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Invasive Species
This document provides information on invasive plant species and plant pests and pathogens. It defines native and exotic plants, and explains that invasive species are non-native species that cause economic or environmental harm. Several common invasive ornamental plants are described, as well as how invasives are introduced and why they are successful. Control methods including mechanical, chemical, and effective herbicide treatments are summarized. The document also provides an overview of plant pests and pathogens, describing different types of damage and examples like gypsy moth, emerald ash borer, and sudden oak death disease.
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Invasive Species
- 1. Invasive Plant Species NevinDawson University of Maryland Extension Sylvan Kaufman Sylvan Green Earth
- 2. Native v. Exotic Native Thousands of years of co-evolution with other native plants and animals Exotic Introduced from other parts of the country or world Exists outside of the system that it evolved in Not necessarily invasive (1,000 of 4,000)
- 3. Invasive v. Non-Invasive As per Executive Order 13112 an "invasive species" is defined as a species that is: 1) non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem under consideration and 2) whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. Noxious Weeds: defined by MD Weed Control Law; required to be removed: johnsongrass, shattercane, and thistles
- 4. Primer on Invasives How they get started Imported in packing material or ballast water Intentionally introduced: “seemed like a good idea at the time” Erosion control Ornamental
- 5. Primer on Invasives Why they are successful Easy to grow Quick solution to a problem Easy landscaping Lack of knowledge of consequences Similar to Superman No natural enemies Easy to compete in the local climate/site
- 6. Primer on Invasives Their impact Damages and losses of more than $138 billion per year nationally* Crowd out native species Reduce food and cover sources for native species Reduce biodiversity *Pimentel, D.; R. Zuniga and D., Morrison (2005). "Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States.". Ecological Economics 52: 273–288. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.10.002
- 7. Ornamental Plants • Englishivy (Hedera helix) • Oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus) • Eulalia, flame grass, zebra grass (Miscanthus sinensis) • Burning bush (Euonymus alatus) • Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii) • Privet (Ligustrum spp) • Norway maple (Acer platanoides)
- 8. Microstegium vimineum, Japanese stiltgrass Used for packing oriental porcelain Shade tolerant Changes soil conditions
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- 11. Oriental Bittersweet (Clastrus orbiculatus) •Can establish in dense shade, grows along woodland edges, forest gaps • Competitive advantage over native bittersweet through photosynthetic efficiency • Climbs over trees increasing possibility of wind damage, girdles smaller trees
- 12. Lonicera japonica Japanese honeysuckle Introduced to Long Island in 1806 Promoted for ornamental use, wildlife Girdles trees, dense groundcover Semi-evergreen to evergreen
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- 14. Polygonum perfoliatum Mile-a-minute vine Accidental introduction in Rhododendrons from Asia Can grow 6”/day Found in young forests, stream edges, fallow fields
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- 18. Ailanthus altissima tree ofheaven Introduced 1748 to Philadelphia Chemicals from leaves and roots hinder growth of other plants Aggressive roots
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- 21. Garlic mustard • Growsin forest understories and edges • Reduces establishment of tree seedlings • Threat to survival of rare butterfly Pieris virginiensis
- 22. Phragmites australis, commonreed Native and non-native strains http://www.invasiveplants.net/diagnostic/diagnostic.asp
- 23. Control Measures Mechanical Hand pulling/cutting High labor cost Low dollar cost May require repetition Requires moderate access Mowing Moderate labor Moderate dollar cost Requires repetition Requires high access Grazing High cost Good for sites with difficult access Good for sensitive sites
- 26. Control Measures Chemical Labor varies Higher cost possible Moderate access required Possible collateral damage
- 27. Effective Herbicide Treatments Successwith herbicides requires • the most effective herbicide, • applied using the correct method, and • applied during the best time period.
- 29. Herbicide Effectiveness Broadspectrum, non-selective or narrow spectrum, selective - e.g. glyphosate vs. clopyralid Soil activity - e.g. glyphosate vs. imazapyr Air temperature - above 55 F and below 80 F Plant phenology - Evergreen vs. deciduous
- 30. Method and Timingof Application Foliar spray Wiping Hack-and-squirt or injection (late winter, summer, not in spring) Cut stump (late winter and summer) Basal bark treatment (late winter, early spring)
- 31. Sprayers John D. Byrd,Mississippi State UniversityUSDA Forest Service – Region 8 Archive
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- 33. Cut stump Photo fromtame.ifas.ufl.edu
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- 35. Pests and Pathogens NevinDawson, Forest Stewardship Educator University of Maryland Cooperative Extension Glenn (Dode) Gladders, Forest Health Specialist Delaware Forest Service Basic Biology and Current Threats
- 36. Basic Biology Abiotic Salt Drought Fertilizer Herbicide Frost/freeze Gas leak Air pollution Soil compaction
- 37. Basic Biology Damagetype Defoliation Boring and Girdling Sucking Galling
- 38. Basic Biology Defoliation Chewingmouthparts Mandibles tear off pieces of leaves Results in defoliation Plant loses ability to photosynthesize Mandible
