Rama pdf

What is Mother Board?
Introduction :-
 Mother board is a printed circuit board(PCB).
 It holds & allows communication between many of the crucial. Electronic component of
system such as processing unit (CPU) & memory & provide connector for other
peripheral.
 A motherboard provides the electrical connections by which the other components of
the system communicate. Unlike a backplane, it also contains the central processing
unit and hosts other subsystems and device.
Model of Motherboard
AT Motherboard ATX Motherboard

AT Motherboard:-
 Commonly referred to as the AT and full-size
AT, the Full AT is a motherboard form factor
introduced by IBM in August of 1984 and was
widely used in the 1980s.
ATX Motherboard:-
 AT=Advance Technology
 AT=12 inch*13.8 inch
 ATX=Advance Technology eXtended
 ATX is a motherboard configuration specification
developed by Intel in 1995 to improve on
previous de facto standards like the AT design.
 ATX= 12 inch*9.6 inch
 Provides airflow threw chess is and across the
processor.
 ATX power supply 20 pin and 24 pin.
 There are 2.6 pin connectors that supply power
to the mother board.

 Oldest and biggest form factors.
 Capable of using 386 processor.
 12 inch size and was difficult to install service.
• Standard to computer industries and still being
used in Pentium class products.
• CPU socket is placed in such a way that it can
interface way loner bus card.
• Limitation over peripheral card insulation.

Types of ATX Motherboard
Mini ATX:-
Mini-ATX motherboard were designed with MoDT (Mobile on Desktop Technology)
which adopt mobile CPUs for lower power requirements and less heat generation,
which may be beneficial for home theater PCs(HTPC),in-car PCs, or industrial use.
Micro ATX:-
• Supposed current and new processor technology.
• AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port) to have high performance graphic.
• Smaller in size and less power supply.
Flex ATX:-
• A subject of Micro ATX.
• Small Motherboard size and supposed current processor technology.
LPX (Low Profile eXtention) and
Mini LPX (Mini Low Profile eXtention)
• Usually pound in desktop PC.
• Case or slimbline.
• High quality product at low cost but difficult to repair.

Types of Mother Board:-
There are two types of Mother board.
(1).Non- Integrated
(2).Integrated
(1).Non- Integrated:-
 Assemblies such as I/O port connectors, hard drive connector, etc. Installed as
expansion boards.
 If something goes wrong such as bend or broken pin or defective controller can be
repaired with minor cost.
 Are cheap and easy to produce most of the older mother board were non-
integrated.
(2).Integrated:-
 Serial and parrell ports, IDE(Integrated Drive Electronic), CD Drive are directly
connected to the Mother board.
 Cheaper to produce but are expensive to repair.
 Fast powerful feature rich mother board at responsible price.
Motherboard from factors
 Determined general layout, size, and feature placement on the Motherboard.
 Form factors such as physical size, shape, component, placement, power supply
connector etc.

 CPU Processing Device  North Bridge
 Heat Sink / Fan  South Bridge
 PCI Slot  Power Port
 AGP Slot  Ethernet Port
 Power Connector  Parallel Port
 CMOS Backup Battery  Serial Port
 BIOS  VGA Port
 ROM  USB Port
 RAM  Mouse & Keyboard Port
 IDE Slot  Sound Port
 SATA Connector  DVI Port
 PATA Connector
 FDD

• The CPU is the brain of computer.
• The CU & ALU of a computer system are combine
known as CPU.
• The CPU is the primary component of a computer that
processes instruction.
• The CPC contains at least one processor which is the
actual chip inside the CPU that perform calculation.
• A computer may also have more than one CPU, which
each have multiple cores. For example, a server with
two hex-core CPUs has a total of 12 processors.
• A microprocessor consists of the thousands of
transistor and other electronic components on a single
silicon chip. Silicon is semi-conductor. It has two sub
units. This helps in the processing of the data.
• A microprocessor is a computer processor which
incorporates the functions of a computer’s the
functions of a computer’s central processing unit (CPU)
on a single Integrated Circuit (IC).

