This document discusses different types of interactions between organisms and their environment. It explains that populations are limited by factors like food, water, space, and other resources. When populations exceed the carrying capacity of their environment, limiting factors cause deaths until the population stabilizes. The document also describes different ways organisms interact, including competition for resources, predator-prey relationships, symbiosis, and coevolution as species adapt to each other over long periods of time.
This document discusses various types of biological interactions between organisms including competition, mutualism, commensalism, amensalism, parasitism, and predation. Competition occurs when organisms attempt to use the same limited resources, and can be intraspecific or interspecific. Mutualism benefits both species involved. Commensalism benefits one species without affecting the other. Parasitism benefits one species at the expense of the other. Predation involves a predator consuming another organism, the prey. Examples of each type of interaction are provided.
Ecological Interactions - Mutualism, Commensalism & NeutralismRahul M. Prathap
Ecological interactions are the effects an organism have on another in an ecosystem. This slide describes Mutualism, Commensalism and Neutralism with examples.
This is a short paper on Bioeradication containing definitions and theory. It is a work in progress which is being further developed throughout the field season of 2015 and ... .
Ecological succession describes the predictable changes in communities over time. Primary succession occurs on new surfaces without soil, while secondary succession follows a disturbance with existing soil. Succession proceeds through stages from pioneer species to a climax community. Invasive species can disrupt normal succession. Community interactions include predation, competition, mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. Early successional communities have simpler structures and functions than late successional communities.
This document discusses different types of symbiotic relationships between species: predation, parasitism, competition, mutualism, and commensalism. It provides examples for each type, such as predators and prey, parasites like ticks, competing species like Darwin's finches, mutualistic relationships like plants and pollinators, and commensal relationships like whales and barnacles. The document explains how these relationships can influence species' adaptations through mimicry, defenses, niche partitioning, and character displacement.
Interactions between microorganisms and Mutualism SuganyaPaulraj
Microbial interactions include mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, competition, and predation. Mutualism is a positive interaction that benefits both species. There are different types of mutualism including obligate, where species depend on the interaction for survival, and facultative, where species benefit but can live independently. Examples of mutualism include lichens, where algae and fungi interact obligately, and honeybees and flowering plants, which interact facultatively. Microbial interactions are important for ecosystem function and evolution.
Symbiotic relationships refer to intimate associations between organisms of different species that provide a nutritional advantage. There are three main types: parasitism benefits the parasite at the host's expense, commensalism benefits one species without affecting the other, and mutualism benefits both species. Examples of each type are given.
This document discusses different types of interactions between organisms and their environment. It explains that populations are limited by factors like food, water, space, and other resources. When populations exceed the carrying capacity of their environment, limiting factors cause deaths until the population stabilizes. The document also describes different ways organisms interact, including competition for resources, predator-prey relationships, symbiosis, and coevolution as species adapt to each other over long periods of time.
This document discusses various types of biological interactions between organisms including competition, mutualism, commensalism, amensalism, parasitism, and predation. Competition occurs when organisms attempt to use the same limited resources, and can be intraspecific or interspecific. Mutualism benefits both species involved. Commensalism benefits one species without affecting the other. Parasitism benefits one species at the expense of the other. Predation involves a predator consuming another organism, the prey. Examples of each type of interaction are provided.
Ecological Interactions - Mutualism, Commensalism & NeutralismRahul M. Prathap
Ecological interactions are the effects an organism have on another in an ecosystem. This slide describes Mutualism, Commensalism and Neutralism with examples.
This is a short paper on Bioeradication containing definitions and theory. It is a work in progress which is being further developed throughout the field season of 2015 and ... .
Ecological succession describes the predictable changes in communities over time. Primary succession occurs on new surfaces without soil, while secondary succession follows a disturbance with existing soil. Succession proceeds through stages from pioneer species to a climax community. Invasive species can disrupt normal succession. Community interactions include predation, competition, mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. Early successional communities have simpler structures and functions than late successional communities.
This document discusses different types of symbiotic relationships between species: predation, parasitism, competition, mutualism, and commensalism. It provides examples for each type, such as predators and prey, parasites like ticks, competing species like Darwin's finches, mutualistic relationships like plants and pollinators, and commensal relationships like whales and barnacles. The document explains how these relationships can influence species' adaptations through mimicry, defenses, niche partitioning, and character displacement.
Interactions between microorganisms and Mutualism SuganyaPaulraj
Microbial interactions include mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, competition, and predation. Mutualism is a positive interaction that benefits both species. There are different types of mutualism including obligate, where species depend on the interaction for survival, and facultative, where species benefit but can live independently. Examples of mutualism include lichens, where algae and fungi interact obligately, and honeybees and flowering plants, which interact facultatively. Microbial interactions are important for ecosystem function and evolution.
Symbiotic relationships refer to intimate associations between organisms of different species that provide a nutritional advantage. There are three main types: parasitism benefits the parasite at the host's expense, commensalism benefits one species without affecting the other, and mutualism benefits both species. Examples of each type are given.
This document discusses different types of positive species interactions, including commensalism, proto-cooperation, and mutualism. Commensalism benefits one species without affecting the other, such as barnacles attaching to whales. Proto-cooperation benefits both species but is not obligatory, like oxpeckers eating parasites off impalas. Mutualism strongly benefits both participating species and they have evolved to depend on each other, such as lichen forming from algae and fungi symbiosis or cellulose-digesting bacteria in herbivore guts.
The document discusses several types of population interactions: neutralism where species do not affect each other; competition for limited resources between members of the same or different species; amensalism where one species is harmed while the other is unaffected; herbivory involving grazing; mutualism providing benefits to both species such as lichens; predation with one species preying on another; parasitism where one organism lives in or on another to obtain nutrients; and commensalism where one benefits while the other is not affected, as in orchids growing on tree branches.
M.r.tripathi (biology xii populaiton interction)shivasah1
The document describes different types of interspecific interactions:
1. Mutualism benefits both species, like the relationship between fungi and plants in mycorrhizae.
2. Predation benefits the predator species while harming the prey species, such as insects flushed out by cattle being eaten by egrets.
3. Parasitism benefits the parasite while harming the host, for example tapeworms living inside the intestines of another organism.
4. Commensalism benefits one species without affecting the other, like orchids growing on trees.
5. Competition harms both species as they contend for the same limited resources, as seen with flamingoes and fish competing for z
ANIMAL RELATIONSHIPS Powerpoint presentation by gayathri.a.tGayathrithulasi
This document discusses the different types of relationships found among organisms. There are two main types of interactions - positive interactions which benefit one or both organisms, and negative interactions which harm one or both organisms. Positive interactions include mutualism, where both organisms benefit each other, and commensalism where one benefits while the other is not harmed. Negative interactions include predation, where one organism is harmed as the other's prey, parasitism where one benefits while harming its host, and competition for resources which can harm individuals. These relationships are an important part of ecosystems, with energy flowing through food chains and webs formed by animal interactions.
Population interactions and special species typesStephanie Beck
This document discusses four main types of population interactions: predator-prey, herbivory, competition, and symbiosis. It also defines four special species types: dominant species, nonnative species, keystone species, and ecosystem engineers. Examples are provided for each type of population interaction and special species. Key concepts are underlined and vocabulary defined in green.
