Mutualism
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
4 likes•5,474 views
Mutualism- Lichens , protozoa , Rumen bacteria, Bees and flowers, humans gut bacteria, nitrogen fixing Bacteria
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Commensalism
This document defines and provides examples of different types of commensalism. Commensalism is an ecological interaction where one species benefits while the other is unaffected. It defines the key terms and discusses four main types of commensalism: inquilinism, where one species lives in or on the body of another; metabiosis, where a commensal uses remains or waste of the host; phoresy, where a commensal hitches a ride on a host for dispersal; and microbiota, groups of microbes that colonize host surfaces. Examples provided include flies laying eggs in dung balls rolled by beetles, hermit crabs using gastropod shells, nematodes hitching
Symbiosis Powerpoint Presentation
please give a comment on our Power Point Presentation. Give your suggestion, and recommendation. echos. :)
Habitat & niche
The document discusses the concepts of habitat and niche. It defines habitat as the place where an organism lives, while niche refers to an organism's role in its environment. Some key points:
- Habitat can be similar for different organisms, but niches differ as organisms may have different trophic positions (what they eat).
- Niche includes spatial/habitat, trophic, and multidimensional components related to various environmental factors.
- Niche breadth refers to how widely an organism utilizes resources, while niche overlap measures how often species are found together, indicating competition.
- Gause's competitive exclusion principle states that two species cannot coexist if their niches are identical.
Parasitism
This document defines and describes different types of parasitism. It begins by defining parasitism as a relationship between species where one benefits at the expense of the other. It then describes 8 types of parasitism: obligate, facultative, ectoparasitism, endoparasitism, mesoparasitism, epiparasitism, brood parasitism, and social parasitism. Each type is defined and an example is provided, such as head lice for ectoparasitism and Plasmodium for endoparasitism. The document concludes by thanking the reader.
Amensalism
This document summarizes different types of inter-relationships between biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem. It defines amensalism as a relationship where one species inhibits or destroys the other species with no effect on itself. Examples of amensalism provided include penicillium secreting penicillin that kills bacteria but is not affected, and allelopathy where some plant species release chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plants and microbes. The document also gives examples of black walnut trees and eucalyptus releasing chemicals through their leaves and roots that suppress the growth of surrounding vegetation.
Mutualism
The document discusses various examples of mutualistic relationships in nature. Mutualism is a positive interspecific relationship where both species benefit. Examples provided include plants and their pollinators, lichens consisting of algae and fungi, cleaner shrimp that remove parasites from fish, ants that protect aphids and collect their honeydew, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria within plant nodules. Many mutualisms involve one organism providing a service like nutrition, protection, or dispersal while receiving shelter or nutrients in return. Mutualisms can be facultative, where the relationship is not strictly required for survival, or obligate, where one or both species depend entirely on the other.
Competition intra and inter-specific
presentation contain different type of interactions, competition-intra and inter-specific, mechanism of competition-Exploitation and Interference, Mathematical models of Competition i.e. Hutchinson Ratio, Exponential Growth, Logistic Model, Lotka-Volterra Competition Model, Tilman's Resource Model, Results of Competition i.e. Range restriction, Competitive Displacement, Competitive Exclusion , Competitive Displacement Hypothesis, Ecological Niche, Evolution of new species, Factors Affecting Competition, Case studies
Biotic interactions
Biotic factors also regulate the size of populations more intensely. Finally, the influence of biotic interactions can occur at two different levels. Interspecific effects are direct interactions between species, and the intraspecific effects represent interactions of individuals within a single species.
Recommended
Commensalism
This document defines and provides examples of different types of commensalism. Commensalism is an ecological interaction where one species benefits while the other is unaffected. It defines the key terms and discusses four main types of commensalism: inquilinism, where one species lives in or on the body of another; metabiosis, where a commensal uses remains or waste of the host; phoresy, where a commensal hitches a ride on a host for dispersal; and microbiota, groups of microbes that colonize host surfaces. Examples provided include flies laying eggs in dung balls rolled by beetles, hermit crabs using gastropod shells, nematodes hitching
Symbiosis Powerpoint Presentation
please give a comment on our Power Point Presentation. Give your suggestion, and recommendation. echos. :)
Habitat & niche
The document discusses the concepts of habitat and niche. It defines habitat as the place where an organism lives, while niche refers to an organism's role in its environment. Some key points:
- Habitat can be similar for different organisms, but niches differ as organisms may have different trophic positions (what they eat).
- Niche includes spatial/habitat, trophic, and multidimensional components related to various environmental factors.
- Niche breadth refers to how widely an organism utilizes resources, while niche overlap measures how often species are found together, indicating competition.
- Gause's competitive exclusion principle states that two species cannot coexist if their niches are identical.
Parasitism
This document defines and describes different types of parasitism. It begins by defining parasitism as a relationship between species where one benefits at the expense of the other. It then describes 8 types of parasitism: obligate, facultative, ectoparasitism, endoparasitism, mesoparasitism, epiparasitism, brood parasitism, and social parasitism. Each type is defined and an example is provided, such as head lice for ectoparasitism and Plasmodium for endoparasitism. The document concludes by thanking the reader.
