Mosquitoes: introduction
There are about 3000 species of mosquito, of which about 100 are vectors of human diseases
Mosquitoes and ticks account for the majority of transmissions of the most important vector-borne diseases, although some close relatives of mosquitoes also get involved, including sand flies and black flies.
Mosquitoes: behavior
Female mosquitoes feed on animals and humans
Attracted by the body odours, carbon dioxide and heat emitted from the animal or person
Some species prefer biting at certain hours, for example at dusk and dawn or in the middle of the night
Feeding usually takes place during the night but daytime biting also occurs
Some species prefer to feed in forests, some outside of houses, others indoors.
Zoonoses : are infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and people.
The term zoonosis'Derived from the Greek
ZOON (animals) and NOSES (diseases)
People, animals, birds, arthropods and the inanimate environment are all involved in cycles of zoonotic infection
Arthropods form a major group of disease vectors with mosquitoes, flies, sand flies, lice, fleas, ticks and mites transmitting a huge number of diseases.
Many such vectors are haematophagous, which feed on blood at some or all stages of their lives.
Oriental rat fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis) are bloodsucking parasites of warm blooded animals (mainly rodents).These act as vector for may disease causing organisms like Yersinia pestis, which cause plague and murine typhus.
Zoonoses : are infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and people.
The term zoonosis'Derived from the Greek
ZOON (animals) and NOSES (diseases)
People, animals, birds, arthropods and the inanimate environment are all involved in cycles of zoonotic infection
Arthropods form a major group of disease vectors with mosquitoes, flies, sand flies, lice, fleas, ticks and mites transmitting a huge number of diseases.
Many such vectors are haematophagous, which feed on blood at some or all stages of their lives.
Oriental rat fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis) are bloodsucking parasites of warm blooded animals (mainly rodents).These act as vector for may disease causing organisms like Yersinia pestis, which cause plague and murine typhus.
this ppt describes the importance of medical entomolgy.contents are described using pictograms and photographs.useful for students of mbbs and for teaching purposes.
Mosquitoes belong to the insect family Culicidae, with over 3,000 species known to exist throughout the world. They are blood-suckers and because of this habit, they may vector and transmit some of the most significant infectious disease of humans and animals alike including malaria, equine encephalitis, dog heartworm, filarial nematodes, e.t.c. mosquitoes can be found in a wide variety of habitats including stagnant water, swamps, weedy sides of streams, e.t.c. changes in the environment such as rainfall changes, agricultural changes, and human habitations can however afftect their distribution. The control of mosquitoes involves the use of Insecticides-treated (bed) nets (ITNs), predators such as mosquito fish, Gambusia, larvacides, Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS), use of mosquitos’ repellents, and the elimination of breeding sites. In order for the control strategies to be effective, studies on the biology and ecology of mosquitoes should be encouraged.
HCM 124 lecture 9 medical entomology.pptxelphaswalela
I. OBJECTIVES
1
•To demonstrate good aseptic technique in culture transfer or inoculation and in
handling sterile materials.
•To demonstrate skil in isolation of organisms from a mixed culture using selectve
and differential media.
•To isoate microorganisms from a wide variety of sources and describe their colonial
morphology.
II. INTRODUCTION
Most environments carry a mixed microbial population. To fully appreciate the
contribution of each group of organisms to the ecology of the mass, one must first
dissect this mixed culture to obtain single colonies. The single colony is transferred
(picked) to a fresh medium to obtain a larger, homogeneous culture that may be studied
and characterized by a variety of techniques. One suchtechnique is caled aseptic
technique. Microbiologists and health workers use this technique to prevent
contamination of cultures from outside sources and to prevent the introduction of
potential disease agents into the human body (nfection can occur through contamination
of your hands and clothing with material from your bacterial cultures).
Aseptic Techniques
Aseptic techniques (also called sterile techniques) are defined as the processes
required for transferring a culture from one vessel to anotherwithout introducing any
additional organisms to the cuture or contaminating the environment with the culture.
The following conditions must exist for aseptic technique to be successful:
1. The work area must be wiped with an antiseptic to reduce the number of potential
contaminants.
2. The transfer instruments must be sterile.
3. The work must be accomplished quicky and efficiently to minimize the time of
exposure during which contamnation of the culture or laboratory worker can occur.
Developing a thorough understanding and knowledge of aseptic techniques and
culture transfer procedures is a prerequisite to working with microbiological cutures. You
wll save yourself a lot of time and energy and avoid erroneous results if a few simple
and common sense rules are observed when working with cultures.
Dr. Eby Bassiri ebassiri@sas.upenn.edu
Importance of study of immature stages of insects in agricultureSanju Thorat
The type of life cycle will vary with the insect-pest. However, most pests have certain weak points during their life cycle when they are the most vulnerable to manage. Some insect are predators, either as larvae or in both larval and adult stages. The decomposition of organic waste, such as dung and manures are an important ecosystem process which is largely provided by insects. Insect as food for animals and human being. The knowledge regarding immature stages of insect-pests and understand site of oviposition, site of pupation and larval behaviour can allow for timely and effective management, thus we can reduction in the qualitative and quantitative losses of yield and increase the profit.
