Here I would like to inform you in host selection process by the parasitiods.I hope It would increase your understanding on the steps involved n the host selection process.............................
insect population estimation, nature of sampling , stage to be counted, collection methods , models used for sampling, methods of samples, sample size, nature of samples
Here I would like to inform you in host selection process by the parasitiods.I hope It would increase your understanding on the steps involved n the host selection process.............................
insect population estimation, nature of sampling , stage to be counted, collection methods , models used for sampling, methods of samples, sample size, nature of samples
the repeated use of the same chemical which has the same mode of action that leads to the loss of insect sensitivity and also heritable change would occur in the genome nothing but resistance that means the population not able to control with the normal dose need to develop resistant management strategies
Role of Synergists in Resistance ManagementJayantyadav94
Any chemical which in itself is not toxic to insects as dosages used, but when combined with an insecticide greatly enhances the toxicity of insecticide is known as synergist. Process of activation is synergism. Helps in penetration and stabilization of insecticides, and prevents the detoxification of insecticides
Biological control (from the ecological viewpoint) is, “the action of parasites, predators, or pathogens in maintaining another organism's population density at a lower average than would occur in their absence.”
the repeated use of the same chemical which has the same mode of action that leads to the loss of insect sensitivity and also heritable change would occur in the genome nothing but resistance that means the population not able to control with the normal dose need to develop resistant management strategies
Role of Synergists in Resistance ManagementJayantyadav94
Any chemical which in itself is not toxic to insects as dosages used, but when combined with an insecticide greatly enhances the toxicity of insecticide is known as synergist. Process of activation is synergism. Helps in penetration and stabilization of insecticides, and prevents the detoxification of insecticides
Biological control (from the ecological viewpoint) is, “the action of parasites, predators, or pathogens in maintaining another organism's population density at a lower average than would occur in their absence.”
Characteristics of pet/virus , plant disease , pest life cycle, regarding and repeating plant disease , selecting treatment methods, Control plant pest / virus .
Parasitoids and Predators, their attributes.Bhumika Kapoor
Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although some rove beetles (see Predators) and other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids.
where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.
Commonly used European and western country used that predatory mite.
In especially green house crops to manage phytophagous mite along with thrips.
Predatory mites deserve special mention in an agricultural country like India, where agriculture is always under threat of constant pest attack.
Predatory mites of the family phytoseiidae constitute a highly significant beneficial group on account of their vital role in the maintenance of pest population below EIL.
Predatory mites are now valued with growers worldwide as natural enemies that provide effective pest control in green house and on agricultural crops
Phytoseiid mites have received global attention since the 1950’s.
The species of Phytoseiidae are potentially important as a biotic factor in the control of phytophagous mites particularly Tetranychid and Eriophid mites.
Mass multiplication
Insect order collembola are also known as Springtails. here the detail about this order mentioned like what are its families and what are its economic importances.
Hymenoptera is one of the largest orders of insects and includes many species of bees, wasps, hornets, sawflies, and ants. The word Hymenoptera is derived from the ancient Greek words for hymen, meaning membrane, and pteron, translated to wing. Over 130 000 species are recognized, with many more yet to be described.
Dr. Curtis Young - Beneficial Insects and Cover CropsJohn Blue
Beneficial Insects and Cover Crops - Dr. Curtis Young, OSU Extension, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Similar to Evolution of Resource Harvesting Organs with Resilience of Insects and Role of Plants for Sustenance of Insect Diversity (20)
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. Introduction
v Theinsecta are by far the most species-richtaxon.
v Several hypotheses have been propounded to
explain the evolution of the striking diversity of
the Insecta and in particular of herbivorous
insects.
vAnew insect taxon could become established only
if another was excluded by competition and
becameextinct.
3. Evolutionary diversity of insect ears
•Insects are among the oldest land animals, and exist for
more than 400 millionyears.
•Among insects, tympanal earsevolved at least
18 times, resulting in adiversity of auditory systems.
•Insects use their ears in different behavioural contexts,
mainly intraspecific communication for mate attraction,
predator avoidance, and parasitic host localisation.