• As processors, graphics card, RAM and other
components in computer have increased in speed
and power consumption the amount of heat
produced by these components as a sight effect
normal operation has also increased.
• These component need to be kept within a
specified temperature range to prevent
overheating.
• The devices which need to be cooled include the
power supply unit, Otto electronic devices, such
as high power laser, Light Emitting diode(LED),
hard disk.
• Heat sink attachment methods and thermal
interface materials also affect the die temperature
of the integrated circuit.
• A heat sink is designed to maximize its surface
area in contact with the cooling medium
surrounding it, such as the air. Air velocity, choice
of material, protrusion design and surface
treatment are factors that affect the performance
of a heat sink.

PCI(Peripheral Component Inter connector)
• Convention PCI offend shortened to PCI is a local
computer bus for attaching hardware device in a
computer like video card and other networking card.
• These are 32 bit white slots. It is used to attach
Sounds card, Display card, TV tuner card to the
computer.
• It is a parallel bus, synchronous to a single bus
clock. Attached devices can take either the form of
an integrated circuit fitted onto the motherboard
itself(called a planar device in the PCI specification)
or an expansion card that fits into a slot.
 The PCI bus supports the functions
found on a processor bus but in a
standardized format that is
independent of any particular
processors native bus. Devices
connected to the PCI bus appear to
a bus master to be connected
directly to its own bus and are
assigned addresses in the
processor’s address space.

• The Accelerated Graphic Port (AGP) is high speed
point-to-point channel for attaching a video card
to a computer system, primarily to assist in the
acceleration of 3D computer graphics. It was
originally designed as a successor to PCI-type
connection for video card.
• AGP2.0-66MHz, 1.5V, 4X, 1,066MB/s
• AGP3.0-66MHz, 0.8V, 8X, 2,133MB/s
• Accelerated Graphics Port, often abbreviated as
AGP, is a standard type of connection for internal
video cards.
• Generally Accelerated Graphics Port refers to the
actual expansion slot on the motherboard that
accepts AGP video cards as well as to the type of
video card.
• A computer with AGP support has one AGP slot
next to all other expansion slot or an on-board
AGP video. If you needed more than one video card
in the computer, you can have one AGP video card
and one PCI video card or use a motherboard that
supports SLI.

• Mother board power connectors one of the most
important connections in the PS is that between the
supply of power &the motherboard. It is through this
connection that the various voltages &other signals.
Are send between these two important devices.
• Proper installation of the two AT-style power
connectors to a motherboard. Notice the four black
wires together in the middle. Incidentally, in this
picture the connectors are shown upside-down from
the diagrams above; pin #1 of p8 is at the bottom, pin
#6 of P6 at the top. In the background is an ATX-style
motherboard connector; this board can work with
either form factor of power supply.
• One of the most important connections in the PC is
that between the power supply and the motherboard.
It is through this connection (or set of connections)
that the various voltages and other single are sent
between these two important devices.(You may want
to familiarize yourself with these signals in the
selection on power supply functions if necessary.)
Different form factors use different numbers, types,
shapes and sizes of connectors between the power
supply and motherboard.

 A battery that maintains the time, date, hard disk
and other configuration settings in the CMOS
memory. CMOS batteries are small and are
attached directly to the motherboard. See BIOS
setup and batteries.
 Modem Computer Mother Board have a backup
batteries to run the read tome clock circuit and
retain configuration memory while the system is
turned off.
 It is used to give power supply to CMOS ic. If this
battery is low then setting in CMOS such as, date,
time will be disturbed.
CMOS=Complementary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor
 Alternative referred to as a Real Time Clock (RTC),
Non-Volatile RAM (NVRAM) or CMOS RAM, CMOS is
short for Complementary Metal-Oxide
Semiconductor. CMOS is an on board, battery
powered semiconductor chip inside computers that
stores information. This information ranges from
the system time and date to system hardware
settings for your computer. The picture shows an
example of the most common CMOS coin cell
battery (Panasonic CR 2032 3V) used to power the
CMOS memory.

