This document discusses managing hardware assets and computer components. It describes different types of computers like mainframes, servers, and personal computers. It also covers computer components such as the CPU, memory, storage, and input/output devices. The document discusses challenges in managing technology like centralization vs decentralization and making wise purchasing decisions.

1. 5 MANAGING HARDWARE ASSETS c h a p t e r

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES IDENTIFY HARDWARE COMPONENTS DESCRIBE STORAGE, INPUT, OUTPUT TECHNOLOGIES COMPARE MAINFRAME, MIDRANGE, PERSONAL COMPUTERS, SUPER COMPUTERS *

3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES COMPARE ARRANGEMENTS OF COMPUTER PROCESSING: CLIENT/SERVER, NETWORK ANALYZE TECHNOLOGY ISSUES *

4. MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES INFRASTRUCTURE TECHNOLOGY SECONDARY STORAGE STORAGE INPUT & OUTPUT TECHNOLOGIES TYPES OF COMPUTERS & SYSTEMS MANAGING HARDWARE ASSETS *

5. MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES 1. CENTRALIZATION VERSUS DECENTRALIZATION DEBATE 2. MAKING WISE TECHNOLOGY PURCHASING DECISIONS *

6. COMPUTER COMPONENTS BUSES INPUT DEVICES SECONDARY STORAGE PRIMARY STORAGE CPU OUTPUT DEVICES COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES

7. BIT: Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not BYTE: Group of bits for one character EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (8 or 9 bits per byte) ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte) PARITY BIT: extra bit added to each byte to help detect errors * HOW COMPUTERS REPRESENT DATA

8. EXAMPLES OF BYTES C: 1100 0011 0 100 0011 1 A: 1100 0001 1 100 0001 0 T: 1110 0011 1 101 0100 1 Note how sum for each byte is an EVEN number * EBCDIC ASCII (assume even-parity system)

9. CPU & PRIMARY STORAGE DATA BUS ADDRESS BUS CONTROL BUS CPU PRIMARY STORAGE INPUT DEVICES OUTPUT DEVICES SECONDARY STORAGE

10. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) CONTROL UNIT RAM PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY ARITHMETIC/LOGIC UNIT ROM CLOCK

11. ALU & CONTROL UNIT ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT: CPU component performs logic and arithmetic operations CONTROL UNIT: CPU component controls, coordinates other parts of computer system * © 2002 by Prentice Hall

12. STEPS NEEDED FOR SINGLE INSTRUCTION PCs & OLDER MACHINES: Microseconds (millionth second) POWERFUL MACHINES: Nanoseconds (billionth second) * MACHINE CYCLE

13. COMPUTER TIME Millisecond .001 second thousand 15min 40 sec Microsecond .001 millisecond million 11.6 days Nanosecond .001microsecond billion 31.7 years Picosecond .001 nanosecond trillion 31,700 years * NAME LENGTH SECOND TO 1 SECOND # PER COMPARED

14. TYPES OF MEMORY RAM: Random Access Memory Dynamic: Changes thru processing Static: Remains constant (power on) ROM: Read Only Memory (preprogrammed) PROM: Program can be changed once EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet light EEPROM: Electrically erasable *

15. ADDRESSES IN MEMORY Each location can hold data Each location is a REGISTER 101 102 103 201 301 202 203 302 303

16. MEMORY SIZE KILOBYTE (KT): 2 10 bytes... 1024 bytes MEGABYTE (MB): 2 10 KB... “million” bytes GIGABYTE (GB): 2 10 MB... “billion” bytes TERABYTE (TB): 2 10 GB... “trillion” bytes *

17. VLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPU WORD LENGTH: Bits processed at one time MEGAHERTZ: One million cycles per second DATA BUS WIDTH: Bits moved between CPU & other devices REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING (RISC): Embeds most used instructions on chip to enhance speed MultiMedia eXtension (MMX): Enhanced Intel chip improves multimedia applications * MICROPROCESSOR

18. SEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSING SEQUENTIAL PARALLEL MASSIVE PARALLEL COMPUTERS CAN HAVE THOUSANDS OF CPUs TO ATTACK LARGE COMPUTING PROBLEMS TASK 1 RESULT TASK 2 RESULT Program CPU Program CPU Program CPU TASK 2 CPU TASK 3 CPU TASK 1 RESULT

19. DISK TAPE OPTICAL STORAGE * SECONDARY STORAGE

20. DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE HARD DISK: Steel platter array for large computer systems RAID: Redundant array of Inexpensive Disks FLOPPY DISK: Removable disk for PC *

21. DISK PACK STORAGE LARGE SYSTEMS RELIABLE STORAGE LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA QUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLE TYPICAL: 11 2-sided disks CYLINDER: Same track all surfaces * CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK) DISK 1 DISK 2 DISK 3 DISK 4 DISK 5 READ/WRITE HEADS

22. TRACKS AND SECTORS EACH TRACK HOLDS SAME AMOUNT OF DATA SECTOR TRACKS DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0 START OF TRACKS

23. CD-ROM: 500-660 MEGABYTES LAND: Flat parts of disk surface reflects light PITS: small scratch on surface scatters light WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM): CD-R: Compact Disk - Recordable CD-RW: CD - Rewritable DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD): CD size, up to 10 gigabytes of data * OPTICAL STORAGE

