This document provides an overview of magnetic levitation train (Maglev) technology. It discusses several types of high-speed trains currently in use, then describes the key technologies that allow Maglev trains to levitate and propel using electromagnetic forces rather than wheels on rails. Maglev trains offer advantages of higher speeds, less pollution, and less wear and tear on infrastructure compared to wheeled trains, but building Maglev systems has proven costly. Further advances, such as room temperature superconductors, could help reduce costs and allow Maglev trains to become more widely adopted.

1. SEMINARSEMINAR
ONON
““MAGNETIC LEVITATION TRAINMAGNETIC LEVITATION TRAIN””
(MAGLEV)(MAGLEV)
Japan's MLX01 Maglev Train
Prepared By,
Saumya Ranjan Behura

2. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Some Conventional High Speed TrainSome Conventional High Speed Train
 TGV Atlantique(Speed Demon)TGV Atlantique(Speed Demon)
““Train de grande vitese”Train de grande vitese”
By france in 1981By france in 1981
Commercial Speed-168mphCommercial Speed-168mph
Record Speed-236mphRecord Speed-236mph

3.  DUPLEXDUPLEX
Advanced version of TGVAdvanced version of TGV
Double the normal capacityDouble the normal capacity
 BULLET TRAINBULLET TRAIN
Debuted in 1964Debuted in 1964
Japanese high speed trainJapanese high speed train
Commercial Speed-131mphCommercial Speed-131mph
Official Name-”shinkansen”Official Name-”shinkansen”
Record Speed-277mphRecord Speed-277mph
22ndnd
fastest trainfastest train

4.  ICEICE
Introduced to service in 1980Introduced to service in 1980
German high speed trainGerman high speed train
Commercial Speed-179mphCommercial Speed-179mph
Record Speed-225mphRecord Speed-225mph
33RDRD
Fastest trainFastest train
 EUROSTAREUROSTAR
11STST
High speed train from EnglandHigh speed train from England
Top speed-100mphTop speed-100mph
Maximum speed in france-186mphMaximum speed in france-186mph
 PENDELONIPENDELONI
Italian high speed trainItalian high speed train
in service 1990in service 1990
commercial speed-186mphcommercial speed-186mph

5.  AVEAVE
““Alta velocidad Espanol”Alta velocidad Espanol”
Spanish high speed trainSpanish high speed train
commercial speed-186mphcommercial speed-186mph
 X2000X2000
Sweden high speed trainSweden high speed train
Commercial speed-125mphCommercial speed-125mph
Record Speed-172mphRecord Speed-172mph
Unique style of tiltingUnique style of tilting

6. MAGLEV TECHNOLOGYMAGLEV TECHNOLOGY
 Future high speed train.Future high speed train.
 Combines the benefits of airplanes & trains toCombines the benefits of airplanes & trains to
create “flying trains”.create “flying trains”.
 Uses electromagnetic technology.Uses electromagnetic technology.
 Elevated above the ground allowing everythingElevated above the ground allowing everything
else to go underneath it & nothing will stand onelse to go underneath it & nothing will stand on
the way of 300mph train.the way of 300mph train.

7. LEVITATION TECHNIQUESLEVITATION TECHNIQUES
 ELECTRODYNAMIC SUSPENSION(EDS)ELECTRODYNAMIC SUSPENSION(EDS)
 ELECTROMAGNETIC SUSPENSION(EMS)ELECTROMAGNETIC SUSPENSION(EMS)
 INDUCTRACKINDUCTRACK

8. ELECTRODYNAMIC SUSPENSIONELECTRODYNAMIC SUSPENSION
 Invented in late 1960 by the japanese.Invented in late 1960 by the japanese.
 By James R Powell & physist Gordon T Denby of US.By James R Powell & physist Gordon T Denby of US.
 This technology uses the superconducting magnet.This technology uses the superconducting magnet.
 The train hovers 4inch(10cm) above the guideway.The train hovers 4inch(10cm) above the guideway.
 This suspension process uses the “repulsion”(pushingThis suspension process uses the “repulsion”(pushing
away).away).
ELECTROMAGNETIC SUSPENSIONELECTROMAGNETIC SUSPENSION
 Developed by western German companies in 1970.Developed by western German companies in 1970.
 It has got Tshaped guideway.It has got Tshaped guideway.
 This uses the electromagnet with the “attraction” ofThis uses the electromagnet with the “attraction” of
magnet.magnet.
 Train levitates 3/8inch(1cm) above the steel rail.Train levitates 3/8inch(1cm) above the steel rail.