4. Evolutionary origin of auditory behaviour
v It is driven by natural and sexual selection, insect ears
evolved mainly for intraspecific communication and
predator detection.
v The most prominent example is between bats and
nocturnal flying insects.
v Ears of bats should be highly sensitive to ultrasound.
Hemiptera of small body size use ancestrally tymbal
mechanisms to generate vibration signals and Cicadidae
produce auditory sounds by identical means of tymbal
mechanisms.
5. Ten regions where tympanal
organs have evolved within
insect groups
1. Lepidoptera; Sphingidae
2. Orthoptera; Ensifera
3. Diptera; Tachinidae
4. Mantodea; Mantidae
5. Lepidoptera;
Geometroidea and
Pyraloidea
6. Orthoptera; Acrididae
7. Hemiptera; Cicadidae
8. Lepidoptera; Noctuoidea
9. Hemiptera; Corixidae
10. Neuroptera; Chrysopidae
6. Evolutionary origin of insect wings
Theories of wing origin:
1.Paranotal theory
2.Epicoxal theory
3.Endite- Exite theory
14. But lacking the tarsus, where the wing’s coastal
surface normally would be.
15. Role of Plants for sustenance of insect diversity
Various factors have been proposed as agents of
selection in the evolution of the specialistic feeding
habit of herbivorous insects.
Themain factors are:
(1) coping with plant secondarymetabolites
(2) avoiding competition
(3) reducing mortality fromnatural enemies.
16. Coping with plant secondary metabolites
• Insects that are capable of detoxifying one class of plant
compound usually cannot detoxify a very different class of
secondary metabolites.
• Specialist insects using the same plant taxon have evolved
different detoxification or excretion mechanisms to avoid the
impact of the samesecondary plantmetabolites.
• These are steroidal compounds responsible for moulting, growth
and maturation of insects.
• It is produced by prothoracicgland.
• An exciting investigation has shown that a single plant gene can
determine whether the plant will be included in the diet of insect
herbivores.
17. Herbivory
v Herbivory (phytophagy): Leafchewing , sapsacking,
seedpredation, gall inducing, leafmining
v Insect-plant mutualism –pollination and plantinsect
food for defence relationshipsHerbivory
v Chewersmost diverse of theleaf chewing insects are
the Coleoptera and Lepidoptera.
v Insects eat leaves,roots, shoots, stems, andflowers or
fruits
v Chewing insects possessmandibulate mouthparts
v Mandibles serve to cut and grindfood
v Mandibles are highly sclerotized to reducewear
v High silica content and cellulose canact asresistance to
herbivory
18. Mining and boring
• Insects live in between 2 epidermal layers of aleaf.
Damageappears astunnels , blotches or blisters.
• Independently evolved in 4 orders : Diptera,Lepidoptera,
Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera
• Different speciesmay excavate different layers of leaf
parenchyma or reside in particularleaf
• Fruit boring
• Stem boring
• Wood borers
• Stalk boring
• Plant boring
20. Sap sucking
• Drains plants resources by tapping into xylem and
phloem
• Hemipterans exemplify this strategy through
haustellate mouth parts and Serves to pierce
tissues and suckliquid food.
• Labium modified into asheath enclosingstylet
maxillae
• Stylets pierce cuticle and canchangeorientation
• Foodchannels empties into cibarialcavity
22. Chewers
• No relative sizerestrictions
• Heavymechanical damage
• Facedwith indigestible compounds andtoxins
Suckers
• Restricted to arelatively smallsize
• Avoid mechanical damage (but still damaging)
• Avoid indigestible compounds and mosttoxins
• Xylem less suitable
23.
24. Gall makers
• Gallsconsists of pathologically developed cells, tissues
or organs of plants that have arisen by hypertrophy
and/or hyperplasia asa result of stimulation from
foreign organisms.
• Orders that makesgalls;Hemiptera Diptera
Hymenoptera
25. Pollination
• A pollinator
moves pollen
is an animal that
from the male anther of
aflower to the female stigma ofaflower.
• This helps to bring about fertilization of the
ovules in the flower by the male gametes
from the pollengrains.
• Apollinator is different from apollenizer.
• A plant that is a source of pollen for the
pollination process.