BIOS=Basic Input Output System
• BIOS (Basic Input/output System) are the program a
personal computer’s microprocessor uses to get the
computer system started after you turn it on. It also
manages data flow between the computer’s operating
system and attached devices such as the hard disk,
video adapter, keyboard, mouse and printer.
• BIOS are a program that is made accessible to the
microprocessor on an erasable programmable read-
only memory (EPROM) chip. When you turn on your
computer, the microprocessor passes control to the
BIOS program, which is always located at the same
place on EPROM.
• The BIOS includes instructions on how to load basic
computer hardware and includes a test referred to as a
POST (power on Self Text) that helps verify the
computer meets requirements to boot up properly. If
the computer does not pass the POST, you will receive
a combination of beefs indicating what is
malfunctioning within the computer.

• ROM is permanent and cannot be changed it
stores program which ten the computer how to
process the data and control its various parts.
• Computers almost always contain a small
amount of read only memory(ROM) that holds
instructions for staring up the computer.
• Read Only Memory (ROM) is a type of non-
volatile memory used in computer and other
electronic devices.
• Data stored in ROM can only be modified slowly,
with difficulty, or not at all. So it is mainly used
to store firmware (software that is closely tied to
specific hardware, and unlikely to need frequent
updates) or application software in plug in
cartridges.
• Once data has been written onto a ROM chip, it
cannot be removed and can only be read. Unlike
main memory (RAM), ROM retains its contents
even when the computer is turned off. Rom is
referred to as being nonvolatile, whereas RAM is
volatile.

 RAM is a temporary memory. Its contains are lost.
If the power supplies are interrupted/ turned
off/power off. So it is called read or write
memory. Any information can be read from and
written into RAM.
 RAM is a form of computer data storage which
stores frequently used program instruction to
increase the general speed of a system.
 A RAM device allows data items to be read or
written in almost the same amount of time
irrespective of the physical location of data inside
the memory.
 RAM is the same as main memory used by itself.
 The term Ram refers to read and write memory
that is we can both write data into RAM and read
data from RAM.
 Most RAM is volatile which means that requires a
steady flow of electricity to maintain its contents.
As soon as the power is turned off, whatever data
was in RAM is lost.

 RAM IS STANDS FOR
RANDOM ACCESS
MEMORY
 RAM IS A PRIMARY/
TEMPORARY/VOLAT
ILE MEMORY
 RAM IS CHANGABLE
 ROM IS STANDS
FOR READ ONLY
MEMORY
 ROM IS A
PERMANENT/SECON
DARY/NON-
VOLATILE MEMORY
 ROM IS FIXED

 It is 40 pin IDE port. It is used to connect IDE Hard
disk and IDE write to the computer system.
 It is a standard interface for IBM compatible hard
drives and CD or DVD drives. IDE is different than
SCSI and Enhanced Small Device Interface(ESDI)
because its controllers are on each drive, meaning
the drive can connect directly to the motherboard or
controller.
 Short for integrated drive electronics or IBM Dice
Electronics, IDE is more commonly known as ATA or
Parallel ATA (PATA). It is a standard interface for IBM
compatible hard drives and CD or DVD drives. IDE is
different than SCSI and Enhanced Small Device
Interface (ESDI) because its controllers are on each
drive, meaning the drive can connect directly to the
motherboard or controller.
 IDE and its updated successor, Enhanced IDE (EIDE),
are common drive interface found in IBM compatible
computers. Below is a picture of the IDE connector
on the back of a hard drive, a picture of what an IDE
channels to on the motherboard