This document summarizes different types of biotic interactions in an ecosystem:
Mutualism includes relationships like mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and legumes, and lichens. Commensalism includes epiphytic plants, lianas that climb trees, and epizoic algae on animal fur. Negative interactions include exploitation like parasites on plants and animals and carnivorous plants. Antibiosis refers to inhibition or death of one organism by another through metabolic toxins. Competition occurs when organisms seek inadequate resources and can be intraspecific between members of a species or interspecific between different species.
This document discusses several key concepts related to species interactions, including predation, coevolution, warning coloration, mimicry, cryptic coloration, competition, symbiosis, succession, and ecological niches. It describes how predation influences population balances and drives adaptations in prey. Competition and different symbiotic relationships like mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism are also outlined. Ecological succession and the fundamental versus realized niche concept are briefly defined.
This document summarizes different types of inter-relationships between biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem. It defines amensalism as a relationship where one species inhibits or destroys the other species with no effect on itself. Examples of amensalism provided include penicillium secreting penicillin that kills bacteria but is not affected, and allelopathy where some plant species release chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plants and microbes. The document also gives examples of black walnut trees and eucalyptus releasing chemicals through their leaves and roots that suppress the growth of surrounding vegetation.
Species interaction refers to the relationships between different organisms. There are several types of species interactions: competition (-,-), predation (+,-), parasitism (+,-), commensalism (+,0), mutualism (+,+), and amensalism (-,0). Coevolution can occur when two species evolve in response to one another through these interactions over time. Species interactions are important for maintaining natural balances within ecosystems as no species can survive without some degree of interaction with other species.
This document classifies and describes different types of microorganisms including viruses, protozoa, bacteria, fungi, and algae. It provides information on their size, structure, habits, nutrition, and methods of reproduction. Viruses are the smallest and can only replicate inside host cells. Protozoa are unicellular organisms that live in bodies of living things and damp environments. Bacteria come in various shapes and sizes from 0.2 to 10 micrometers and reproduce through binary fission or conjugation. Fungi can be unicellular or multicellular, feed by absorbing nutrients, and reproduce sexually or asexually. Algae are mostly aquatic, photosynthetic, and range in size from 1 micro
Relationships in an ecosystem: mutualism, comensalism and parasitism.CEIP Lepanto
This document describes different types of relationships between individuals. Within a species, there are gregarious associations (unorganized groups), families (small related groups), and societies (organized groups with distributed work). Between species there are mutualism (benefits both), parasitism (benefits one at the expense of the other), and commensalism (benefits one without affecting the other). Examples include birds eating ticks off mammals (mutualism), fleas living on mammals (parasitism), and orchids growing on trees (commensalism).
What is Population interaction and 9 types of population interaction amongst Species including predation,protocooperation, mutualism, commensalism, ammensalism,parasitism,neutralism,and competition for resources.
The document provides an overview of symbiotic relationships and ecological interactions between species. It defines key terms like symbiosis, mutualism, commensalism, amensalism, and neutralism. It then provides numerous examples of mutualistic relationships between species, including pollination mutualisms between plants and animals, seed dispersal mutualisms, protection mutualisms, and nutrient acquisition mutualisms. The document emphasizes that mutualistic relationships are widespread in nature and important for ecosystem functioning.
In our mysterious world of nature, animals depend on one another, in terms of food, shelter and even transportation. This form of dependence is named symbiosis. One form of symbiosis is commensalism. Let us explore the concept of commensalism together!
This document discusses different types of interactions between organisms including parasitism, mutualism, predation, and competition. Parasites feed on and harm their host, while mutualistic relationships involve two organisms that benefit each other. Predation involves one organism killing another for food. Competition occurs when organisms require the same limited resources. These interactions can drive coevolution between species over time as they adapt to each other.
Interspecific association refers to direct and indirect interactions between species. There are three main types of interspecific interactions: positive, negative, and neutral. Positive interactions include mutualism, where both species benefit, and commensalism where one benefits and the other is unaffected. Negative interactions include predation, parasitism, competition, and ammensalism. Predation involves a predator species harming prey species. Parasitism involves a parasitic species benefiting at the expense of a host species. Competition involves species decreasing each other's chances of survival by competing for resources.
Insects interact with other organisms in their biotic environment in various ways. Intraspecific interactions within a species include competition for limited resources which can influence population density, birth and death rates, and dispersion. Interspecific interactions between different species can be positive, such as commensalism and mutualism, or negative, including predation, parasitism, cannibalism, and ammensalism. Positive interactions benefit both organisms while negative interactions harm at least one.
This document discusses ecosystems and pest organisms. It begins by defining an ecosystem as consisting of biological communities and their physical/chemical environment. Examples of ecosystems like ponds and forests are provided. The main processes studied in ecosystems are energy transformations and biogeochemical cycling. Pests are defined as organisms that harm humans or human activities like agriculture. Examples of pest organisms from different taxonomic groups like insects, nematodes, plants, and plant diseases are then outlined.
The document discusses various types of relationships between organisms, including symbiosis, commensalism, parasitism, predation, and competition. Symbiosis refers to close long-term interactions between two organisms that benefit both parties. Commensalism benefits one organism without affecting the other. Parasitism benefits one organism at the expense of the other. Predation involves an animal killing another for food. Competition occurs when organisms require the same resources.
This document summarizes an interdisciplinary study on controlling the invasive plant hemlock at the Pearson-Arastradero Preserve through various treatment methods. The study tested pulling hemlock plants and reseeding with native grasses and forbs but found no significant difference between the treatment plots and the control. It recommends alternative treatment methods and expanding volunteer programs to engage the community in invasive species removal and habitat restoration. The document also discusses how recognizing the connections between historical Native American cultural areas and plant distributions can inform collaborative conservation approaches.
This document discusses invasive species and provides criteria for identifying invasive plants. It notes that while not all non-native plants are invasive, invasive species are defined as those that colonize natural habitats, have negative impacts on ecosystems and the environment, and continue to increase their population and distribution. Examples are given of specific invasive plant species like Clidemia hirta, Piper aduncum, and Mimosa pigra that were intentionally or accidentally introduced from other regions and threaten native species through competition for resources and alteration of habitats. Physical and chemical control methods are mentioned for dealing with invasive plants.
This document discusses different types of positive species interactions, including commensalism, proto-cooperation, and mutualism. Commensalism benefits one species without affecting the other, such as barnacles attaching to whales. Proto-cooperation benefits both species but is not obligatory, like oxpeckers eating parasites off impalas. Mutualism strongly benefits both participating species and they have evolved to depend on each other, such as lichen forming from algae and fungi symbiosis or cellulose-digesting bacteria in herbivore guts.
The document discusses several types of population interactions: neutralism where species do not affect each other; competition for limited resources between members of the same or different species; amensalism where one species is harmed while the other is unaffected; herbivory involving grazing; mutualism providing benefits to both species such as lichens; predation with one species preying on another; parasitism where one organism lives in or on another to obtain nutrients; and commensalism where one benefits while the other is not affected, as in orchids growing on tree branches.