Amensalism
This document summarizes different types of inter-relationships between biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem. It defines amensalism as a relationship where one species inhibits or destroys the other species with no effect on itself. Examples of amensalism provided include penicillium secreting penicillin that kills bacteria but is not affected, and allelopathy where some plant species release chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plants and microbes. The document also gives examples of black walnut trees and eucalyptus releasing chemicals through their leaves and roots that suppress the growth of surrounding vegetation.
Mutualism
The document discusses various examples of mutualistic relationships in nature. Mutualism is a positive interspecific relationship where both species benefit. Examples provided include plants and their pollinators, lichens consisting of algae and fungi, cleaner shrimp that remove parasites from fish, ants that protect aphids and collect their honeydew, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria within plant nodules. Many mutualisms involve one organism providing a service like nutrition, protection, or dispersal while receiving shelter or nutrients in return. Mutualisms can be facultative, where the relationship is not strictly required for survival, or obligate, where one or both species depend entirely on the other.
Competition intra and inter-specific
presentation contain different type of interactions, competition-intra and inter-specific, mechanism of competition-Exploitation and Interference, Mathematical models of Competition i.e. Hutchinson Ratio, Exponential Growth, Logistic Model, Lotka-Volterra Competition Model, Tilman's Resource Model, Results of Competition i.e. Range restriction, Competitive Displacement, Competitive Exclusion , Competitive Displacement Hypothesis, Ecological Niche, Evolution of new species, Factors Affecting Competition, Case studies
Biotic interactions
Biotic factors also regulate the size of populations more intensely. Finally, the influence of biotic interactions can occur at two different levels. Interspecific effects are direct interactions between species, and the intraspecific effects represent interactions of individuals within a single species.
Symbiotic Relationships
Symbiotic relationships refer to intimate associations between organisms of different species that provide a nutritional advantage. There are three main types: parasitism benefits the parasite at the host's expense, commensalism benefits one species without affecting the other, and mutualism benefits both species. Examples of each type are given.
Archeabacteria presentation
The archaebacteria
group members
Rameen nadeem
Syeda iqra hussain
Hina zamir
Mahnoor khan
Maleeha inayat
Background
Biologists have long organized living things into large groups called kingdoms.
There are six of them:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Some recent findings…
In 1996, scientists decided to split Monera into two groups of bacteria:
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Because these two groups of bacteria were different in many ways scientists created a new level of classification called a DOMAIN.
Now we have 3 domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Any of a large group of primitive bacteria having unusual cell walls, membrane lipids, ribosomes, and RNA sequences, and having the ability to produce methane and to live in anaerobic, extremely hot, salty, or acidic conditions
The Domain Archaea
“ancient” bacteria
Some of the first archaebacteria were discovered in Yellowstone National Park’s hot springs
Prokaryotes are structurally simple, but biochemically complex
Basic Facts
They live in extreme environments (like hot springs or salty lakes) and normal environments (like soil and ocean water).
All are unicellular (each individual is only one cell).
No peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
Some have a flagella that aids in their locomotion.
Most don’t need oxygen to survive
They can produce ATP (energy) from sunlight
They can survive enormous temperature extremes
They can survive under rocks and in ocean floor vents deep below the ocean’s surface
They can tolerate huge pressure differences
STRUCTURE
Size
Archaea are slightly less than 1 micron long.
A micron is 1/1,000 of a millimeter.
In order to see their cellular features, scientists use powerful electron microscopes.
Shape
Shapes can be spherical or ball shaped and are called coccus.
Others are rod shaped, long and thin, and labeled bacillus.
Variations of cells have been discovered in square and triangular shapes.
STRUCTURE
Locomotion
Some archaea have flagella, hair-like structures that assist in movement.
There can be one or many attached to the cell's outer membrane. Protein networks can also be found on the cell membrane, which allow cells to attach themselves in groups.
Cell Features
Within the cell membrane, the archaea cell contains cytoplasm and DNA, which are in single-looped forms called plasmids.
Most archaeal cells also have a semi-rigid cell wall that helps it to maintain its shape and chemical balance.
This protects the cytoplasm, which is the semi-liquid gel that fills the cell and enables the various parts to function.
STRUCTURE
Phospholipids
The molecules that make up cell membranes are called phospholipids, which act as building blocks for the cell.
In archaea, these molecules are made of glycerol-ether lipids.
Ether Bonding
The ether bonding makes it possible for archaea to survive in environments that are extremely acidic or al
Ecological niche
An ecological niche describes how a species interacts with and fits into its environment, including obtaining resources like food and shelter, and reproducing. A niche encompasses all biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors. The fundamental niche is the full range of environmental conditions a species can tolerate without competition from other species. Species niches depend on factors like temperature, resources, and predators. Niches can overlap if species partition resources in non-competing ways, like dolphins and seals eating different types of fish.