 SATA stands for Serial Advanced Technology
Attachment or “Serial ATA”. It is an interface used to
connect hard drive to the computer motherboard.
 The cable for SATA connection has 7 conductors.
 SATA is a computer bus interface that connects host
bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk
drives, optical drives and solid state drives.
 Serial ATA succeeded the older Parallel ATA (PATA)
standard, offering several advantages over the older
interface reduced cable size and cost( seven conductor
instead of 40 or 80), native hot swapping, faster data
transfer through higher signaling rates, and more
efficient transfer through an (optical) I/O queuing
protocol.
 SATA storage devices can transmit data to and from the
rest of the computer much, much faster than an
otherwise similar PATA device.
 SATA(pronounced say-data), short for Serial ATA (which
is an abbreviation for Serial Advanced Technology
Attachment), is an IDE standard first released in 2001
for connecting devices like optical drives and hard
drives to the motherboard.

 PATA stands for Parallel Advanced
Technology Attachment. PATA is a standard
for connecting hard drive into the computer
system. As its name imp eases PATA based or
parallel signaling technology.
 Parallel ATA (PATA), originally AT Attachment,
is an interface standard for the connection of
storage devices such as hard disk drives,
floppy disk drives, and optical dice drives in
computers. The standard is maintained by the
X3/INCITS committee.
 The ATA interface itself evolved in several
stages from Western Digital’s original
Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) interface. As
a result, many near-synonyms for ATA/ATAPI
and its previous incarnations are still in
common informal use, In particular Extended
IDE (EIDE) and Ultra ATA(UATA). After the
introduction of Serial ATA (SATA) in 2003, the
original ATA was renamed to Parallel ATA, or
PATA for short.

 A floppy cable is a ribbon cable found in PC’s that
allows one or more floppy disk drives to be
connected to a computer. In the illustration to the
right, is a visual example of what a floppy cable
may look like and where each end of connectors
connects. As can be seen, this cable allows a
desktop computer to have two floppy drives
connected to one floppy controller.
 Floppy Disk Drive (FDD) is a machine in which we
put floppy disk.
 The sizes of the commonly used floppy disk are
5.25 inches and 3.5 inches. Their storage
capacities are 1.2 MB and 1.44 MB respectively.
 Floppy disks are read and written by a Floppy Disk
Drive(FDD).
 A slot magnetic disk. It is called floppy because it
flops if you wave it. Unlike most hard disks, floppy
disks are partible, because you can remove them a
disk drive.
 Disk Drive for floppy disks are slower to access
main hard disks and have loss storage capacity,
but they are much less expensive. And most
importantly they are portable.

• A chip forms and interfaces between the CPU
the main memory and other component on
many types of motherboard this refers to as
the North Bridge.
• Alternatively referred to as the PAC (PCI/AGP
controller) and NB, the Northbridge is an
integrated circuit responsible for
communications between the CPU interfaces,
AGP, and the memory. Unlike the Southbridge
the Northbridge is directly connected to these
components and acts like a “bridge” for the
south bridge chip to communicate with the
CPU, RAM, and graphics controller. Today,
the Northbridge is a single chip that is north
of the PCI bus; however, early computer may
have had up to three separate chips that
made up the Northbridge

• Several connector which provide the physical
interface between input and output devices and the
motherboard.
• The Southbridge can usually be distinguished from
the Northbridge by not being directly connected to
the CPU. Rather, the Northbridge ties the Southbridge
to the CPU. Through the use of controller integrated
channel circuitry, the Northbridge can directly link
signals from the I/O units to the CPU for data control
and access.
• The Southbridge is an IC on the motherboard
responsible for the hard drive controller, I/O
controller and integrated hardware. Integrated
hardware can include the sound card and video card
if on the motherboard, USB, PCI, ISA, IDE, BIOS, and
Ethernet. The Southbridge gets its name for
commonly being south of the PCI bus. Below is a
graphic illustration of the ASUS P5AD2-E
motherboard and some basic explanations of each of
the major portions of the motherboard including the
Southbridge. As shown in the picture below, it is
common for the Northbridge and Southbridge to
have a heat sink; in addition, the Northbridge is
usually slightly larger than the Southbridge.