- 39. Gypsy Moth (Lymantriadispar) Defoliates Larvae eats leaves in spring Over 732,000 acres in eastern US in 2005 19,279 acres defoliated in Maryland in 2008 Slows growth Trees become more sensitive to other factors Can be fatal if occurs two years in a row, or subjected to additional factors Prefer oak, but will feed on other hardwoods
- 40. Courtesy of SherryFrick and Biff Thompson
- 41. Courtesy of SherryFrick and Biff Thompson
- 42. Courtesy of SherryFrick and Biff Thompson
- 43. Courtesy of SherryFrick and Biff Thompson Egg masses 10-15‟ off ground
- 44. Basic Biology Girdling/Boring Chewingmouthparts Larval galleries sever flow of phloem and water May reduce structural integrity of tree
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- 46. Feed incambium and disrupt water/nutrient flow Found in PGs Co. in „04 Eradication effort in „05 Detected in „06 Re-eradication effort in „07 – ‟09 Monitoring and biocontrol till present Emerald Ash Borer
- 47. D-shaped exit holes Barksplits Serpentine galleries Symptoms of Attack by EAB Courtesy of Al Sawyer
- 48. David Roberts, MSU MI Deptof Agriculture The upper third of a tree dies back first, followed by the rest the next year. This is followed by many shoots or sprouts emerging below dead portions of the trunk. S-shaped galleries under bark Symptoms of attack by EAB James W. Smith Courtesy of Mike Raupp
- 49. Emerald Ash Borer(EAB)
- 52. Emerald Ash Borer Primary vector
- 54. Basic Biology Sucking Piercingand sucking mouthparts Insect removes phloem or chlorophyll from plant Sometimes also damages tissue Cicada mouthparts
- 55. On the horizon Coming soon to a forest near you! Sirex wood wasp Asian long horned beetle
- 56. Sirex Wood Wasp(Sirex noctilo) Usually attacks pines Also attacks spruce, fir, larch, and douglas fir Native wasps only attack dead and dying trees Injects fungus along with eggs that serves as food source for larvae
- 57. Sirex Wood Wasp(Sirex noctilo) Carries destructive fungus Up to 80% mortality in pure stands Adult females can fly up to 100 miles Infestation can spread 5-15 miles per year
- 58. Asian Longhorned Beetle(ALB) • Adults are more than 1” long, shiny black and white with long antennae • Bores into trunk and branches Anoplophora glabripennis
- 59. Asian Longhorned Beetle(ALB) Anoplophora glabripennis • Frass (sawdust) • Damage is done by larvae and by adults emerging in the summer
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- 61. Most Pathogens ofTrees Are: A. Fungi B. Bacteria C. Viruses D. Mycoplasmas
- 62. Most Pathogens ofTrees Are: A. Fungi B. Bacteria C. Viruses D. Mycoplasmas
- 63. Canker Diseases Causedby various pathogens, including Nectria and Botryosphaeria Cankers often look like wounds Fruiting bodies may be present around margins of cankers Almost all trees are susceptible to one or more canker-causing pathogens
- 64. Effects arevariable depending on host, pathogen, and environment. Canker Diseases
- 65. Stress oftenplays an important role. Stressed trees may be more susceptible to these diseases than stress-free trees Drought Wounds Other stressors May weaken trees to breaking point Canker Diseases
- 66. Anthracnose Diseases Manydifferent diseases Foliar symptoms & sometimes branch cankers Dogwood anthracnose has killed millions of C. florida trees Anthracnoses of ash, oak, maple, sycamore, and most other trees are generally much less serious
- 67. Vascular Diseases Causedby various pathogens, each with one to several hosts genera “Plumbing” problem Verticillium wilt Dutch elm disease Blue stain Oak wilt Vascular staining Often sticky spores that are transported by insects Mainly Ascomycetes (no basidiocarps)
- 68. Dutch Elm Disease Caused by Ophiostoma ulmi Vectored by elm bark beetle Has virtually eliminated American elm as a street tree New disease-resistant varieties are available (Princeton)
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- 70. Bacterial Leaf Scorch Affects various trees but our main concern is RED OAKS Graphocepha la versuta Graphoceph ala coccinea Aulacizes irrorata Oncometo pia undata Photos courtesy of the U.S. National Arboretum
- 71. Symptoms • Marginal Scorching (in fall) •Yellow halo • Flagging • Dieback
- 72. Be on thelookout for…
- 73. Sudden Oak Death(Phytophthera remorum) AKA remorum blight and Phytophthera canker disease Discovered in CA in 2000 Probable introduction to MD in 2003 Found at three nursery sites, all eradicated Spread by rain, soil, wind, and infected plant material Bark cankers may kill host Leaf blight serves as reservoir Certain species may only be either leaf host or bark host
- 74. Sudden Oak Death(Phytophthera remorum) White oaks probably not susceptible Red oaks, rhododendron, blueberry, poison ivy, honeysuckle, and viburnums may all be susceptible Bark infection Large lesions Secondary infestation by ambrosia beetles, bark beetles, sapwood rotting fungus Leaf infection Brown to grey lesions anywhere in vascular system
- 75. Sudden Oak Death(Phytophthera remorum) Control No known chemical control Coordinate with MDA through HGIC for diagnosis If positive, state will coordinate destruction of material rhododendron
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- 77. Importance of TreeHealth Keep a tree‟s defense systems active and effective with water Consider fertilizing
- 78. What you cando! Monitor your land Choose the best control method and timing Plan for restoration Nature abhors a vacuum How will you fill the gap?
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- 81. Questions? Nevin Dawson Forest StewardshipEducator Wye Research and Education Center ndawson@umd.edu 410-827-8056 x125
Editor's Notes
- #37 disease cycles such as apple scab, verticillium, phytothphora(sp?), anthracnose, black-knot, cedar apple rustash flower gall, ash borer, cherry black knot fungus, mites on broad leaf trees, cedar-apple rust, gall formations on leaf and twigs, bleeding canker, verticillium, phytophora, aphids, leaf beetles, eastern tent caterpillar, spring/summer/fall webworm, powdery mildew, leaf miner, gypsy moth, EAB, anthracnose, scale insects, vascular diseases like DED & Elm Yellows. Try and stick with the Host specific insects and diseases.