Mutualism and commensalism
Mutualistic relationships between species can have significant ecological consequences. Leaf-cutter ants cultivate fungi for food in underground gardens. This mutualism involves three partners - the ants, fungi, and bacteria that live on the ants. The fungi help break down plant material for the ants' nutrition, while the bacteria may provide secretions the ants use for food. This complex relationship recycles nutrients in tropical forests and influences soil properties and plant growth. However, the mutualism is threatened by specialized parasites that can destroy the fungal gardens. The ecological impacts of these ants, from nutrient cycling to effects on primary productivity, demonstrate the wide-ranging effects of species interactions.
Amensalism (antagonism)
Dr. P. Suganya discusses amensalism, a type of negative ecological interaction. Amensalism occurs when one species is harmed or destroyed while the other is unaffected. There are two main types of amensalism - competition, where a stronger species deprives a weaker one of resources like food or space, and antibiosis, where one species produces chemicals that kill other species sharing its environment while leaving itself unharmed. Examples given include goats outcompeting grasshoppers for food and the fungus Penicillium producing penicillin that kills bacteria without affecting itself.
Social behavior in termites
Termites live in complex colonies found in regions around the world. They communicate chemically through pheromones and live in castes that work cooperatively. The colonies contain a king and queen that lay eggs, supplementary royalty, wingless workers that build and maintain the nest, soldiers that defend the colony, and proboscideans that have elongated heads. Termites digest wood and plant material with the help of symbiotic protozoa.
Ecological niche
Ecological niche refers to an organism's role and position in its environment, including where it finds food and shelter and what environmental conditions it requires. An organism's niche is influenced by biotic factors like availability of food and predators as well as abiotic factors like temperature, soil nutrients, and light levels. Earthworms are an example of niche construction, as they physically and chemically modify soil in a way that allows them to survive on land. Niches can be fundamental, representing all possible resources an organism could use, or realized, reflecting the niche an organism actually occupies due to competition. The competitive exclusion principle states that two species with identical niches cannot coexist long-term. Resource partitioning allows similar species to co
01 host parasite interactions
This document outlines host-parasite interactions. It defines parasites and hosts, and describes different types of parasites including protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites. It discusses parasitism and how parasites live in or on hosts, harming the host for their own benefit. The document also examines various parasite life cycles involving definitive, intermediate, and paratenic hosts. It explores modes of transmission between hosts and how infections establish within hosts.
Mastigomycotina
This document provides information about zoosporic fungi. It discusses that zoosporic fungi are true fungi that reproduce asexually through flagellated spores called zoospores. They are divided into three classes based on the flagellation of zoospores: Chytridiomycetes, Hypochytridiomycetes, and Oomycetes. Important information about the characteristics, structures, life cycles, orders, and examples of economically important species are provided for each class.
host parasite relationship
This document discusses various types of symbiotic relationships between organisms, including parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. It provides examples of each type of relationship. It also discusses the definitions and characteristics of hosts, parasites, normal flora, pathogens, toxins, and infections. The key types of symbiosis are defined as commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism. Commensalism benefits one organism without affecting the other. Mutualism benefits both organisms, while parasitism benefits the parasite at the expense of the host.
r and k selection
This document discusses r and K selection theory, which seeks to explain how traits evolve in response to environmental variation and mortality. It examines how traits are interrelated and constrained by ecology. R and K selection theory predicts demographic responses to disturbances at different spatial and temporal scales. The most notable example is MacArthur and Wilson's theory of r and K selection based on island biogeography. R-selected species thrive in variable environments and have high fecundity, while K-selected species exist in stable environments and invest more in parental care and fewer offspring. The r and K classification represents ends of a continuum, with most species falling somewhere in between.
Genetic Recombinition in Bacteria
this presentation is about reproduction of bacteria also known as genetic recombination. it consist of three types i.e. transformation, transduction and conjugation.
Mutualism and Neutralism
The document provides an overview of symbiotic relationships and ecological interactions between species. It defines key terms like symbiosis, mutualism, commensalism, amensalism, and neutralism. It then provides numerous examples of mutualistic relationships between species, including pollination mutualisms between plants and animals, seed dispersal mutualisms, protection mutualisms, and nutrient acquisition mutualisms. The document emphasizes that mutualistic relationships are widespread in nature and important for ecosystem functioning.
Introduction to Microbial Diversity
Introduction to Microbial DiversityNational Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
Microorganisms come in many forms and play a variety of roles. They can decompose waste, perform photosynthesis, and produce useful products like ethanol and medicines. Microbes also include disease-causing pathogens. There is great diversity among microbes including viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Carl Woese's three domain system classifies life based on cellular organization into Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya which includes protists, fungi, plants and animals. Microbes vary in size and shape and inhabit diverse environments.Cyanobacteria
This document discusses cyanobacteria, which were formerly known as blue-green algae. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes found in various aquatic and terrestrial environments. They play an important ecological role by fixing nitrogen and influencing carbon and oxygen dynamics. Cyanobacteria exhibit a variety of shapes and sizes, and some can form specialized cells called heterocysts that facilitate nitrogen fixation. They reproduce both sexually and asexually, and have colonized diverse habitats over billions of years, contributing significantly to the evolution of Earth's atmosphere and climate.