M.r.tripathi (biology xii populaiton interction)shivasah1
The document describes different types of interspecific interactions:
1. Mutualism benefits both species, like the relationship between fungi and plants in mycorrhizae.
2. Predation benefits the predator species while harming the prey species, such as insects flushed out by cattle being eaten by egrets.
3. Parasitism benefits the parasite while harming the host, for example tapeworms living inside the intestines of another organism.
4. Commensalism benefits one species without affecting the other, like orchids growing on trees.
5. Competition harms both species as they contend for the same limited resources, as seen with flamingoes and fish competing for z
ANIMAL RELATIONSHIPS Powerpoint presentation by gayathri.a.tGayathrithulasi
This document discusses the different types of relationships found among organisms. There are two main types of interactions - positive interactions which benefit one or both organisms, and negative interactions which harm one or both organisms. Positive interactions include mutualism, where both organisms benefit each other, and commensalism where one benefits while the other is not harmed. Negative interactions include predation, where one organism is harmed as the other's prey, parasitism where one benefits while harming its host, and competition for resources which can harm individuals. These relationships are an important part of ecosystems, with energy flowing through food chains and webs formed by animal interactions.
Population interactions and special species typesStephanie Beck
This document discusses four main types of population interactions: predator-prey, herbivory, competition, and symbiosis. It also defines four special species types: dominant species, nonnative species, keystone species, and ecosystem engineers. Examples are provided for each type of population interaction and special species. Key concepts are underlined and vocabulary defined in green.
This document summarizes different types of biotic interactions in an ecosystem:
Mutualism includes relationships like mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and legumes, and lichens. Commensalism includes epiphytic plants, lianas that climb trees, and epizoic algae on animal fur. Negative interactions include exploitation like parasites on plants and animals and carnivorous plants. Antibiosis refers to inhibition or death of one organism by another through metabolic toxins. Competition occurs when organisms seek inadequate resources and can be intraspecific between members of a species or interspecific between different species.
This document discusses several key concepts related to species interactions, including predation, coevolution, warning coloration, mimicry, cryptic coloration, competition, symbiosis, succession, and ecological niches. It describes how predation influences population balances and drives adaptations in prey. Competition and different symbiotic relationships like mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism are also outlined. Ecological succession and the fundamental versus realized niche concept are briefly defined.
This document summarizes different types of inter-relationships between biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem. It defines amensalism as a relationship where one species inhibits or destroys the other species with no effect on itself. Examples of amensalism provided include penicillium secreting penicillin that kills bacteria but is not affected, and allelopathy where some plant species release chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plants and microbes. The document also gives examples of black walnut trees and eucalyptus releasing chemicals through their leaves and roots that suppress the growth of surrounding vegetation.
Species interaction refers to the relationships between different organisms. There are several types of species interactions: competition (-,-), predation (+,-), parasitism (+,-), commensalism (+,0), mutualism (+,+), and amensalism (-,0). Coevolution can occur when two species evolve in response to one another through these interactions over time. Species interactions are important for maintaining natural balances within ecosystems as no species can survive without some degree of interaction with other species.
This document classifies and describes different types of microorganisms including viruses, protozoa, bacteria, fungi, and algae. It provides information on their size, structure, habits, nutrition, and methods of reproduction. Viruses are the smallest and can only replicate inside host cells. Protozoa are unicellular organisms that live in bodies of living things and damp environments. Bacteria come in various shapes and sizes from 0.2 to 10 micrometers and reproduce through binary fission or conjugation. Fungi can be unicellular or multicellular, feed by absorbing nutrients, and reproduce sexually or asexually. Algae are mostly aquatic, photosynthetic, and range in size from 1 micro
Relationships in an ecosystem: mutualism, comensalism and parasitism.CEIP Lepanto
This document describes different types of relationships between individuals. Within a species, there are gregarious associations (unorganized groups), families (small related groups), and societies (organized groups with distributed work). Between species there are mutualism (benefits both), parasitism (benefits one at the expense of the other), and commensalism (benefits one without affecting the other). Examples include birds eating ticks off mammals (mutualism), fleas living on mammals (parasitism), and orchids growing on trees (commensalism).
What is Population interaction and 9 types of population interaction amongst Species including predation,protocooperation, mutualism, commensalism, ammensalism,parasitism,neutralism,and competition for resources.
The document provides an overview of symbiotic relationships and ecological interactions between species. It defines key terms like symbiosis, mutualism, commensalism, amensalism, and neutralism. It then provides numerous examples of mutualistic relationships between species, including pollination mutualisms between plants and animals, seed dispersal mutualisms, protection mutualisms, and nutrient acquisition mutualisms. The document emphasizes that mutualistic relationships are widespread in nature and important for ecosystem functioning.
In our mysterious world of nature, animals depend on one another, in terms of food, shelter and even transportation. This form of dependence is named symbiosis. One form of symbiosis is commensalism. Let us explore the concept of commensalism together!
This document discusses different types of interactions between organisms including parasitism, mutualism, predation, and competition. Parasites feed on and harm their host, while mutualistic relationships involve two organisms that benefit each other. Predation involves one organism killing another for food. Competition occurs when organisms require the same limited resources. These interactions can drive coevolution between species over time as they adapt to each other.
Interspecific association refers to direct and indirect interactions between species. There are three main types of interspecific interactions: positive, negative, and neutral. Positive interactions include mutualism, where both species benefit, and commensalism where one benefits and the other is unaffected. Negative interactions include predation, parasitism, competition, and ammensalism. Predation involves a predator species harming prey species. Parasitism involves a parasitic species benefiting at the expense of a host species. Competition involves species decreasing each other's chances of survival by competing for resources.
Insects interact with other organisms in their biotic environment in various ways. Intraspecific interactions within a species include competition for limited resources which can influence population density, birth and death rates, and dispersion. Interspecific interactions between different species can be positive, such as commensalism and mutualism, or negative, including predation, parasitism, cannibalism, and ammensalism. Positive interactions benefit both organisms while negative interactions harm at least one.
This document discusses ecosystems and pest organisms. It begins by defining an ecosystem as consisting of biological communities and their physical/chemical environment. Examples of ecosystems like ponds and forests are provided. The main processes studied in ecosystems are energy transformations and biogeochemical cycling. Pests are defined as organisms that harm humans or human activities like agriculture. Examples of pest organisms from different taxonomic groups like insects, nematodes, plants, and plant diseases are then outlined.
The document discusses various types of relationships between organisms, including symbiosis, commensalism, parasitism, predation, and competition. Symbiosis refers to close long-term interactions between two organisms that benefit both parties. Commensalism benefits one organism without affecting the other. Parasitism benefits one organism at the expense of the other. Predation involves an animal killing another for food. Competition occurs when organisms require the same resources.
This document summarizes an interdisciplinary study on controlling the invasive plant hemlock at the Pearson-Arastradero Preserve through various treatment methods. The study tested pulling hemlock plants and reseeding with native grasses and forbs but found no significant difference between the treatment plots and the control. It recommends alternative treatment methods and expanding volunteer programs to engage the community in invasive species removal and habitat restoration. The document also discusses how recognizing the connections between historical Native American cultural areas and plant distributions can inform collaborative conservation approaches.