 It is the port through which power supply to the
CPU is done. This power is 3pin hole .
(Electron, Proton, Neutron).
 In computer hardware, a port serves as an
interface between the computers and other
computers or peripheral devices. In computer
terms, a port generally refers to the female part
of connection. Computer ports have many used,
to connect a monitor, webcam, speakers, or other
peripheral devices. On the physical layer, a
computer port is a specialized outlet on a piece
of equipment to which a plug or cable connects.
Electronically, the several conductors where the
port and cable contacts, provide a method to
transfer signals between devices.

 The port is enables user to connect to network or
Ethernet much faster than other port.
 Its jack looks or more like telephone jack and helps
to connect system with internet.
 An Ethernet port (aka jack or socket) is an opening on
computer network equipment that Ethernet cables
plug into. Their purpose is to connect wired network
hardware in a local area network (LAN), metropolitan
area network (MAN), or wide area network(WAN).
 An Ethernet port accepts a cable that has an RJ-45
connector. The alternative to using such a cable with
an Ethernet port is Wi-Fi, which eliminates the need
for both the cable and its port.
 A computer’s built-in Ethernet port is connected to
its internal Ethernet network adapter, which is
attached to the motherboard.
 You might see an Ethernet port on the back of your
PC or laptop. A router usually has several Ethernet
ports to accommodate multiple wired devices on a
network

 Parallel Port are used to connect printer and other
hardware devices. That holes is 25 holes. That also
ovulate color.
 The computer is cable of having the parallel port run at
different modes depending on your needs and available
resources. Some of these modes include: IEEE-1284
(Auto), Centroids mode, Nibble mode, unidirectional
(SPP)), Bi- directional, EPP, and ECP.

 Pin 1= Data acknowledgement when the signal is low.
 Pin 2-9= Data transfer pons.
 Pin 10= Acknowledge that the data has finished processing and when the signal is high
indicates ready for more.
 Pin 11= When the signal goes high indicate that the printer has accepted the data and
is processing it. Once this signal goes low and Pin 10 goes high will accept additional
data.
 Pin 12= Printer paper jam when signal is high or no signal if printer jam.
 Pin 13= When high signal printer is indicating that it is on-line and ready to print.
 Pin 14= When low signal PC has indicated that the printer inset a line feed after each
line.
 Pin 15= Printer sends data to the computer telling it that an error has occurred.
 Pin 16= When low signal PC has selected the printer and should in return prepare for
data being sent.
 Pin 17=When low signal the PC has selected the printer and should in return prepare
for data being sent.
 Pin 18-25=Ground
 Today the parallel port has widely been replaced by the USB port. However, below is a
listing of various hardware components that can be purchased and used with the
parallel port.

 It sends data only one bit at a time and maximum data
transfer sheet is 115 kbps (kilo byte per second).
 It sends data 8 bit at a time and maximum data transfer
sheet is 115 kbps (kilo byte per second)
 Serial port is used to communicate single line or for
completing the circuit and data is transfer as bit from
sender to receiver. That hole 9 holes. That is like that
VGA port.
 In computing, a serial port is a serial communication
interface through which information transfers in or out
one bit at a time (in contract to a Parallel port ).
Throughout most of the history of personal computer,
data was transferred through ports to devices such as
modem terminals and various peripherals.
 Modern computers without serial port may require serial-
to-USB converters tom allow compatibility WithRS-232
serial devices. Serial ports are still used in application
such as industrial automation system, scientific
instruments, point of sale systems and some industrial
and consumer products. Server computers may use a
serial port as a control console for diagnostics. Network
equipment (such as routers and switches) often use serial
console for configuration. Serial port is still used in these
areas as they are simple, cheap, cheap and their console
functions are highly standardized and widespread. A
serial requires very little supporting software form the