Cyanobacteria lecture
1) Cyanobacteria were the first algae and dominated as biogenic reefs from 3.5 billion years ago during the Proterozoic era.
2) They were the first organisms to evolve with two photosystems and produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis, which was important for the evolution of Earth's oxygen-rich atmosphere.
3) Cyanobacteria can fix or convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms through nitrogen fixation, which is important because nitrogen is necessary for life but atmospheric nitrogen is difficult for most organisms to use.
Microbial interaction
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
Fungal Nematicides.pptx
This document discusses nematodes and nematophagous fungi. It provides information on types of nematodes and describes them as roundworms that can be free-living, predatory, or parasitic. It then discusses nematophagous fungi, which prey on nematodes, and their mechanisms of trapping nematodes including adhesive hyphae, branches, nets, and non-constricting rings. It also describes endoparasitic fungi and egg parasites. Paecilomyces lilacinus is highlighted as a biocontrol fungus that protects plants from root-knot nematodes. Dosage and application guidelines for P. lilacinus are also provided.
Soil microbiology
The document discusses the microbial flora found in soil. It describes the five major groups of microorganisms present: bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and viruses. Bacteria are the most abundant and diverse, with billions in each gram of soil, while fungi and algae also play important roles in decomposition and nutrient cycling. Protozoa help regulate bacterial populations by ingesting them. Overall, the complex microbial communities in soil are crucial for soil health and plant growth.
Niche concept
Dr. Manju Bhaskar discusses the ecological niche concept. An ecological niche describes a species' functional role and position based on factors like resources, predators, habitat characteristics. G. Evelyn Hutchinson described the fundamental niche, being all conditions a species can survive in alone, and the realized niche, being conditions after interactions with other species. Niches allow populations to persist by reducing competition and filling different roles in food webs and ecosystems. Understanding niches provides insights into community composition and species responses to one another.
interactionsoforganisms-180323200310.ppt.pptx
An ecosystem consists of biotic and abiotic interactions within a defined space. Organisms within an ecosystem engage in various types of relationships including competition, predation, and symbiosis. Competition occurs when organisms strive for limited resources, often resulting in one species dominating the other over time. Predation describes the interaction where one organism kills another for food. Symbiotic relationships include mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism and involve close interactions between species.
Nutritional-classification-of-microorganisms (part 2)
This document discusses different types of nutritional classifications of bacteria, including parasitic, symbiotic, and auxotrophic bacteria. Parasitic bacteria obtain nutrients from host organisms and can cause diseases, while symbiotic bacteria have beneficial relationships with hosts. Auxotrophic bacteria are unable to synthesize a particular organic compound required for growth. Specific examples are provided for each classification.
More Related Content
What's hot
Symbiotic Relationships
Symbiotic relationships refer to intimate associations between organisms of different species that provide a nutritional advantage. There are three main types: parasitism benefits the parasite at the host's expense, commensalism benefits one species without affecting the other, and mutualism benefits both species. Examples of each type are given.
Archeabacteria presentation
The archaebacteria
group members
Rameen nadeem
Syeda iqra hussain
Hina zamir
Mahnoor khan
Maleeha inayat
Background
Biologists have long organized living things into large groups called kingdoms.
There are six of them:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Some recent findings…
In 1996, scientists decided to split Monera into two groups of bacteria:
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Because these two groups of bacteria were different in many ways scientists created a new level of classification called a DOMAIN.
Now we have 3 domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Any of a large group of primitive bacteria having unusual cell walls, membrane lipids, ribosomes, and RNA sequences, and having the ability to produce methane and to live in anaerobic, extremely hot, salty, or acidic conditions
The Domain Archaea
“ancient” bacteria
Some of the first archaebacteria were discovered in Yellowstone National Park’s hot springs
Prokaryotes are structurally simple, but biochemically complex
Basic Facts
They live in extreme environments (like hot springs or salty lakes) and normal environments (like soil and ocean water).
All are unicellular (each individual is only one cell).
No peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
Some have a flagella that aids in their locomotion.
Most don’t need oxygen to survive
They can produce ATP (energy) from sunlight
They can survive enormous temperature extremes
They can survive under rocks and in ocean floor vents deep below the ocean’s surface
They can tolerate huge pressure differences
STRUCTURE
Size
Archaea are slightly less than 1 micron long.
A micron is 1/1,000 of a millimeter.
In order to see their cellular features, scientists use powerful electron microscopes.
Shape
Shapes can be spherical or ball shaped and are called coccus.
Others are rod shaped, long and thin, and labeled bacillus.
Variations of cells have been discovered in square and triangular shapes.
STRUCTURE
Locomotion
Some archaea have flagella, hair-like structures that assist in movement.
There can be one or many attached to the cell's outer membrane. Protein networks can also be found on the cell membrane, which allow cells to attach themselves in groups.
Cell Features
Within the cell membrane, the archaea cell contains cytoplasm and DNA, which are in single-looped forms called plasmids.