This document discusses invasive species and provides criteria for identifying invasive plants. It notes that while not all non-native plants are invasive, invasive species are defined as those that colonize natural habitats, have negative impacts on ecosystems and the environment, and continue to increase their population and distribution. Examples are given of specific invasive plant species like Clidemia hirta, Piper aduncum, and Mimosa pigra that were intentionally or accidentally introduced from other regions and threaten native species through competition for resources and alteration of habitats. Physical and chemical control methods are mentioned for dealing with invasive plants.
2014 08 14 Barbarous Barberry Invasive Plants Series Pt. 2Mb Whitcomb
Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii) is an invasive plant in Cape Breton Nova Scotia. It has also been associated with Lyme disease, forest regrowth suppression, erosion, and more. We recommend removing it and not planting it on this Island as we do not have the population to remove invasive plants once they get loose. Invasive plants are pollution that reproduces on its own. NOTE: Lyme has now been CONFIRMED on Cape Breton Island.
This document provides information on invasive plant species and plant pests and pathogens. It defines native and exotic plants, and explains that invasive species are non-native species that cause economic or environmental harm. Several common invasive ornamental plants are described, as well as how invasives are introduced and why they are successful. Control methods including mechanical, chemical, and effective herbicide treatments are summarized. The document also provides an overview of plant pests and pathogens, describing different types of damage and examples like gypsy moth, emerald ash borer, and sudden oak death disease.
Invasive plants:identities, issues and theory NENHC 2014Richard Gardner
This document provides an introduction to the concepts of bioeradication and biocontrols. It discusses using native organisms to drive non-native invasive species extinct from an ecosystem, aiming to restore balance, as an alternative to introducing additional non-native biocontrols. The document uses Ailanthus altissima as a case study, outlining the native moth, mite, fungi and deer that form a bioeradication system currently eradicating the tree locally. It advocates increasing native plant nectar sources to support the bioeradicant moth populations. Finally, it briefly summarizes weaknesses and potential bioeradicants for other invasive plants like multiflora rose.
Japanese knotweed is an invasive plant species native to East Asia that was introduced to the United States as an ornamental plant in the 1800s. It forms dense stands that crowd out native plants and degrades natural habitats. The plant reproduces vigorously through rhizomes and can regrow from even small plant fragments. Management requires preventing establishment and repeated cutting or herbicide application, as the plant is very difficult to eradicate once established. While aggressive, all parts of the plant are edible in early spring and it provides several nutrients.
This document discusses the major national parks of Pakistan. It outlines 9 national parks: Kirthar, Chinji, Hazarganji, Khunjerab, Margalla Hills, Chitral-Gol, Ayubia, Deosai, and Lal Sohanra. Each park is described in 1-2 paragraphs, highlighting its location, year established, key species found there such as ibex, markhor, brown bears, and objectives like protecting endangered wildlife. The document provides information on the purpose of national parks and prohibited activities within their boundaries.
This document provides guidance on developing a management plan for invasive plants. It emphasizes understanding the biology and lifecycle of the target species, prioritizing areas based on goals, and using integrated control methods that are species-specific. Examples are given for developing multi-year plans to eradicate small garlic mustard patches and reduce the spread of larger infestations, as well as to prioritize and treat isolated buckthorn plants before denser areas. The key is developing a customized plan that considers objectives, species traits, and available resources.
This document discusses invasive species and their impacts. It defines invasive species as nonnative plants and animals that harm native species. Some examples of invasive animal species in Florida mentioned are wild hogs, starlings, Burmese pythons, and iguanas. Invasive plant species mentioned include air potato, cogon grass, coral ardisia, and camphor tree. Invasive species are introduced both deliberately and accidentally, and then spread by various means. They cause damage by competing with and preying on native species, eliminating biodiversity, and disrupting ecosystems. Solutions proposed for invasive plants include manually removing them and replacing them with native species.
This document discusses 5 invasive plant species that were introduced in Pakistan, including their native regions, purposes of introduction, and major impacts. It describes how Broussonetia papyrifera was introduced in the 1960s to green the capital area but became a serious allergen and competitor of natural biodiversity. Parthenium hysterophorus was introduced accidentally in the 1980s and is hazardous to human health and cattle, causes crop loss, and threatens natural biodiversity. Prosopis juliflora was introduced in 1878 for sand dune stabilization but replaced natural biodiversity at a huge scale and causes cattle poisoning. Lantana camara was also introduced and causes changes in vegetation, repels fauna with its
Invasive species are introduced plants, animals, and microorganisms that negatively impact native ecosystems by outcompeting local species for resources and preying upon them without natural predators to control their growth. They can be transported unintentionally through various human means of travel and trade. Invasive species proliferate rapidly, reducing biodiversity and disrupting ecosystems, economies, and societies. Simple actions like cleaning gear and draining water from boats can help limit the spread of invasive species.
This document summarizes the native ornamental flora of Pakistan. It describes over 30 plant species that are native to various regions of Pakistan, including trees, shrubs, herbs, aquatic plants, and bulbs. For each species, it provides the botanical name, family, diagnostic features, habitat, distribution within Pakistan, and importance. Many of the plants have potential for use as ornamental plants, cut flowers, landscape plants, or have medicinal uses. The document emphasizes that Pakistan has a diverse native flora that is well adapted to the local climate with minimal care requirements and could be better utilized and commercialized.
Existing wild life in Pakistan presentation by Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
The document discusses existing wildlife and threats to biodiversity in Pakistan. It describes various animal species found in different regions of the country, including snow leopards, ibex, and markhor in mountainous areas. It also lists the national animal (markhor) and bird (chakor). Major threats include population growth, irrigated agriculture, hunting, competition with livestock, and loss of habitat from deforestation, overgrazing, and agricultural expansion. Severe climatic conditions also impact wildlife in desert regions. Overall, many species are endangered or have had populations reduced due to human activities.
The document discusses national parks in Pakistan and around the world. It defines national parks and prohibited activities within them. It then provides details about 29 national parks in Pakistan, including their locations, areas, species preserved, and establishment dates. It compares national parks to other protected areas and discusses major parks in other regions like Asia, Europe, Africa, Australia, South America, India, and the United States.
Invasive plants:identities, issues and theory Nenhc 2014hacuthbert
This document provides information about bioeradication as an alternative to classical biocontrol for invasive species. It defines key terms like bioeradicant and bioeradication system. The document argues that bioeradication uses native species to drive non-native invasives to extinction, minimizing risks compared to introducing non-native biocontrols. It also notes that bioeradication systems are hard to identify but may already be in place for many invasives. As an example, it describes observing a complete bioeradication system targeting the invasive tree Ailanthus altissima in North America.
Biocontrol and Bioeradication PPT given Nov. 21, 2013Richard Gardner
Biocontrol and Bioeradication research presented to the Muhlenberg Botany Society on Nov. 21, 2013 focusing on using native organisms to eradicate non-native invasive plants. This presentation describes my latest research on a variety of plants such as Ailanthus altissima, Rosa multiflora, ,
This document discusses invasive plant species and theories of biocontrol. It begins by listing common invasive plants like Oriental bittersweet and purple loosestrife. It then discusses the concept of "backyard ecology" where important research can be done locally with minimal equipment. The document proposes alternatives to classical biocontrol using non-native species, such as bioeradication which aims to eliminate invasives using native species. Several case studies are presented, including the bioeradication of Ailanthus altissima (tree of heaven) through a combination of native moth, mite, fungal and deer controls.
