshop.
• It was designed to produce a cylindrical hole of
required diameter and depth on metal work-
pieces.
41. • It is designed for drilling small holes at high
speeds in light jobs.
• It can handle drills up to 15.5mm of diameter.
• The spindle rotates at a speed ranging from 50 to
2000 r.p.m.
42. Upright or Pillar drilling machine
• The upright drilling machine is designed for
handling medium sized work pieces.
• Holes of diameter up to 50 mm can be made with
this type of machine.
1. Round column section upright drilling machine
2. Box column section upright drilling machine
43.
44. Radial drilling machine
• The radial drilling machine is intended for drilling
on medium to large and heavy work pieces.
47. Specification
The maximum diameter of the drill
The size of the largest work piece
Distance between the face of the column.
Diameter of the table.
Maximum travel of the spindle.
Weight of the machine
55. Tapping
• It is the operation of cutting internal threads by
using a tool called a tap. A tap is similar to a bolt
with accurate threads cut on it.
57. BORING
• Boring is an operation of enlarging and locating
previously drilled holes with a single point
cutting tool.
• The machine used for this purpose is called
boring machine.
58.
59. Horizontal boring machines
• In horizontal boring machine, the tool revolves
and the work is stationary.
• A horizontal boring machine can perform boring,
reaming, turning, threading, facing.
• Work pieces which are heavy, irregular,
unsymmetrical or bulky.
60. Types of horizontal boring machine
• Table type horizontal boring machine
• Planer type horizontal boring machine
• Floor type horizontal boring machine
• Multiple head type horizontal boring
machine
• Vertical boring machines and Turret boring
machine
61. Table type horizontal boring machine
• The work is held stationary on a coordinate work
table having in and out as well as back and forth
movements that is perpendicular and parallel to
the spindle axis.
• This method of boring with longitudinal feed of
the table.
62.
63. Planer type horizontal boring machine
• This machine is similar to the table type
horizontal boring machine except that the work
table has only in and out movements that is
perpendicular to the spindle axis.
64.
65. Floor type horizontal boring machine
• Here, there is no work table and the job is mounted
on a stationary T-slotted floor plate.
• This design is used when large and heavy jobs
cannot be mounted and adjusted on the work
table.
• Horizontal movement perpendicular to the spindle
axis is obtained by traversing the column carrying
the head stock, on guide ways.
66.
67. Multiple head type horizontal boring machine
• The machine resembles a double housing planer
or a Plano-miller and is used for boring holes of
large diameter is mass production.
• The machine may have two, three or four
headstocks. This type of machine may be used
both as a horizontal and vertical machine
71. Jig boring machines
• A metal-cutting machine for finishing holes,
planes, and slots with a highly precise
location of centers or surfaces without the use
of special attachments for tool alignment.
• Jig-boring machines are used for boring,
drilling, counter-sinking, reaming.
72.
73. MILLING MACHINE
• Milling is the cutting operation that removes
metal by feeding the work against a rotating
cutter having single or multiple cutting edges.
• A milling machine may also be used for drilling,
slotting, making a circular profile and gear
cutting.
74. MILLING METHODS
• There are two distinct methods of milling
classified as follows:
1. Up-milling or conventional milling, and
2. Down milling or climb milling.
75. Up - Milling or Conventional Milling Procedure
• In the up-milling or conventional milling, the
metal is removed in form of small chips by a
cutter rotating against the direction of travel of
the work piece.
• In this type of milling, the chip thickness is
minimum at the start of the cut and maximum
at the end of cut.
76.
77. Down-Milling or Climb Milling
• In this method, the metal is removed by a
cutter rotating in the same direction of feed of
the work piece.
• Chip thickness is maximum at the start of the
cut and minimum in the end.
78.
79. Specifications of a milling machine
• Number of feeds available (specify their values).
• Number of spindle speeds (specify their values).
• Total power available.
• Spindle nose taper.
• Floor space required.
• Net weight.
• Size (dimensions) of the worktable and its
movement range table
80. Types of milling machine
1. Column and knee type
• Plain or horizontal milling machine.
• Vertical milling machine.
• Universal milling machine.
• Ram type milling machine.
• Omniversal milling machine.
2. Manufacturing or bed type
• Simplex milling machine.
• Duplex milling machine.
• Triplex milling machine.
81. 3. Planer type
4. Special type
• Drum milling machine.
• Rotary table milling machine.
• Profile milling machine.
• Pantograph milling machine.
• Planetary milling machine.
82. Column and Knee Type Milling Machine (Horizontal Milling
Machine)
115. Types of indexing heads
1.Plain or Simple dividing head
2.Universal dividing head
3.Optical dividing head
Methods of indexing
1. Direct indexing
2. Simple or plain indexing
3. Compound indexing
4. Differential indexing
5. Angular Indexing
117. GEAR CUTTING
Two principal methods of gear manufacturing
include
• Gear forming - where the profile of the teeth are
obtained as the replica of the form of the cutting
tool (edge); e.g., milling, broaching etc.
• Gear generation - where the complicated tooth
profile are provided by much simpler form cutting
tool (edges) through rolling type, tool – work
motions, e.g., hobbing, gear shaping etc.
118. Methods of Gear forming
1. Gear cutting by single point form tool
2. Gear cutting by shear speed shaping process
3. Gear milling using a form end mill
4. Gear broaching
5. Template method
130. Finishing of Gear Teeth
• For smooth running, good performance and
long service life, the gears need.
• To be accurate in dimensions and forms
• To have high surface finish and
• To be hard and wear resistive at their tooth
flanks
131. 1. For soft and unhardened gears
• Gear shaving
• Gear rolling or burnishing
2. For hard and hardened gears
• Grinding
• Lapping
3.For soft but precision gears
• Shaving followed by surface hardening and then
lapping
132. Gear shaving
• Gear shaving is a process of finishing of gear
tooth by running it at very high rpm in mesh
with a gear shaving tool.
• A gear shaving tool is of a type of rack or
pinion having hardened teeth provided
133.
134. Gear rolling or burnishing
• In this method the machined gear is rolled
under pressure with three hardened master
gears of high accuracy and finish.
• The machined gear teeth are smeared off by
cold plastic flow, which also helps in
improving the surface of the desired teeth.
135.
136. Gear teeth finishing by lapping
• The lapping process only corrects minute
deviations from the desired gear tooth
profiles.
• The gear to be finished after machining and
heat treatment and even after grinding is run
in mesh with a gear shaped lapping.
137. Gear honing
• It is used for super finishing of the generated gear
teeth.
• In the above gear finishing operations some
operations are based on metal cutting by
removing very small size of chips like gear shaving,
gear grinding, lapping and honing and some other
operations like gear burnishing, roll finishing and
based on finishing by plastic deformation of
metal.