Medical entomology "the need to know about little creatures"vckg1987
very important tpic for public health expertise. this presentation includes the from womgb to tomb of mosquitoes. which in clear sense means from their larval life cycle to control management.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Mosquitoes vectors of malaria and their control
1. UNIVERSITY OF BUEA
DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY
SCIENCES
TAKU NELSON ORU
Bsc Medical Laboratory Science
Email:nelsonoru11@gmail.com
1
2. MOSQUITOES VECTORS OF MALARIA AND
THEIR CONTROL
Mosquitoes as disease vectors plays a very important
role in the transmission of human diseases like ;
dengue, microfilaria and malaria.
2
4. ANSWER
Many of us view mosquitoes as more of an annoyance
than a threat, but the tiny insects are far and away the
deadliest animals on earth.
The World Health Organisation estimates that 725,000
people are killed each year by mosquito-born diseases.
A staggering 200 million people are at least temporarily
incapacitated by malaria alone, of which 600,000 die.
Dengue fever, yellow fever and encephalitis are also
deadly diseases carried by mosquitoes.
At least one influential individual is spreading the word
about the killer insects.
4
5. MOSQUITOES: INTRODUCTION
There are about 3000 species of mosquito, of which
about 100 are vectors of human diseases
Mosquitoes and ticks account for the majority of
transmissions of the most important vector-borne
diseases, although some close relatives of
mosquitoes also get involved, including sand flies
and black flies
5
7. MOSQUITOES: BIOLOGY
Mosquitoes differ from the other biting Diptera in having a
long slender body, long legs and long needle-shaped
mouthparts
The wings sometimes have discernible patterns of scales
The adult insects measure between 2 mm and 12.5 mm in
length
Some species bite in the morning or evening and at night
Species may bite indoors or out of doors.
7
11. LIFE CYCLE CONT…
Female mosquitoes usually lay about 30-300 eggs
at one oviposition.
Larvae will emerge after 2-3 days in the tropics,
and 7-14 days in cooler temperature weather
There are four active larval stages.
All larvae require water to develop
11
12. LIFE CYCLE CONT
Mosquito larvae feed on yeasts, bacteria, protozoa and
numerous other plants, microorganisms found in the
water.
Some of them are surface-feeders (e.g. Anopheles),
while many others browse over the bottom.
Larval development ranged from 5-7 days to 7-14 days
(in the tropics)
12
13. LIFE CYCLE CONT…
All mosquito pupae are aquatic and coma shaped
Pupae do not feed, but spend most of their time at the
water surface taking in air through respiratory trumpets.
When disturbed, they will swim up and down in a jerky
fashion.
13
15. MOSQUITOES: BEHAVIOR
Female mosquitoes feed on animals and humans
Attracted by the body odours, carbon dioxide and heat
emitted from the animal or person
Some species prefer biting at certain hours, for example
at dusk and dawn or in the middle of the night
Feeding usually takes place during the night but daytime
biting also occurs
Some species prefer to feed in forests, some outside of
houses, others indoors.
15
17. MALARIA VECTORS AND THEIR
PATHOGENS
Disease Pathogen Vector species
Malaria Plasmodium vivax Anopheles sp.
P. falciparum
P.malariae
P. ovale
p.knowlesi
17
18. Anopheline eggs are laid singly
on the water surface, possess
floats
All Aedes lay their eggs singly,
on the ground, at or above the
waterline, never possess floats
Culex eggs are deposited in
rafts of 100 or more
Anopheline – larvae never
have a siphon. Lie parallel to
water surface
Culicinae – all larvae have a
short or long siphon. Subtend
an angle from the water
surface
Anophelines rest in a position
where their head, thorax, and
abdomen are in a straight line,
usually at an angle of 40 to
90°, whereas the culicines rest
in a position almost parallel to
the surface.
Characteristics of anophelines and culicines. (From Pictorial Keys to Some Arthropods and Mammals of
Public Health Importance, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Services,
Washington, D.C., 1964.)
18
19. ANOPHELES: BIOLOGY
About 380 species of Anopheles occur around the
world
Some 60 species are sufficiently attracted to
humans to act as vectors of malaria.
19
20. ANOPHELES: BEHAVIOR
Anopheles mosquitoes are active between sunset and
sunrise.
Each species has specific peak biting hours, and there
are also variations in their preference for biting indoors or
outdoors.
The anophelines that enter houses to feed often rest
indoors for a few hours after feeding.
They may then leave for outdoor sheltered resting sites,
among them vegetation, rodent burrows, cracks and
crevices in trees or in the ground, caves and the
undersides of bridges.
20
21. BEHAVIUORS CONT…
Alternatively, they may stay indoors for the whole period
needed to digest the blood-meal and produce eggs.