Thoughts on Ailanthus altissima: biological and chemical eradication methodshacuthbert
This presentation will show that Ailanthus altissima is easy to kill by a volunteer safe chemical method. At the same time a naturally occurring bioeradication system has been observed that is effectively killing Ailanthus altissima. This serves as a model for finding bioeradication systems for other invasive non-native organisms and ending the scientifically unsound practice of introducing more non-native organisms to control current problems only to become problems themselves.
Thoughts on Ailanthus altissima: biological and chemical eradication methodsRichard Gardner
This document discusses how Western science has been hindered by its Roman/Christian heritage, which has encouraged an engineering approach rather than observation-based understanding. This heritage views the world as inherently flawed and in need of human improvement or control. As a result, science focuses on developing solutions to perceived problems rather than patient observation. Reductionism oversimplifies complex systems, and fields like medicine, ecology and food science aim to alter nature rather than understand it. The author argues for a return to classical observational science.
Locating and using native biocontrols for invasive non-native plants: a new paradigm as presented 14 April 2013 at the Northeast Natural History Conference.
Bioeradication versus Biocontrol, definitions, theory and practice. This is a preliminary theoretical discussion of the use of native organisms to eradicate non-native invasive organisms from ecosystems as opposed to using non-natives to attempt control of other non-natives.
Biological control uses natural enemies like predators, parasites, and pathogens to control pest populations. There are three main types: conservation of existing natural enemies, classical biological control which introduces new natural enemies, and augmentation which supplements existing natural enemies. Biological control provides a progressive alternative to chemicals and can provide permanent control with low costs. However, some introductions have harmed non-target species. Biopesticides include microbial, plant-incorporated, and biochemical pesticides derived from natural materials and tend to pose less risk than conventional pesticides while effectively controlling pests when used as part of integrated pest management.
This gardening project deals with plant diseases and control measures. It discusses 4 main topics: 1) control of plant diseases through quarantine, cultural, plant resistance, chemical, biological and integrated methods, 2) biological control through importation, augmentation and conservation, 3) common pesticides and insecticides like organochlorides and organophosphates, and 4) common agricultural equipment. The document provides details on types of control measures for plant diseases and explains biological control methods in more depth.
The document outlines several key concepts in ecology and conservation including:
1. Factors that affect the distribution of plant and animal species such as temperature, water, light, soil pH, breeding sites, and food supply.
2. Methods for measuring ecological concepts like biomass, primary production, trophic levels, and ecological succession.
3. The major biomes of the world and how abiotic factors like temperature and rainfall affect their distribution.
4. Reasons for biodiversity conservation using rainforests as an example, including ethical, ecological, economic, and aesthetic arguments. Accelerating extinction rates are threatening many species.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an environmentally sensitive approach to pest control that uses common sense practices. It involves monitoring pests and setting thresholds to determine when control is needed. IPM uses cultural, mechanical, physical and chemical methods, preferring natural ones. Pesticides are a last resort under IPM. The approach aims to manage pests in the most economical and environmentally friendly way.
This document discusses biocontrol agents used for biological pest control. It defines biocontrol as using living organisms to control pests like insects, mites, weeds, and plant diseases. The document outlines the history of biocontrol and describes common types of biocontrol agents like parasitoids, predators, and entomopathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and nematodes. It discusses strategies for biocontrol and provides advantages like being environmentally friendly and reducing chemical pesticide use, as well as disadvantages like pathogens developing resistance.
Biological control of insects pest with reference to predatores and parasitoi...ankit sharda personal
Biological control uses natural predators and parasitoids to control insect pests. It has several advantages including being highly economical, selective with no side effects, and causing no harm to humans, livestock or other organisms. There are three main approaches: conservation of natural enemies, classical biological control which introduces natural enemies from the pest's native range, and augmentation which mass produces and releases natural enemies. Predators directly consume prey while parasitoids lay eggs on or in the body of the host insect, which is ultimately killed. Common biological control agents include ladybugs, dragonflies, wasps and flies.
INTERACTIONS :Interaction is relationship between two organisms.
Also called as BIOLOGICAL OR ECOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS.
In a ecosystem, living (biotic) things have to interact with one another as well as with non -living components of their environment.
All the vital process of living such as growth, nutrition & reproduction requires such interactions between individuals in same species or between species.
The interaction between organisms may not be always beneficial to all the interacting counter parts. Based on whether, the interaction is beneficial to both interacting species or harmful to at least one interaction species, the ecological of biological interactions are classified into two categories.
It can BENEFIT an organisms
It can HARM an organisms
It can NO EFFECT an organisms
POSTIVE INTERACTIONS
In positive interactions, the interacting populations help one another.
The positive interaction may be in one way or reciprocal.
The benefit may be in respect of food, shelter, substratum or transportation.
The positive association may be continuous, transitory, obligate or facultative.
The two interacting partners may be in close contact in such a way that the tissues intermixed with each other; or they may live within a specific area of the other; or attached to its surface.
NEGATIVE INTERACTIONS
In negative interactions, one of the interacting populations is benefited and the other is harmed.
In negative interaction one population may eat members of the other population, compete for foods or excrete harmful wasters.
SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP
Such relationship between living organisms when they live in close association of each other is called as SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP
Mutualism, also called as symbiosis, is also a positive type of ecological interaction.
Mutualism is a symbiotic association between two organisms in which both the interacting partners are mutually benefitted.
Mutualism is different from proto-cooperation in the sense that mutualism is obligatory and none of the partners of mutualism can survive individually.
In mutualism, the organisms enter into some sort of physical and physiological exchange
Mosquitoes vectors of malaria and their controlnelson oru
Mosquitoes: introduction
There are about 3000 species of mosquito, of which about 100 are vectors of human diseases
Mosquitoes and ticks account for the majority of transmissions of the most important vector-borne diseases, although some close relatives of mosquitoes also get involved, including sand flies and black flies.
Mosquitoes: behavior
Female mosquitoes feed on animals and humans
Attracted by the body odours, carbon dioxide and heat emitted from the animal or person
Some species prefer biting at certain hours, for example at dusk and dawn or in the middle of the night
Feeding usually takes place during the night but daytime biting also occurs
Some species prefer to feed in forests, some outside of houses, others indoors.
Biodiversity contributes to human well-being by providing raw materials and health benefits. However, human actions often lead to irreversible losses of biodiversity at a rapidly increasing rate over the past 50 years. The main factors responsible are habitat destruction, invasive species, pollution, climate change, and overconsumption. Conserving biodiversity through measures like protecting endangered species and biodiversity hotspots is important because ecosystems provide essential services like water purification, crop pollination, and potential future medicines.
Community
all the organisms that live together in a place
Community Ecology
study of interactions among all -populations in a common environment
In what ways do populations interact?
Community – all the organisms that live together in one place
Community ecology – study of interactions among all populations in a common environment.
Interspecific interactions – among individuals of the different species.
Intraspecific interactions – among individuals of the same species.
Species Interaction…
-A traditional approach to population interactions has been to consider the direct pair-wise interactions.
Community Ecology is the study of interactions among all populations in a common environment.