24. STANDARD FOR SEQUENTIAL FILES SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH FERROUS OXIDE (2400 feet per spool) RECORD GROUPS: BLOCKING FACTOR (e.g., 10 records per block) GROUPS SEPARATED BY INTER-BLOCK GAP RECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIME * HEADER IBG BLOCK 1 BLOCK 2 BLOCK 3 MAGNETIC TAPE

25. ENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPE USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP RECORDS INEXPENSIVE STORED IN SAFE LOCATION CAN BE REUSED * MAGNETIC CARTRIDGE

26. STORAGE AREA NETWORK (SAN) HIGH-SPEED NETWORK CONNECTS VARIOUS STORAGE DEVICES TAPE LIBRARIES DISK ARRAYS STORAGE SERVICE PROVIDER: 3rd party rents storage space *

27. INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES POINTING DEVICES SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION OUTPUT DEVICES *

28. POINTING DEVICES: KEYBOARD MOUSE WIRED INFRA-RED TRACKBALL TOUCH PAD JOYSTICK TOUCH SCREEN *

29. SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT TIME & PLACE OF TRANSACTION OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR): Saves characters, format BAR CODE: Identifies products in stores, warehouses, shipments MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION (MICR): Special ink identifies bank, account, amount *

30. PEN-BASED INPUT: Digitizes signature DIGITAL SCANNER: Translates images & characters into digital form VOICE INPUT DEVICES: Converts spoken word into digital form SENSORS: Devices that collect data from environment for computer input (e.g., thermometers, pressure gauges) * SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

31. OUTPUT DEVICES: CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) PRINTER PLOTTER VOICE OUTPUT DEVICE *

32. DATA PROCESSING BATCH PROCESSING: Transaction data stored until convenient to process as a group. Useful for less time-sensitive actions. ON-LINE PROCESSING: Transaction data entered directly into system, constantly updating files. Requires direct-access devices. *

33. BATCH PROCESSING KEYBOARD INPUT BATCH OF TRANSACTIONS SORTED TRANSACTION FILE OLD MASTER FILE NEW MASTER FILE VALIDATE AND UPDATE ERROR REPORTS REPORTS

34. ON-LINE PROCESSING TRANSACTIONS KEYBOARD PROCESS / UPDATE MASTER FILE MASTER FILE IMMEDIATE INPUT IMMEDIATE PROCESSING IMMEDIATE FILE UPDATE

35. INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA INTEGRATES TWO OR MORE MEDIA TEXT, GRAPHICS, SOUND, VOICE, VIDEO, ANIMATION STREAMING TECHNOLOGY MP3: Audio compression standard *

36. CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS MAINFRAME MIDRANGE & MINICOMPUTER SERVER PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC) WORKSTATION SUPERCOMPUTER *

37. MAINFRAME LARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTER 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY APPLICATIONS MASSIVE DATA COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS * MIPS: Millions of Instructions per second

38. MIDRANGE/MINICOMPUTER MIDDLE-RANGE 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR FOR MAINFRAME *

39. DESKTOP OR PORTABLE 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128 MEGABYTES RAM PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS AFFORDABLE MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS CAN BE NETWORKED * MICROCOMPUTER

40. NETWORKED COMPUTERS CLIENT: User (PC, workstation, laptop) requires data, application, communications it does not have SERVER: Component (computer) having desired data, application, communications * CLIENT / SERVER

41. CLIENT / SERVER CLIENT SERVER USER INTERFACE APPLICATION FUNCTION DATA APPLICATION FUNCTION NETWORK RESOURCES REQUESTS DATA, SERVICE

42. WORKSTATION DESKTOP COMPUTER POWERFUL GRAPHICS EXTENSIVE MATH CAPABILITIES MULTI-TASKING USUALLY CONFIGURED TO SPECIAL FUNCTION: e.g.; CAD, engineering, graphics *

43. SUPERCOMPUTER TERAFLOP: TRILLION CALCULATIONS/SECOND HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED COMPLEX COMPUTATIONS FASTEST CPUs LARGE SIMULATIONS STATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTS EXPENSIVE *

44. CENTRALIZED: PROCESSING BY CENTRAL COMPUTER SITE ONE STANDARD GREATER CONTROL DISTRIBUTED: PROCESSING BY SEVERAL COMPUTER SITES LINKED BY NETWORKS MORE FLEXIBILITY FASTER RESPONSE * CENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTED

45. DOWNSIZING TRANSFER APPLICATIONS FROM LARGE COMPUTERS TO SMALL REDUCES COST SPEEDS RESULTS TO USER COMPUTER ASSIGNED TASK IT DOES BEST COOPERATIVE PROCESSING *

46. SHARING COMPUTERS NETWORK COMPUTER: Simplified desktop computer stores minimum data to function (uses server) PEER-TO-PEER COMPUTING: Networked computers share data, disk space, processing. Parallel processing on a smaller scale *

47. MANAGING HARDWARE ASSETS UNDERSTAND TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS DETERMINE TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP : Hardware, software, installation, training, support, maintenance, infrastructure PLAN CAPACITY & SCALABILITY IDENTIFY TRENDS *

48. 5 MANAGING HARDWARE ASSETS c h a p t e r