26. Types of pollinators
Bees
• Themost recognized pollinators are the
various speciesof bees, which areplainly
adapted to pollination.
• Beestypically are fuzzy andcarry
an electrostatic charge.
• Both features help pollen grains adhere to
their bodies, but theyalso have specialized
pollen-carrying structures
27. Honey bees
• Honey bees travel from flower to flower, collecting
nectar (later converted tohoney), and pollen grains.
• The bee collects the pollen by rubbing against the
anthers.
• Nectar provides the energy for bee nutrition; pollen
provides the protein.
• Good pollination management seeks to have bees in
a "building" state during the bloom period of the
crop, thus requiring them to
gather pollen, and making them
more efficientpollinators.
28. Other insects
• Many insects other than beesaccomplish pollination by
visiting flowers for nectar or pollen, or commonly both.
• Many do so adventitiously, but the most important
pollinators are specialists for at least parts of their
lifecycles for at least certainfunctions.
• Many bee flies, and someTabanidaeand Nemestrinidae
are particularly adapted to pollinating fynbos and
Karoo plants with narrow, deep corolla tubes, such as
Lapeirousia species.
29.
30. Predation
• Predation is a biological interaction where a predator feeds on its
prey.
• An insect predator is large in size, active in habits and have
structural adoptions for catching the prey with well
development senceorgans and capacity for swiftmovements.
• Theimportant entomophagous predators are:
Ø Dragonflies(Odonata): Thenaiads feed on aquatic insects and the
adult on insects like mosquitoes, flies and moths while on the
wings.
Ø Praying mantids(Dictyoptera): feed upon flies, grasshopper and
caterpillers.
Ø Lady bird beetle(Coccinellidae): feed on soft body insects.
Ø Tiger beetle( cicindellidae): Cicindella spp. feed upon avariety of
insects.
Ø Ground beetle(Carabidae): feed upon Opisina arenosella.
32. Parasitism
• Parasitism is anon-mutual relationship between specieswhere
one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the
host.
• Types:Insect parasitism is of fourkinds:
a. Simple parasitism: Thisterm is applied when there is asingle attack of
the parasitoid on the host.irrespective of the number of the eggs laid.
b. Super parasitism: Parasitization of ahost by more than oneparasitic
individual usually of one kind -used especially of parasitic insects.
c. Multiple parasitism: Acondition in which parasites of differentspecies
parasitize asingle host, in contrast to superparasitism or
hyperparasitism.
d. Hyperparasitism: It meansattack of aparasitiod on an insect which.is
already aparasite asin the caseof bethylid and braconid parasites of
Opisina arenosella.
36. Herbivory: an arms race
Insects attack
consume plants
Plants defend
against being eaten
warfare
37. The arms race: coevolution
Successful
consumer
New defenses
Successful
defender
New offenses
stepwise reciprocal changes
38. The arms race: a typical example
Insect resistant to toxin 3
Insect resistant to toxin2
Insect resistant to toxin1
Insect eats plant
Plants make toxin 1
Plants make toxin 2
Plants make toxin 3
Plants make toxin 4
39. Arms: diversity of plant defenses
• Avoidance---escape from herbivores, no actual feeding.
• Resistance---reduce fitness of insects after contact
• Tolerance---to stand and take it simply by outgrowing
the damage---compensatory growth
40. Plant defenses: avoidance
• Escape in time
• Escape in space
• Chemical
escape
(repellent
production,
no attractant)
• Morphological
escape
• Heliconius
butterflies
avoid laying
eggs on plants
already
occupied by
eggs
• Plants
Passiflora
create fake
yellow
eggs
41. Plant defenses: Resistance
• Morphological resistance
– hairs, spines, hook, sticky glands,
immobilizing insects or puncturing their body
wall
• Chemical resistance
– Various toxic compounds
• Mechanical resistance
– squirt-gun
43. Morphological resistance : thorns
• The pronounced
thorns endowed upon
the trunk of this tree
even can fend off
vertebrate herbivores,
such as sloths and
monkeys.