9. INDUCTRACKINDUCTRACK
 It is the type of EDS System.It is the type of EDS System.
 It consists of unpowered passive magnets array under theIt consists of unpowered passive magnets array under the
vehicle & track guideway metallic nonmagnetic inductionvehicle & track guideway metallic nonmagnetic induction
coils.coils.
 It eliminates the use of superconducting coils.It eliminates the use of superconducting coils.
 The magnets are arranged in “THE HALBACH ARRAY”The magnets are arranged in “THE HALBACH ARRAY”

10. HALBACH ARRAYHALBACH ARRAY
 The late Klaus Halbach of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory discoveredThe late Klaus Halbach of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory discovered
an interesting permanent magnet configuration that concentrates magnetican interesting permanent magnet configuration that concentrates magnetic
flux on one side of the array and cancels it on the other. He originallyflux on one side of the array and cancels it on the other. He originally
designed it for focusing the beams of particle accelerators. Lawrencedesigned it for focusing the beams of particle accelerators. Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory scientists Post and Ryutov developed the ideaLivermore National Laboratory scientists Post and Ryutov developed the idea
into a model Maglev train, the only one so far that uses permanentinto a model Maglev train, the only one so far that uses permanent
magnets--it floats over a series of short-circuited coils at only 5 mph or somagnets--it floats over a series of short-circuited coils at only 5 mph or so
(the 'Inductrack' system). Maglev trains, motors and generators using(the 'Inductrack' system). Maglev trains, motors and generators using
circular Halbach arrays have already been patented--the advantages includecircular Halbach arrays have already been patented--the advantages include
minimized drag from eddy current effects (drag decreases as speedminimized drag from eddy current effects (drag decreases as speed
increases), reduced power consumption (no giant electromagnets needed),increases), reduced power consumption (no giant electromagnets needed),
reduced exposure of train passengers to high magnetic fields.reduced exposure of train passengers to high magnetic fields.

11. PROPULSION TECHNIQUESPROPULSION TECHNIQUES
 The magnetized coil running along the track, called a guide way,The magnetized coil running along the track, called a guide way,
will repel the large magnets on the train's undercarriage, allowingwill repel the large magnets on the train's undercarriage, allowing
the train to levitate between .39 and 3.93 inches (1 to 10 cm)the train to levitate between .39 and 3.93 inches (1 to 10 cm)
above the guide way. Once the train is levitated, power is aabove the guide way. Once the train is levitated, power is a
unique system of magnetic fields that pull and push the trainunique system of magnetic fields that pull and push the train
along the guide way. The supplied to the coils within the guidealong the guide way. The supplied to the coils within the guide
way walls to create electric current supplied to the coils in theway walls to create electric current supplied to the coils in the
guide way walls is constantly alternating to change the polarity ofguide way walls is constantly alternating to change the polarity of
the magnetized coils. This change in polarity causes the magneticthe magnetized coils. This change in polarity causes the magnetic
field in front of the train to pull the vehicle forward, while thefield in front of the train to pull the vehicle forward, while the
magnetic field behind the train adds more forward thrust.magnetic field behind the train adds more forward thrust.
 It uses the “It uses the “linear electric motor systemlinear electric motor system” principle for the” principle for the
propulsion.propulsion.

12. LINEAR ELECTRIC MOTORLINEAR ELECTRIC MOTOR
It is a device that generates motion along a straight path. A maglevIt is a device that generates motion along a straight path. A maglev
floats above the guide way due to magnetic force. The magnets thatfloats above the guide way due to magnetic force. The magnets that
produces this force are the part of this motor. Types of this motor areproduces this force are the part of this motor. Types of this motor are
given below:-given below:-
 LINEAR INDUCTION MOTORLINEAR INDUCTION MOTOR
Stator with strip of conductor.Stator with strip of conductor.
Rotor consists of a row of electromagnets.Rotor consists of a row of electromagnets.
 LINEAR SYNCRONOUS MOTORLINEAR SYNCRONOUS MOTOR
Stator with overlapping electromagnets.Stator with overlapping electromagnets.
Rotor with a row of permanent magnet or electromagnet.Rotor with a row of permanent magnet or electromagnet.