Species Interaction is a traditional approach to population interactions has been to consider the direct pair wise interactions.
Two populations may or may not affect each other; if they do, the influence may be beneficial or adverse
Types of Population Relationships:
Interspecific interactions:
Competition and Coexistence
Predation
Mutualism
Commensalism
Intraspecific Interactions
Grasshoppers provide an animal example. Individual grasshoppers deprive their fellow conspecifics of food (exploitation competition).
It is probably a major factor involved in the evolution of plumage patterns in birds.
during intraspecific competition, animals will use whatever weapons are available to them and this makes it likely that the nature of the weapons determines the nature and location of patterns.
Similar to Locating and Using Native Biocontrols for Invasive Non-native Plants, a New Paradigm. (20)
My mother's family at war within itself allegory using trees as symbols of th...Richard Gardner
Three versions of an allegory using trees from a forest to demonstrate that different people in family have different gifts all of which are essential for the family to function.
1) The document describes the author's mother and father who were married for over 65 years. It discusses his mother's ancestry dating back to the 1600s in England and her descendants who fought in the American Revolution and War of 1812.
2) It tells stories about his mother's ancestors including Lieutenant William Barton and Margaret Henderson who married after two weeks. His mother's family also owned slaves while others fought against slavery in the Civil War.
3) The author discusses his mother being the only one in her family to attend college and her skills as an artisan, noting the talents were passed down. She instigated the move from New Jersey to remove herself and the author's father from family disputes.
In Memoriam for Audrey Mary Smith (Gardner).pptxRichard Gardner
Audrey Mary Smith Gardner passed away on January 4, 2023 at the age of 87. She was remembered as an artisan, mother, grandmother, and wife. Her son, Richard Thomas Gardner III, published this memorial notice on what would have been her 88th birthday on March 17, 2023 to honor her memory.
Hiking safely over 60 years old requires planning and preparation given increased health risks. The author discusses strategies he uses such as carrying emergency communication devices like SPOT, ensuring others know his plans and routes, and hiking with a first aid kit. He also considers group dynamics if injury occurs and ensures maps are available without cell service. The author's preparations allow him to continue hiking while managing his health risks.
BCTV May 2021 talking points for an interview on Emergency PreparednessRichard Gardner
These are talking points I prepared for an interview done on BCTV by Terrisa Faulkner of Abilities in Motion (https://www.abilitiesinmotion.org/) about Emergency Preparedness
This document discusses the author's observations about type 2 diabetes based on their family history and experience managing the condition. The author notes that type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance and is part of metabolic syndrome, which includes high blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol. The author describes lifestyle changes they have made to control their blood sugar levels through diet, exercise and medication. They warn about the dangers of uncontrolled diabetes and share stories of complications they have witnessed in others.
This document provides instructions for making a face mask from a 27-inch bandana to use while hiking on trails where maintaining social distance is difficult. It describes folding the bandana diagonally from opposite corners to create 4 layers of protection. The mask can be easily stored in a day pack or car and put on within seconds when needed, such as when passing other hikers on narrow trails. It is cheap, easy to wash, and provides a simple solution for hikers to help protect themselves and others during the pandemic when more effective masks are not required or practical for short-term outdoor use.
Summation of 2019 research on Lycorma delicatula, the Spotted Lanternfly in Berks County, PA from egg hatching in the spring to egg laying in the fall.
1. There is an overwhelming hatred of spotted lanternflies (SLF) in Berks County fueled by Penn State, but attempts to kill every insect and remove every egg mass are impossible due to the huge numbers of SLF and host trees in the area.
2. SLF are good hitchhikers and will spread across the landscape quickly using the major transportation arteries around Berks County.
3. The few SLF seen in forests along trails were likely transported by hikers, hunters, or vehicles opening forest roads, as SLF are not strong flyers able to navigate forests on their own.
Spotted Lanternfly and Gypsy Moth, Spring 2019Richard Gardner
This is a series of slides showing the Spotted Lanternfly from egg mass through the second instar and the gypsy moth emerging from 2 egg masses in northern Berks County, PA and very southern Schuylkill County, PA.
Esa and nenhc 2019 ppt on the Spotted LanternflyRichard Gardner
This document summarizes observations from research on the Spotted Lanternfly in Berks County, Pennsylvania. It discusses the lanternfly's coevolution with humans and preference for human-modified habitats. Key points include that quarantines are ineffective against spread, the insect's lifecycle is tied to its primary host the Ailanthus tree, and egg masses are usually within 20 feet of open areas used as travel corridors. Removal of the tree is an impractical control strategy. More observation of the lanternfly's natural history is needed before rushing to solutions.
The document summarizes the author's four years of research studying American chestnut trees in Pennsylvania. Over this period, the author documented over 10,000 chestnut stems, including nearly 100 fertile trees. Some of the key lessons learned include that chestnut blight is not threatening the extinction of chestnuts, chestnuts can still reproduce even with blight, and trails and clearings provide refuge for chestnuts. The author's remaining goals are to grow chestnut trees from seedlings in their yard through two generations.
PPT of talk delivered on the Spotted Lanternfly, Jan. 25, 2019. This talks about the natural history of the Spotted Lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula , and it relationship to the people in Berks County, PA by an ecologist who studied Ailanthus altissima for his MS thesis.
Thoughts on 2018 research on the spotted lanternfly,rev. dec. 31, 2018bRichard Gardner
1) The author observed a strong correlation between wild grape vines and Spotted Lanternfly egg masses on nearby trees, suggesting wild grape may be an important habitat and food source.
2) The author hypothesizes that Spotted Lanternfly egg-laying strategies may have evolved in response to different predation pressures between its native Asia habitat and its invaded Pennsylvania habitat. Scattered egg-laying across various surfaces may help the insects spread more efficiently in Pennsylvania.
3) The author notes that Spotted Lanternfly egg masses appear camouflaged on tree bark through color, cracks and coatings, which may be an adaptation to avoid egg predation the insects faced in Asia.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark UniverseSérgio Sacani
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
Discovery of Merging Twin Quasars at z=6.05Sérgio Sacani
We report the discovery of two quasars at a redshift of z = 6.05 in the process of merging. They were
serendipitously discovered from the deep multiband imaging data collected by the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC)
Subaru Strategic Program survey. The quasars, HSC J121503.42−014858.7 (C1) and HSC J121503.55−014859.3
(C2), both have luminous (>1043 erg s−1
) Lyα emission with a clear broad component (full width at half
maximum >1000 km s−1
). The rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) absolute magnitudes are M1450 = − 23.106 ± 0.017
(C1) and −22.662 ± 0.024 (C2). Our crude estimates of the black hole masses provide log 8.1 0. ( ) M M BH = 3
in both sources. The two quasars are separated by 12 kpc in projected proper distance, bridged by a structure in the
rest-UV light suggesting that they are undergoing a merger. This pair is one of the most distant merging quasars
reported to date, providing crucial insight into galaxy and black hole build-up in the hierarchical structure
formation scenario. A companion paper will present the gas and dust properties captured by Atacama Large
Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations, which provide additional evidence for and detailed measurements of
the merger, and also demonstrate that the two sources are not gravitationally lensed images of a single quasar.
Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Double quasars (406); Quasars (1319); Reionization (1383); High-redshift
galaxies (734); Active galactic nuclei (16); Galaxy mergers (608); Supermassive black holes (1663)
This presentation offers a general idea of the structure of seed, seed production, management of seeds and its allied technologies. It also offers the concept of gene erosion and the practices used to control it. Nursery and gardening have been widely explored along with their importance in the related domain.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
The Limited Role of the Streaming Instability during Moon and Exomoon FormationSérgio Sacani
It is generally accepted that the Moon accreted from the disk formed by an impact between the proto-Earth and
impactor, but its details are highly debated. Some models suggest that a Mars-sized impactor formed a silicate
melt-rich (vapor-poor) disk around Earth, whereas other models suggest that a highly energetic impact produced a
silicate vapor-rich disk. Such a vapor-rich disk, however, may not be suitable for the Moon formation, because
moonlets, building blocks of the Moon, of 100 m–100 km in radius may experience strong gas drag and fall onto
Earth on a short timescale, failing to grow further. This problem may be avoided if large moonlets (?100 km)
form very quickly by streaming instability, which is a process to concentrate particles enough to cause gravitational
collapse and rapid formation of planetesimals or moonlets. Here, we investigate the effect of the streaming
instability in the Moon-forming disk for the first time and find that this instability can quickly form ∼100 km-sized
moonlets. However, these moonlets are not large enough to avoid strong drag, and they still fall onto Earth quickly.
This suggests that the vapor-rich disks may not form the large Moon, and therefore the models that produce vaporpoor disks are supported. This result is applicable to general impact-induced moon-forming disks, supporting the
previous suggestion that small planets (<1.6 R⊕) are good candidates to host large moons because their impactinduced disks would likely be vapor-poor. We find a limited role of streaming instability in satellite formation in an
impact-induced disk, whereas it plays a key role during planet formation.
Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Earth-moon system (436)
Mapping the Growth of Supermassive Black Holes as a Function of Galaxy Stella...Sérgio Sacani
The growth of supermassive black holes is strongly linked to their galaxies. It has been shown that the population
mean black hole accretion rate (BHAR) primarily correlates with the galaxy stellar mass (Må) and redshift for the
general galaxy population. This work aims to provide the best measurements of BHAR as a function of Må and
redshift over ranges of 109.5 < Må < 1012 Me and z < 4. We compile an unprecedentedly large sample with 8000
active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and 1.3 million normal galaxies from nine high-quality survey fields following a
wedding cake design. We further develop a semiparametric Bayesian method that can reasonably estimate BHAR
and the corresponding uncertainties, even for sparsely populated regions in the parameter space. BHAR is
constrained by X-ray surveys sampling the AGN accretion power and UV-to-infrared multiwavelength surveys
sampling the galaxy population. Our results can independently predict the X-ray luminosity function (XLF) from
the galaxy stellar mass function (SMF), and the prediction is consistent with the observed XLF. We also try adding
external constraints from the observed SMF and XLF. We further measure BHAR for star-forming and quiescent
galaxies and show that star-forming BHAR is generally larger than or at least comparable to the quiescent BHAR.
Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Supermassive black holes (1663); X-ray active galactic nuclei (2035);
Galaxies (573)
Presentation of our paper, "Towards Quantitative Evaluation of Explainable AI Methods for Deepfake Detection", by K. Tsigos, E. Apostolidis, S. Baxevanakis, S. Papadopoulos, V. Mezaris. Presented at the ACM Int. Workshop on Multimedia AI against Disinformation (MAD’24) of the ACM Int. Conf. on Multimedia Retrieval (ICMR’24), Thailand, June 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3643491.3660292 https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.18649
Software available at https://github.com/IDT-ITI/XAI-Deepfakes
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Locating and Using Native Biocontrols for Invasive Non-native Plants, a New Paradigm.
1. Locating and Using Native
Biocontrols for Invasive
Non-native Plants,
a New Paradigm.
2. ABSTRACT: The debate over using classical biocontrol
to control invasive non-native organisms is redundant
and stale. Instead of searching for new methods and
synergies, the debate is over the pros and cons of
classical biocontrol. This presentation will offer
examples of native biocontrol systems. At the same
time it will offer practical insights into finding native
biocontrols for non-native invasive plants. The goal of
this presentation is to help end the continuing
unethical and scientifically flawed introduction and
use of non-native organisms in hopes of controlling
other non-native organisms.
15. Population
Native biocontrol
Non-native
invasive
Native congeners of
non-native invader
time
The expected population curves for native biocontrol use. The baseline population for native
organisms changes as the native biocontrols adapt to the non-native invasive and eat a few
more of the native while the system comes back into balance as the non-native is destroyed.
There is some recoverable risk to the native ecosystem, but not the unrecoverable risk of
introducing non-native biocontrols.
17. Population
Non-native
biocontrols
Pioneer non-
native invasive
Native congeners of
non-native invasive
time
Secondary non-native invasives
A more complex version of what happens when a (pioneer) non-native plant is introduced
followed by its non-native biocontrol. The native system collapses allowing secondary non-
natives to enter.
Native organisms
20. Classical biocontrol – the use of non-native organisms
in the attempt to reduce the effects of other non-native
organisms on ecosystems. This is a losing proposition
as it does not attempt to remove the problems, just
reduce their effects.
Bioeradication – the extinction of a non-native invasive
from an ecosystem using native biocontrols, the goal.
This is a winning proposition as it is the regeneration of
the ecosystem by eliminating the problem from the
ecosystem using the available native organisms.
21. Biocontrol – any organism in any time frame from
seconds to centuries that partially or fully inhibits a
non-native organism. Usually the goal of using non-
native biocontrols on non-native invasives. This is a
losing proposition.
Biocontrol system – a group of organisms which
through any biological relationship partially or fully
inhibits a non-native organism.
22. Direct biocontrol – use of a native organism or system
as a biocontrol for a specific organism.
Indirect biocontrol – providing the native resources
such as food, breeding sites or shelter needed for a
native biocontrol or biocontrol system to develop for a
specific organism.
23. Biocontrol garden – a garden of local native plants that
provide a resource that a native biocontrol needs to be
effective as a biocontrol such as food, egg laying sites,
overwintering sites, protection from predators, …, in
any life stage.
Biocontrol resource – any local naturally occurring
environmental resource a native biocontrol needs to be
effective as a biocontrol.
24. Resource familiarity – the amount of use of a resource by a
native biocontrol. In the case of non-native resources
(invasive) it requires time for a native biocontrol to adapt to it
through either behavioral or genetic changes.
Resource use – the use by a native biocontrol of a native or
non-native resource. In the case of a non-native resource it
takes time to adapt to using it through either learning to use
it (behavioral changes) or genetic changes, often both.
25. Resource heritage – the passing on of a social or genetic
adaptation to a resource by a native biocontrol. This can be
through learning, by genetic change or more probably a
combination of both. It can spread through a species
horizontally as one organism learns from another or vertically
as it is passed on to/through offspring through learning or
genes.
26. Mutualism – two or more organisms which cooperate
to the benefit of each other.
Commensalism – two or more organisms living
together where at least one benefits and the effects on
other organisms are neutral.