49. Behavioral offense: trenching
avoid intoxication by
trenching the laticifers
upstream of their intended
feeding site (Wittstock &
Gershenzon, 2002)
Larvae of Erinnyis alope
starting to feed after servering
(trenching) a Carica papaya
51. Behavioral offense: gardening
l Leaf cutter ants
(Azteca) use leaf
material and flower
to culture a fungal
garden (facilitate
food storage and
toxin degradation),
which is then used
for food.
52. Behavioral offense :gregarious feeding
(group counterdefense)
l Sunn Pest: gregarious feeding on wheat
l increases host plant susceptibility
l Pine beetle: calling for help if needed
53. Insect’s counterdefenses:
Biochemical counterdefense
• Rapid excretion
• Sequestration of toxins
• Detoxification of toxins: cytochrome P450
monooxygenase (P450), esterase,
glutathione-S-transferase (GST), etc.
• Target site insensitivity
57. Biochemical counterdefense:
target site insensitivity
Na+,K+-ATPase is sensitive to ouabain (a cardiac
glycoside). In Monarch butterflies a single-point mutation
resulted in insensitive ATPase.
Other example: induction of proteases in herbivore gut,
which are insensitive of proteinase inhibitors
61. Plant-insect signaling interactions
• Are all plant defenses (or insect
counterdefenses) expressed (or present)
all the time? Why or why not?
• If yes, are they expressed at their highest
level all the time? Why or why not?
63. Plant-insect signaling interactions: constitutive
vs. induced defense or counterdefense
Constitutive
l Present round-the-clock
l Predictable interactive
partners (e.g., specialist
herbivores)
l Pre-pay and fix the cost of
defense / counterdefense
no matter they are needed
or not
l Permanent protection. No
signal input required in
either side.
Induced
l Present or up-regulated only when
the interacting individuals
encounter each other
l Unpredictable interactive partners
(generalist herbivores)
l Defer the cost of
defense/counterdefense until they
are needed. But there is a lag time.
l Temporary protection. Signal input
from the other side needed
64. Plant-insect signaling interactions:
signals that plants receive from
herbivores and other plants
• Wounding: feeding or mechanical damages
• Herbivore-associated molecular patterns
(HAMPs)
– Chemicals: Fatty acid-amino acid conjugate
(FAC), caeliferins, 2-hydroxyoctadecatrienoic
acid, bruchins, and benzyl cyanide
– Enzymes: Glucose oxidase, β-glucosidase
– Proteolytic fragments of plant protein or
enzymes: e.g. inceptin (ICDINGVCVDA) from
plant chloroplastic
ATP synthase
• Talking tree: volatiles emitted from infested plants
65. Wounding and HAMPs trigger production of
endogenous plant defense signals
• Plant peptide hormones
– Systemin: mainly in the Solanaceae family
– HypSys pepetides: mainly in the Solanaceae family
– AtPep1: throughout the plant kingdom
• Plant defense signaling hormones
– JA (jasmonic acid), Ethylene (ET), SA (salicylic acid) :
well-characterized
– abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, gibberellic acid (GA),
cytokinin (CK), and brassinosteroids (BR)
66. Signals that plants received from
herbivores: wounding
O
COOH
•Wounding often leads to accumulation of plant defense signal molecules
such as JA, salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene (E), which are plant
hormones
• Plant defense hormones are systemic signals
•JA lead to production of the end defense products such as allelochemicals
and proteinase inhibitors (PIs)
JA: Jasmonic acid
67. Signals that plants received from herbivores: HAMP
JAburst Ethylene burst
Direct defense: nicotin
Kessler & Baldwin 2002
Elicitors modulate
defense response
68. Signals that plants received: volatiles
emitted from infested plants
• Dolch & Tscharntke (2000)
Field experiment:
Alnus
leaf
damage
(%)
eggs
per
leaf
distance
distance from defoliated tree (m)
• Volatile organic compounds (VOCs): terpenes, green leafy volatiles
• Methyljasmonate (MeJA)
• Talking tree
69. Plant-insect signaling interactions:
signals that insects received from plants
• Plant defense compounds (end products)
– Allelochemicals
– Proteinase inhibitors (PIs)
• Plant defense signaling hormones
– JA
– SA
– Ethylene