13. PRINCIPLE OF LATERAL GUIDANCEPRINCIPLE OF LATERAL GUIDANCE
 The levitation coils facing each other are connected underThe levitation coils facing each other are connected under
the guideway, constituting a loop. When a running Maglevthe guideway, constituting a loop. When a running Maglev
vehicle, that is a superconducting magnet, displacesvehicle, that is a superconducting magnet, displaces
laterally, an electric current is induced in the loop, resultinglaterally, an electric current is induced in the loop, resulting
in a repulsive force acting on the levitation coils of the sidein a repulsive force acting on the levitation coils of the side
near the car and an attractive force acting on the levitationnear the car and an attractive force acting on the levitation
coils of the side farther apart from the car. Thus, a runningcoils of the side farther apart from the car. Thus, a running
car is always located at the center of the guideway.car is always located at the center of the guideway.

14. METHODS OF INSTALLING GUIDEWAYSMETHODS OF INSTALLING GUIDEWAYS
 Beam MethodBeam Method
 Panel MethodPanel Method
 Direct-Attachment methodDirect-Attachment method

15. ADVANTAGES OF MAGLEVADVANTAGES OF MAGLEV
 FFaster tripsaster trips
 HHigh reliabilityigh reliability
 PPetroleum Independenceetroleum Independence
 LLess Pollutioness Pollution
 HHigher capacity-than airigher capacity-than air
 CConvenienceonvenience
 IImproved comfortmproved comfort

16. CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
 Despite interest in maglev trains over the past few decades, theDespite interest in maglev trains over the past few decades, the
expense of building a maglev transportation system has beenexpense of building a maglev transportation system has been
prohibitive. Estimated costs for building a maglev train systemprohibitive. Estimated costs for building a maglev train system
range from $10 million to $30 million per mile. Maglev Systemrange from $10 million to $30 million per mile. Maglev System
must also overcome the competitions from established high-must also overcome the competitions from established high-
speed wheel-on-rail trains such as TGV & German Inter Cityspeed wheel-on-rail trains such as TGV & German Inter City
Express .The TGV for example, has more than 11 years ofExpress .The TGV for example, has more than 11 years of
commercial service behind it and travels at 186 miles per hourcommercial service behind it and travels at 186 miles per hour
on dedicated track. More important, these wheel-on-rail trainson dedicated track. More important, these wheel-on-rail trains
also operate well on upgraded conventional tracks, saving thealso operate well on upgraded conventional tracks, saving the
expenses of building new railroads.expenses of building new railroads.
 However, the development of room temperatureHowever, the development of room temperature
superconducting super magnets could lower the costs of such asuperconducting super magnets could lower the costs of such a
system. Room temperature semiconductors would be able tosystem. Room temperature semiconductors would be able to
generate equally fast speeds with less energy. Again the keygenerate equally fast speeds with less energy. Again the key
benefit of non contact trains is the potential saving they offer inbenefit of non contact trains is the potential saving they offer in
maintenance costs. Maglev systems virtually eliminate wear &maintenance costs. Maglev systems virtually eliminate wear &
tear on the guideway. This raises the hope that Maglev systemtear on the guideway. This raises the hope that Maglev system
will be the future track for the high-speed transportation.will be the future track for the high-speed transportation.

17. REFERENCESREFERENCES
 Science and Invention, Vol-6.Science and Invention, Vol-6.
 Enciclopodia, Vol-15.Enciclopodia, Vol-15.
 Mechanical Engineering (Nov, 1999 issue).Mechanical Engineering (Nov, 1999 issue).
 Modern Engineering Physics by A.S.Vasudev.Modern Engineering Physics by A.S.Vasudev.
 Solid State Physics by C Kittel.Solid State Physics by C Kittel.
 Modern Physics by R. MurugeshanModern Physics by R. Murugeshan
 Various websites like:-Various websites like:-
www.maglev.comwww.maglev.com,,
www.howthingswork.comwww.howthingswork.com,,
www.google.com,www.google.com,
www.askjeeves.com,www.askjeeves.com,
www.trainlines.com etc.www.trainlines.com etc.

18. Thank YouThank You