Indoor resting is most common in dry or windy areas
where safe outdoor resting sites are scarce.
Once the eggs are fully developed the gravid
mosquitoes leave their resting sites and try to find a
suitable breeding habitat.
Many Anopheles species feed on both humans and
animals.
They differ, however, in the degree to which they prefer
one over the other.
Some species feed mostly on animals while others feed
almost entirely on humans.
The latter species are the more dangerous as vectors of
malaria. 21
22. ANOPHELES: HEALTH IMPORTANT
Important malaria vectors :
An. aconitus
An. balabacensis
An. dirus
An. donaldi
An. flavirostris
An. letifer
An. leucosphyrus
An. maculatus
An. minimus
An. nigerrimus
An. subpictus
An. sundaicus
22
23. INTEGRATED VECTOR CONTROL APPROACH
No single method is likely to provide a solution in all situations.
The present trend is to adapt a IVC approach.
Vector control approach combining two or more methods with
a view to obtain maximum results with minimum efforts.
“Integrated vector control approach is the present trend for
vector control defined as utilization of all appropriate
technological and management techniques to bring out an
effective degree of vector suppression in a cost effective
manner and also to avoid the overuse of one of the methods”.
Selection of methods is not possible without detailed field
information on the ecology, bionomics of vectors, role in
disease transmission.
23
24. VECTOR CONTROL
Vector control is any method to limit or eradicate the mammals, birds,
insects or other arthropods (here collectively
called "vectors") which transmit disease pathogens.This can be
achieved in various ways;
1.Habitat and environmental control:
Removing or reducing areas where vectors can easily bred can
linit their growth. For example;
Stagnant water removal, destruction of old tires and cans
which serve as mosquito breeding environments.
Reducing the prevalence of open defecation or improving the
designs and maintenance of pit latrines.
24
25. CONTROL CONT…
2.Personal protection
- Personal protection methods, used by individuals or
small groups of people to protect themselves from biting
insects and the diseases they may carry, act by
preventing contact between the human body and the
insects
- Repellents
- Protective clothing
- Insecticide vaporizers
-Impregnated Mosquito nets
25
26. CHEMICAL CONTROL
Larvicides :Bacillus thuringiensis iserailensis (Bti)-
Endotoxin : 2.5% suspension, 1 lit/50 m2, once every 2
weeks.
Insecticides:- e.g Malathion, Permethrin, Methoprene,
Resmethrin
Rodenticides
Repellents: DEET, indalone, diethyl benzamide,
dimethyl phathalate.
26
28. Highly toxic to insect larvae or pupae, interfering with
development into adults. Used in large scales in US
Safe to human beings and environment.
1. Juvenile hormone analogues: prevent development of
larvae into pupa or pupae into adult. Ex. Methoprene
2. Chitin synthesis inhibitors: interfere with moulting
process, killing larvae when they moult. Act more
rapidly.
Ex. Diflubenzuron and Triflumoron.
28
29. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Natural enemies into the environment-includes
Insects, Viruses, Bacteria, Protozoa, Fungi and
Fish.
Only two of them have become widely employed.
They are Larvivorous fish and Biolarvicides.
29
30. 1.Larvivorous fish
Feed on mosquito larvae.
Easy, practical, cheap; they have no food value.
They should have the following characteristics
Preference for mosquito larvae over other types of food
Small size
High reproduction rate
Tolerance to pollution, temperature fluctuation &
transportation.
Two species are widely used-
Gambusia - clean water, tolerate wide range of temperature,
pH water salinities.
Guppy- Polluted water, cannot survive <10 degree C.
30
31. Useful in ornamental tanks, wells, Garden ponds, fountains,
swimming pools, large water collection.
Approximately 5 fish per sq.m of water surface.
Advantages
a. Long term effective control measure.
b. Cost effective.
c. Environmentally safe.
d. Controls variety of mosquito species.
Disadvantages
a. Effective when large numbers eventually establish
themselves.
b. takes 1-2 months; not suitable - quick anti larval measures are
needed.
needed.
31
32. It is applied at 0.5 gm/sq.m
250gm of B. thuringiensis is mixed with 10 L of water to
make 2.5% suspension & sprayed at 1L over 50 sq.m
every 2 weeks.
Bacillus sphaericus
It also produces toxin.
It is more effective in polluted water - suitable for
treatment of breeding sites of Culex.
500gm of B. sphaericus with 10 L of water to make 5%
suspension & it is sprayed at 1 L over 50 sq.m. every 3
weeks.
Others Biolarvicides-
Fungi- Coelomyces, Culicinomyces,
Nematodes – Romanomermis cluicivorax and R. iyengari.
32
33. Methods such as
1. sterile male technique
2. Cytoplasmic incompatability
3. Chromosomal translocations
4. Sex distortion
5. Gene replacement
Limitations:
1. Lack of mating competitiveness released males.
2. Immigration of fertile females from regions close to the
release sites.
33