Most archaeal cells also have a semi-rigid cell wall that helps it to maintain its shape and chemical balance.
This protects the cytoplasm, which is the semi-liquid gel that fills the cell and enables the various parts to function.
STRUCTURE
Phospholipids
The molecules that make up cell membranes are called phospholipids, which act as building blocks for the cell.
In archaea, these molecules are made of glycerol-ether lipids.
Ether Bonding
The ether bonding makes it possible for archaea to survive in environments that are extremely acidic or al
Ecological niche
An ecological niche describes how a species interacts with and fits into its environment, including obtaining resources like food and shelter, and reproducing. A niche encompasses all biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors. The fundamental niche is the full range of environmental conditions a species can tolerate without competition from other species. Species niches depend on factors like temperature, resources, and predators. Niches can overlap if species partition resources in non-competing ways, like dolphins and seals eating different types of fish.
Mutualism and commensalism
Mutualistic relationships between species can have significant ecological consequences. Leaf-cutter ants cultivate fungi for food in underground gardens. This mutualism involves three partners - the ants, fungi, and bacteria that live on the ants. The fungi help break down plant material for the ants' nutrition, while the bacteria may provide secretions the ants use for food. This complex relationship recycles nutrients in tropical forests and influences soil properties and plant growth. However, the mutualism is threatened by specialized parasites that can destroy the fungal gardens. The ecological impacts of these ants, from nutrient cycling to effects on primary productivity, demonstrate the wide-ranging effects of species interactions.
Amensalism (antagonism)
Dr. P. Suganya discusses amensalism, a type of negative ecological interaction. Amensalism occurs when one species is harmed or destroyed while the other is unaffected. There are two main types of amensalism - competition, where a stronger species deprives a weaker one of resources like food or space, and antibiosis, where one species produces chemicals that kill other species sharing its environment while leaving itself unharmed. Examples given include goats outcompeting grasshoppers for food and the fungus Penicillium producing penicillin that kills bacteria without affecting itself.
Social behavior in termites
Termites live in complex colonies found in regions around the world. They communicate chemically through pheromones and live in castes that work cooperatively. The colonies contain a king and queen that lay eggs, supplementary royalty, wingless workers that build and maintain the nest, soldiers that defend the colony, and proboscideans that have elongated heads. Termites digest wood and plant material with the help of symbiotic protozoa.
Ecological niche
Ecological niche refers to an organism's role and position in its environment, including where it finds food and shelter and what environmental conditions it requires. An organism's niche is influenced by biotic factors like availability of food and predators as well as abiotic factors like temperature, soil nutrients, and light levels. Earthworms are an example of niche construction, as they physically and chemically modify soil in a way that allows them to survive on land. Niches can be fundamental, representing all possible resources an organism could use, or realized, reflecting the niche an organism actually occupies due to competition. The competitive exclusion principle states that two species with identical niches cannot coexist long-term. Resource partitioning allows similar species to co
01 host parasite interactions
This document outlines host-parasite interactions. It defines parasites and hosts, and describes different types of parasites including protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites. It discusses parasitism and how parasites live in or on hosts, harming the host for their own benefit. The document also examines various parasite life cycles involving definitive, intermediate, and paratenic hosts. It explores modes of transmission between hosts and how infections establish within hosts.
Mastigomycotina
This document provides information about zoosporic fungi. It discusses that zoosporic fungi are true fungi that reproduce asexually through flagellated spores called zoospores. They are divided into three classes based on the flagellation of zoospores: Chytridiomycetes, Hypochytridiomycetes, and Oomycetes. Important information about the characteristics, structures, life cycles, orders, and examples of economically important species are provided for each class.
host parasite relationship
This document discusses various types of symbiotic relationships between organisms, including parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. It provides examples of each type of relationship. It also discusses the definitions and characteristics of hosts, parasites, normal flora, pathogens, toxins, and infections. The key types of symbiosis are defined as commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism. Commensalism benefits one organism without affecting the other. Mutualism benefits both organisms, while parasitism benefits the parasite at the expense of the host.
r and k selection
This document discusses r and K selection theory, which seeks to explain how traits evolve in response to environmental variation and mortality. It examines how traits are interrelated and constrained by ecology. R and K selection theory predicts demographic responses to disturbances at different spatial and temporal scales. The most notable example is MacArthur and Wilson's theory of r and K selection based on island biogeography. R-selected species thrive in variable environments and have high fecundity, while K-selected species exist in stable environments and invest more in parental care and fewer offspring. The r and K classification represents ends of a continuum, with most species falling somewhere in between.
Genetic Recombinition in Bacteria
this presentation is about reproduction of bacteria also known as genetic recombination. it consist of three types i.e. transformation, transduction and conjugation.
Mutualism and Neutralism
The document provides an overview of symbiotic relationships and ecological interactions between species. It defines key terms like symbiosis, mutualism, commensalism, amensalism, and neutralism. It then provides numerous examples of mutualistic relationships between species, including pollination mutualisms between plants and animals, seed dispersal mutualisms, protection mutualisms, and nutrient acquisition mutualisms. The document emphasizes that mutualistic relationships are widespread in nature and important for ecosystem functioning.