 This port is used to connect system video card
weight monitor. This computer connector holes
15 holes and looks more like a serial port
connector.
 A Video Graphics Array (VGA) connector is a
three row 15 pin DE-15 connector. The 15-pin
VGA connector was provided on many videos
cards, computer monitors, laptop computers,
projectors, and high definition television sets.
On laptop computers or other small devices, a
mini-VGA port was sometimes used in place of
the full-sized VGA connector.
 Video Graphic Array, VGA is a popular display
standard develops by IBM and introduced in
1987. VGA provides 640 x 480 resolution color
display screens with a refresh rate of 60 Hz and
16 colors displayed at a time if the resolution is
lowered to 320 x 200, 256 color are shown.
 Although many devices still include VGA
connectors, and VGA generally coexisted with
the DVI standard, VGA and DVI are both being
rapidly phased out in favor of the newer and
more compact HDMI and Display Port interface
connectors.

 New Universal Serial Box (USB) connection is faster and it
likely the best choice as the maximum data transfer speed
is 12 mbps (megabyte per second).
 This port is used to connect external devices (External
storage devices and other storage devices) to your
computer.
 USB may also be used to send power to certain devices,
such as smartphone and tables, as well as charge their
batteries. The first commercial release of the Universal Serial
Bus (USB version 1.0) was in January of 1996. This industry
standard was then quickly adopted by Intel, Compaq,
Microsoft and other companies.
 A USB port is a standard cable connection interface for
personal computers and consumer electronics devices. USB
stands for Universal Serial Bus, an industry standard for
short distance digital data over USB cables. They can also
supply electric power across the cable to devices that need
it.
 Connect two devices directly with one USB cable by
plugging each end into a USB port.
 Multiple USB devices can also be connected to each other
using a USB hub. A USB hub plugs into one USB port and
contains additional ports for other devices to connect
subsequently. If using a USB hub, plug a separate cable into
each device and connect them to the hub individually.

• A computer keyboard is defined as the set of type writer-
like keys that enables you to enter data into a computer or
other devices. Computer keyboards are similar to
electronic type writers but contain additional typing key.
• Use in keyboard key that number key, Alphabetic key,
function key, punctuation key, special key( control, arrow,
shift, Alter, window, Enter, Del, Home, Page, etc.),
• A mouse is a small device that a computer user pushes
across a desk surface in order to point to a place on a
display screen and to select one or more actions to take
from that position.
• The mouse first became a widely used computer tool when
apple. Computer made it a standard part of the apple
Macintosh.

• An instrument capable of transforming sound waves
into changes in electric current or voltage, used in
recording or transmitting sound.
• A device into which people speak or sing in order to
record their voices or to make them sound.
• A head phone is an output device. That is made in a
range of different audio reproduction quality
capabilities. Headsets designed for telephone use
typically cannot reproduce sound with the high
fidelity of expensive units design for music listening
by audiophiles.
• Heads phones that use cables typically have either a
1/4/inch (6.35mm) or 1/8 inch(3.5 mm) phone jack
for plugging the headphones into the audio source.

• DVI is a popular form of video interface technology made
to maximize the quality of float panel LCD monitors and
modern video graphics cards. It was a replacement for the
short-lived P&D Plug & Display standard, and a set up
from the digital-only DFP format for older flat panels. DVI
cables are very popular with video card manufacturers
and most cards now days include one or two DVI output
ports.
• Digital Visual Interface (DVI) is a video display interface
developed by the Digital Display Working Group (DDWG).
The digital interface is used to connect a video source,
such as a video display controller, to a display device,
such as a computer monitor. It was developed with the
intention of creating an industry standard for the transfer
of digital video connects.
• In addition to being used as the standard computer
interface, the DVI standard was, for a short white, the
digital transfer method of choice for HDTVs and other
high-end video displays for TV, movies, and DVDs.
Likewise, even a few top-end DVD players have featured
DVI outputs in addition to the high-quality analog
Component Video. The digital market has now settled on
the HDMI interface for high-definition media delivery,
with DVI being more exclusive to the computer market.
•

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