Competition – relationships where certain organisms
benefit through a variety of mechanisms to the
detriment of others without necessarily using them as
an energy source.
Herbivory, predation and parasitism – relationships in
which one organism or groups of organisms benefit by
using other organisms as an energy source.
27. In Biocontrol/Bioeradication we are trying
to understand all these relationships within
an ecosystem and use them to find native
organisms to hinder and eradicate non-
native organisms.
36. This photo shows herbivory, disease and the effects of A. ailanthii. A
few meters away is a meadow of Solidago canadensis which was a
nectar source for A. aurea adults and probable mating site.
48. • A family of plants with native congeners.
• Birds move between stands carrying Aculops ailanthii mites
with them.
• Atteva aurea females pick up and move Aculops ailanthii
between trees while laying eggs on various trees.
• Atteva aurea carries disease ingested as a larva, incubated as a
pupa and deposited as an adult on leaves while laying eggs.
• Disease enters tree through the feeding wounds of Atteva
aurea larvae on branches and leaves.
• Disease is carried by the Aculops ailanthii.
• Pollinators also carry Aculops ailanthii between trees.
• Wind carries Aculops ailanthii between nearby trees.
Ailanthus altissima
49. • Large family of plants with native congeners from which diseases
and herbivores can become biocontrols.
• Birds move between bushes carrying Phyllocoptes fructiphilus
mites between them.
• Rose rosette disease, an Emaravirus, is carried by Phyllocoptes
fructiphilus.
• Birds move mites between the bushes which they also nest in.
• Pollinators carry mites between parts of the same bush and
nearby bushes.
• Pollinators also carry mites between bushes.
• Wind carries the mites between nearby bushes.
Rosa multiflora:
50. • Large family of plants with native congeners.
• Disease is carried by mites.
• Deer carry mites in a way similar to ticks.
• Deer browse on local vegetation as a source of food, use the
shrubs for cover and move between stands of shrubs as they
move between environmental resources.
• Birds move mites between the shrubs in which they roost, nest
and feed on the fruit.
• Pollinators carry the mites between shrubs.
• Wind carries the mites between nearby plants.
Lonicera morrowii: possible scenario
51. Most likely scenario for the movement of Aculops
ailanthii and pathogens across landscapes
Birds – long distances searching for familiar shelter during migrations.
- medium and short distances between nearby stands.
Atteva aurea – mostly medium and short distances between egg laying sites.
Wind - short distances within stands and between close stands with high mite densities.
52. Probable scenario for the spread of rose
rosette disease across the ecosystems.
Birds - long distances searching for food and shelter during migrations.
- medium distances between nests and food sources.
- short distances as part of normal random movement.
Pollinators - medium and short distances between food sources.
Wind - short distances within stands and between close stands.
53. Deer - mostly within and between thickets in the short and medium distances.
Birds - across long distances through migration, medium distances while searching
for food and short distances while using the plants as shelter and nesting locations.
Pollinators - across medium and short distances while moving between flowers.
Wind - across short distances primarily within thickets.
Possible scenario for the movement of biocontrol pathogens
and insect herbivores between Lonicera morrowii plants.
54. The more native congeners the more
apt the native biocontrol system is to
form and the more complexity
possible.
55. As complexity increases so does the
probability of a control system and the
more stable the system is.
56. Complexity may involve multiple food sources,
multiple families of organisms which contribute to
control but do not directly control the target,
multiple types of plant use (herbivory, pollination,
nesting and roosting sites, disease), multiple types
of control organisms such as mammals, birds,
insects, diseases and different feeding strategies
(browsing, grazing, nectarivory, frugivory, parasitism
among others) .
61. In other words, the highest
fitness level of the plant shifted
from its original chemical
defenses to growth and
reproduction in the absence of a
specialist herbivore as it
invaded a new ecosystem, i.e.
enemy release.
62. When the herbivore was
reintroduced, the highest fitness
level shifted back towards using
the original or similar chemical
defenses at the cost of energy
expended for growth and
reproduction.
63. Since the genes for the original
chemical defenses were already
present, turning them on was
easy.
64. It did not involve the much
slower process of evolving
defenses to a new threat.
65. The energy output shifted away
from defense in the absence of
many of its specialist
herbivores.
It then shifted back when the
specific herbivore was
accidently introduced from
Europe.
66. Since the chemical defense
reversion was small because
the threat was small, the plant
continues to thrive as an
invasive.
68. The moth Cactoblastis cactorum
was introduced in the island of
Nevis in Caribbean to control
Opuntia monacantha (Willd.)
Haw. in 1957 (Pemberton, 1995).
69. Now it is spreading throughout
the Caribbean eating native
congeners. It is only a matter of
time before it reaches North
American Opuntia species.
70. The weevil Rhinocyllus conicus was
introduced to control Canada
thistle, Cirsium arvense. Instead it
jumped to native thistles. This has
put several of them in danger of
extinction.
72. Euhrychiopsis lecontei,
a native North American weevil
prefers the exotic aquatic plant
Eurasian watermilfoil
Myriophyllum spicatum over
native watermilfoils.
(Sallie P. Sheldon, Robert P. Creed, Jr, 2003)
73. This was expected as the non-
native had no defenses to the
native generalist herbivore.
74. The key to finding a native
biocontrol (system) is to find an
organism which a generalist
(herbivore) that feeds broadly
on a family or genus and a
specialist (herbivore) to that
feeds only on that family or
genus.
75. This means that the biocontrol
has a the genetic ability to
switch from one plant to another
and yet will not cause the
extinction of coevolved food
sources.
76. The necessary conditions for a biocontrol
system:
• food sources for all organisms at all life
stages
• shelter for the various life stages
• breeding sites and egg laying locations
77. 1.) plant biocontrol garden of a wide variety of
mostly Asteraceae seeds to determine
which plants Atteva aurea uses as nectar
sources.
2.) culture and identify to family the diseases
which affect Ailanthus.
3.) walk a lot to continue finding and
understanding native biocontrol systems.
Path forward/2013 research plan:
79. Non-native biocontrol has high
rates of failure and low rates of
success, an average of 2.44
introduced organisms for every
species on which control is
being attempted.
80. Using natives to control non-
natives is a much lower risk and
therefore safer than using non-
natives to try to control non-
natives.
81. Non-natives, regardless of how
much they are studied have a
high risk associated with them
as is seen by the introduction of
non-natives in the first place.
82. Collateral environmental effects are unknown
with non-native biocontrols such as:
• breeding site competition with natives,
• acting as food supplements for native
predators which shifts population
balance,
• susceptibility to native diseases or
magnifying them in the local ecosystems
as a disease sink,
• disease vectoring and … .
84. 1.) is safe
2.) is ethical
3.) is necessary
4.) that they understand the problems they are
trying to solve
5.) that they understand the total consequences of
their apparent solutions.
6.) that they have spent time in the field to prove
that there are no possible alternatives
already present.
I challenge the developers of non-native
biocontrols to prove that what they are doing:
85. If bad theory and bad practice
caused a problem, then bad
theory and bad practice are not
going to solve it.
86. One small mistake with a non-native is the
bioecosystem equivalent of a Chernobyl, even
though more subtle.
87. Are we willing to risk that when
there are already good theory
and good examples in place to
guide us?