Introduction to Microbial Diversity
Introduction to Microbial DiversityNational Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
Microorganisms come in many forms and play a variety of roles. They can decompose waste, perform photosynthesis, and produce useful products like ethanol and medicines. Microbes also include disease-causing pathogens. There is great diversity among microbes including viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Carl Woese's three domain system classifies life based on cellular organization into Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya which includes protists, fungi, plants and animals. Microbes vary in size and shape and inhabit diverse environments.Cyanobacteria
This document discusses cyanobacteria, which were formerly known as blue-green algae. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes found in various aquatic and terrestrial environments. They play an important ecological role by fixing nitrogen and influencing carbon and oxygen dynamics. Cyanobacteria exhibit a variety of shapes and sizes, and some can form specialized cells called heterocysts that facilitate nitrogen fixation. They reproduce both sexually and asexually, and have colonized diverse habitats over billions of years, contributing significantly to the evolution of Earth's atmosphere and climate.
Cyanobacteria lecture
1) Cyanobacteria were the first algae and dominated as biogenic reefs from 3.5 billion years ago during the Proterozoic era.
2) They were the first organisms to evolve with two photosystems and produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis, which was important for the evolution of Earth's oxygen-rich atmosphere.
3) Cyanobacteria can fix or convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms through nitrogen fixation, which is important because nitrogen is necessary for life but atmospheric nitrogen is difficult for most organisms to use.
Microbial interaction
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
Fungal Nematicides.pptx
This document discusses nematodes and nematophagous fungi. It provides information on types of nematodes and describes them as roundworms that can be free-living, predatory, or parasitic. It then discusses nematophagous fungi, which prey on nematodes, and their mechanisms of trapping nematodes including adhesive hyphae, branches, nets, and non-constricting rings. It also describes endoparasitic fungi and egg parasites. Paecilomyces lilacinus is highlighted as a biocontrol fungus that protects plants from root-knot nematodes. Dosage and application guidelines for P. lilacinus are also provided.
Soil microbiology
The document discusses the microbial flora found in soil. It describes the five major groups of microorganisms present: bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and viruses. Bacteria are the most abundant and diverse, with billions in each gram of soil, while fungi and algae also play important roles in decomposition and nutrient cycling. Protozoa help regulate bacterial populations by ingesting them. Overall, the complex microbial communities in soil are crucial for soil health and plant growth.
Niche concept
Dr. Manju Bhaskar discusses the ecological niche concept. An ecological niche describes a species' functional role and position based on factors like resources, predators, habitat characteristics. G. Evelyn Hutchinson described the fundamental niche, being all conditions a species can survive in alone, and the realized niche, being conditions after interactions with other species. Niches allow populations to persist by reducing competition and filling different roles in food webs and ecosystems. Understanding niches provides insights into community composition and species responses to one another.
What's hot (20)
Similar to Mutualism
interactionsoforganisms-180323200310.ppt.pptx
An ecosystem consists of biotic and abiotic interactions within a defined space. Organisms within an ecosystem engage in various types of relationships including competition, predation, and symbiosis. Competition occurs when organisms strive for limited resources, often resulting in one species dominating the other over time. Predation describes the interaction where one organism kills another for food. Symbiotic relationships include mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism and involve close interactions between species.
Nutritional-classification-of-microorganisms (part 2)
This document discusses different types of nutritional classifications of bacteria, including parasitic, symbiotic, and auxotrophic bacteria. Parasitic bacteria obtain nutrients from host organisms and can cause diseases, while symbiotic bacteria have beneficial relationships with hosts. Auxotrophic bacteria are unable to synthesize a particular organic compound required for growth. Specific examples are provided for each classification.
Science
This document discusses key concepts in ecology, including interactions between organisms and their environment. It defines ecology as the scientific study of these interactions, and notes that topics of interest include diversity, distribution, biomass, and population of organisms, as well as competition within and between ecosystems. It then provides definitions and examples of important ecological concepts like ecosystems, biotic and abiotic components, producers and consumers, and interactions like symbiosis, mutualism, parasitism, predation, and competition.
Environmental Entomology (Introduction)
Introduction to environmental entomology in details. Insects and their surrounding environment both abiotic and biotic.
BWS Parasites and mutualists
This document explains parasites and mutualists. It defines parasitism as a feeding relationship that harms the host, such as headlice and tapeworms. Mutualism benefits both organisms, like oxpeckers removing parasites from herbivores. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in plant roots and provide nitrogen, while gaining shelter and food. Chemosynthetic bacteria inside tubeworms produce chemicals for the worms to feed on, and the worms provide the bacteria habitat.
Microbial Interactrion
Microbial interactions can be positive or negative. Positive interactions include mutualism, where both organisms benefit, and commensalism, where one benefits and the other is not affected. Negative interactions include competition, where resources are limited and both are harmed; amensalism where one is harmed; and parasitism where one benefits and the other is harmed. Examples of microbial interactions discussed include lichens as mutualism, gut bacteria as commensalism, and viruses as parasites. Microorganisms interact in complex ways that allow colonization of diverse environments.
Lichen General Characters by Dr D.Nagaraju
Lichens=(Algae+Fungi) Symbiotic Association (Phycobiont+ Mycobiont), Idealistic marriage, Pioneers species of Xerosere succession Shows Dual Nature, Trinity=(One Algae+Two Fungi), Natural farmers, it melt stone convert stone to soil particles
Ecology
This document provides information about different types of ecological relationships: mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. It defines each relationship and provides examples. Mutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit. Commensalism is where one benefits and the other is not affected. Parasitism is where one benefits at the expense of the other. The document also discusses host defenses against parasites and classification of parasitic relationships.
Insects and their biotic environment
Insects interact with other organisms in their biotic environment in various ways. Intraspecific interactions within a species include competition for limited resources which can influence population density, birth and death rates, and dispersion. Interspecific interactions between different species can be positive, such as commensalism and mutualism, or negative, including predation, parasitism, cannibalism, and ammensalism. Positive interactions benefit both organisms while negative interactions harm at least one.
Dynamic Ecosystem
The document summarizes the abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems. Abiotic components include non-living factors like temperature, light intensity, and soil composition. Biotic components are the living plants and animals that interact with each other and their environment. These interactions include producer-consumer relationships in food chains and webs, as well as symbiotic relationships like mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, and saprophytism. Succession over time transforms environments like mangrove swamps as pioneer species establish and later species move in.
Microbiology INTERACTIONS.pptx
INTERACTIONS :Interaction is relationship between two organisms.
Also called as BIOLOGICAL OR ECOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS.
In a ecosystem, living (biotic) things have to interact with one another as well as with non -living components of their environment.
All the vital process of living such as growth, nutrition & reproduction requires such interactions between individuals in same species or between species.
The interaction between organisms may not be always beneficial to all the interacting counter parts. Based on whether, the interaction is beneficial to both interacting species or harmful to at least one interaction species, the ecological of biological interactions are classified into two categories.
It can BENEFIT an organisms
It can HARM an organisms
It can NO EFFECT an organisms
POSTIVE INTERACTIONS
In positive interactions, the interacting populations help one another.
The positive interaction may be in one way or reciprocal.
The benefit may be in respect of food, shelter, substratum or transportation.
The positive association may be continuous, transitory, obligate or facultative.
The two interacting partners may be in close contact in such a way that the tissues intermixed with each other; or they may live within a specific area of the other; or attached to its surface.
NEGATIVE INTERACTIONS
In negative interactions, one of the interacting populations is benefited and the other is harmed.
In negative interaction one population may eat members of the other population, compete for foods or excrete harmful wasters.
SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP
Such relationship between living organisms when they live in close association of each other is called as SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP
Mutualism, also called as symbiosis, is also a positive type of ecological interaction.
Mutualism is a symbiotic association between two organisms in which both the interacting partners are mutually benefitted.
Mutualism is different from proto-cooperation in the sense that mutualism is obligatory and none of the partners of mutualism can survive individually.
In mutualism, the organisms enter into some sort of physical and physiological exchange
Ecology
Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment. The key components of ecology include organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, habitats, niches, and trophic relationships. Energy and nutrients flow through ecosystems in food chains and food webs, and are recycled through nutrient cycles. Species interact through competition, predation, parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. Keystone species have outsized impacts on the structure and function of ecological communities.
Interaction of microbes with eukaryotes
1) Microorganisms interact with humans in a variety of ways, either living on the surface of the body as ectosymbionts or within the body as endosymbionts.
2) Different areas of the human body have characteristic microbiota, such as skin bacteria including Staphylococcus and Propionibacterium, and gut bacteria including Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria.
3) These microbes play important roles like fermenting fibers in the gut, producing vitamins, regulating immunity, and inhibiting pathogens. Homeostasis between the human and microbial cells is important for health.
Biological classification
The document summarizes R.H. Whittaker's five kingdom classification system from 1969. It describes the key characteristics of each kingdom - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Monera contains prokaryotic organisms like bacteria and archaea. Protista contains unicellular eukaryotes. Fungi are heterotrophic organisms that absorb nutrients. Plantae contains photosynthetic eukaryotes. Animalia are multicellular heterotrophs that ingest food. The classification system aimed to group organisms based on cell structure, nutrition, and evolutionary relationships.
Lichens
Lichens are symbiotic associations between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. The fungus provides shelter and nutrients to the photosynthetic partner in exchange for food. Lichens can reproduce sexually through fungal structures or asexually by fragmentation or dispersal of soredia and isidia. They are found worldwide in diverse environments and have various ecological roles including nitrogen fixation and pollution monitoring.
Soil Flora
Roots of plants and their decay contribute organic matter to soil which provides nutrients for microorganisms and plants. Bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and algae are important microflora in soil. Bacteria are the most abundant and come in various shapes. Fungi form networks and reproduce sexually and asexually. Actinomycetes are filamentous bacteria that degrade resistant organic compounds. Algae include single-celled and multicellular forms found in water and soil and are important for photosynthesis.
Chapter 2 biological classification
This document discusses the evolution of biological classification systems from early attempts based on use and morphology to more modern scientific approaches. It describes how Aristotle initially classified organisms based on simple morphological characteristics, while Linnaeus developed a two kingdom system of Plantae and Animalia. However, this did not adequately distinguish key differences and many organisms did not fit into either category. The five kingdom system proposed by Whittaker in 1969 introduced the kingdoms of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia based on criteria like cell structure, body organization, nutrition and phylogeny. This system attempted to group organisms more scientifically based on evolutionary relationships rather than just morphology.
Chapter 2 - Ecosystems - Science 10E
This document provides an overview of key concepts in ecology, including:
- Ecosystems are made up of biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors that interact in complex ways. Nutrients cycle through ecosystems via producers, consumers, and decomposers.
- Ecological pyramids illustrate the transfer of energy and biomass between trophic levels in an ecosystem, with higher levels containing fewer and smaller organisms due to energy losses between levels.
- Symbiotic relationships between species include mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism, with examples like cleaner fish and anemone crabs demonstrating mutualism.
Chapter2
This document provides an overview of key concepts in ecology, including:
- Ecosystems are made up of biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors that interact in complex ways. Nutrients cycle through ecosystems via producers, consumers, and decomposers.
- Ecological pyramids illustrate the transfer of energy and biomass between trophic levels in an ecosystem, with higher levels containing fewer and smaller organisms due to energy losses between levels.
- Symbiotic relationships between species include mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism, with examples like cleaner fish and their client fish demonstrating mutualism.
Biology - Chp 20 - Protists - PowerPoint
Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi. They were likely the first eukaryotes to evolve on Earth. Protists obtain their nutrition in different ways, such as photosynthesis like plants or consuming other organisms like animals. They play important roles in ecosystems by contributing to photosynthesis in oceans and recycling organic materials on land and in water. However, some protists can also cause harmful algal blooms or plant diseases.
Similar to Mutualism (20)
Nutritional-classification-of-microorganisms (part 2)
Nutritional-classification-of-microorganisms (part 2)
Recently uploaded
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
This presentation covers the content and information on "Cytokines " and their role in immune regulation .
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Bordettela is a gram negative cocobacilli spread by air born drop let
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Recently uploaded (20)
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
Mutualism
- 1. Presentation by: A.Abinaya Kalyani III B.Sc Microbiology
- 3. Mutualism occurs on the association of two populations in which there occurs a close and often permanent and obligatory contact, where both the populations are benefitted is called mutualism. The term mutualism was first coined by Debary (1877) and literally means ‘living together’.
- 4. Mutualism (latin mutus means borrowed) defines the relationship between two organisms which are mutually benefitted. The relationship is an obligatory relationship. Mutualism may lead to evolution of new organisms. This interaction happens between two organism when they are in need of resources such as food, light and space. The organisms which are in mutualistic relationship metabolically depend on each other. When the organisms in this interactions are seperated they will not survive.
- 5. The mutualistic organisms lose their individuality and become a single organism. Some of the relationships are explained below: Lichens are organisms of symbiotic association in which a highly specialised fungal partner (mycobiont) inhabits in itself an algal patner (phycobiont). It is a thallus of undifferentiated tissues because of two symbionts. The fungal component mostly belong to class Ascomycetes.
- 6. Lichens are cosmopolitan in distribution, found in varied habitats from mountain tops to sea shores based on which they are of three different types: Saxicoles which grow on rocks, usually in cold areas. Corticoles which grow on barks of trees usually in the tropical and subtropical areas. Terriclies which grow in soil, in hot areas.
- 8. Here algae and protozoa exhibit mutualism. Paramaecium hosts Chorella within its cytoplasm. Presence of chorella allows the protozoan to move into anaerobic habitats as long as there is sufficient light. The foraminiferans (protozoa) lodge pyrrophycophycean members (red algae) within their cells. The algae import red colour to the protozoans and each protozoan can contain about 50-100 algal cells. There are few bacterial symbionts within protozoans. Endosymbiotic methanogens have been found in anaerobic ciliate protozoans living within the rumen, for example, Methanobacterium, Methanocarpusculum and Methanoplanus.They faclitate material exchange between the protozoan membranes and the bacterias
- 10. Rumen bacteria in a deer stomach allow the deer to digest cellulose while the bacteria grow in warm environment.
- 11. Bees collect nectar from flowers which they make into food. When they land on the flower they get pollen stuck to their bodies. They spread this pollen to other flowers, pollinating the plants.
- 12. The nitrogen fixing bacteria (Rhizobium) that live in the nodules of the roots of the leguminous plants.
- 13. Bacteria lives in the intestines of humans. The bacteia helps the human by digesting food that the human cannot. They get a meal and the humans able to digest the food.
- 14. In Conclusion, somehow all creatures are related together, directly and indirectly. Mutualism is the way of two or more species cooperate together to survive.