This document discusses how Western science has been hindered by its Roman/Christian heritage, which has encouraged an engineering approach rather than observation-based understanding. This heritage views the world as inherently flawed and in need of human improvement or control. As a result, science focuses on developing solutions to perceived problems rather than patient observation. Reductionism oversimplifies complex systems, and fields like medicine, ecology and food science aim to alter nature rather than understand it. The author argues for a return to classical observational science.
In Memoriam for Audrey Mary Smith (Gardner).pptxRichard Gardner
Audrey Mary Smith Gardner passed away on January 4, 2023 at the age of 87. She was remembered as an artisan, mother, grandmother, and wife. Her son, Richard Thomas Gardner III, published this memorial notice on what would have been her 88th birthday on March 17, 2023 to honor her memory.
In Memoriam for Audrey Mary Smith (Gardner).pptxRichard Gardner
Audrey Mary Smith Gardner passed away on January 4, 2023 at the age of 87. She was remembered as an artisan, mother, grandmother, and wife. Her son, Richard Thomas Gardner III, published this memorial notice on what would have been her 88th birthday on March 17, 2023 to honor her memory.
2016 PA pres. election stats update with Berks County, PA stateRichard Gardner
- In Pennsylvania's 2016 presidential election, Donald Trump received 48.8% of votes and Hillary Clinton received 47.6%. Third party candidates received 3.6% of votes.
- If there were no third party candidates, Trump would have received 52% of votes and Clinton 48%.
- In Berks County, Pennsylvania, Trump received 53% of votes, Clinton 43%, and third parties 4%. Write-in votes protested Trump more than Clinton.
- In the 2016 US presidential election in Pennsylvania, Donald Trump received 49% of votes cast for president totaling 2,934,583 votes while Hillary Clinton received 48% of votes cast totaling 2,863,945 votes. Trump lost more votes to third party candidates than Clinton.
- If there were no third party candidates, Trump would have received 52% of votes cast totaling 3,099,917 votes, beating Clinton who would have received 48% of votes cast totaling 2,913,115 votes, winning the state by 186,802 votes.
- More votes were cast for the Attorney General race between Democrat Josh Shapiro and Republican John Rafferty than for the presidential candidates, with Sh
Hamburg area historical society chestnut presentationRichard Gardner
During the summer of 2015 in reaction to the questionable concept I continually heard about the American Chestnut (Castanea dentata) going extinct I decided to do a census of the American Chestnut on the Appalachian Trail from the Rausch Gap to the Lehigh Gap and other local trails. Over 38 days were spent on the census using a GPS equipped camera with many more days gathering data on American Chestnut reproduction and how the Chestnut Blight (Cryphonectria parasitica) affected the trees. A total of over 80 miles of Appalachian Trail was walked along with at least another 40 miles on other trails. More than 7500 trees of various sizes from seedlings to mature adults were found along two trail systems separated by about 30 miles. In three separate locations a total of forty-four trees were found bearing seeds. The limiting factor in American Chestnut reproduction was clearly shown to be access to direct sunlight, not disease. The obvious conclusion derived from this time in the field is that the American Chestnut is coming back without our interference. Attempts to hybridize it with non-native chestnut species to make “blight resistant” trees are unnecessary and may be detrimental to the ecology of the Appalachian forest. This study will be continued in 2016 by walking additional trails.
During the summer of 2015 in reaction to the inherently flawed concept about how hybridization of the American Chestnut (Castanea dentata) with non-native chestnuts is the only way to prevent its extinction, I decided to do a census of the American Chestnut near home, northern Berks County, PA. In 38 days of walking a census was performed using a GPS equipped camera. Two local areas were walked; Blue Mountain from the Rausch Gap to the Lehigh Gap and sections of trails in the Hay Creek/French Creek area. Over 7500 trees were found from seedlings to mature trees producing seeds. The limiting factor in tree reproductive success was not the Chestnut Blight (Cryphonectria parasitica), but rather access to direct sunlight on the apical ends of branches. With present diseases and pests such as Bacterial Leaf Scorch (Xylella fastidiosa), Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis), Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar dispar) the Hemlock Wooly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae) and the Elongate Hemlock Scale (Fiorinia externa) opening up the canopy, the American Chestnut may soon again become the dominant tree in our eastern hardwood forests. My conclusion is that attempts to hybridize the American Chestnut with non-native “blight resistant” trees are unnecessary tinkering which is harmful to the Appalachian ecosystems.
Bioeradication:research and insights on five common invasive plants in centr...Richard Gardner
This presentation will discuss the effects of native organism systems on five common invasive non-native plants, i.e. bioeradication. Research over the last several years has shown that native organism systems are beginning to eradicate various invasive non-native plants from local ecosystems in central Pennsylvania and nearby states. This is very different than the magic bullet approach of biocontrol in that it relies on mutualistic native systems instead of a single non-native organism. The concept is based on Darwinian evolution over the (extended) period of time it takes a system to develop. Naturally, this approach is slower than biocontrol. However, instead of “control” with all the potential consequences of introducing another non-native into an ecosystem, the goal is extinction of the target non-native with lower ecosystem risk and lower negative environmental impact.
This is a presentation about suicide prevention. It includes warning signs, pathology, triggers, a discussion of bipolar and suicide prevention resources.
Biocontrol and Bioeradication PPT given Nov. 21, 2013Richard Gardner
Biocontrol and Bioeradication research presented to the Muhlenberg Botany Society on Nov. 21, 2013 focusing on using native organisms to eradicate non-native invasive plants. This presentation describes my latest research on a variety of plants such as Ailanthus altissima, Rosa multiflora, ,
Invasive plants:identities, issues and theory Nenhc 2014hacuthbert
This document provides information about bioeradication as an alternative to classical biocontrol for invasive species. It defines key terms like bioeradicant and bioeradication system. The document argues that bioeradication uses native species to drive non-native invasives to extinction, minimizing risks compared to introducing non-native biocontrols. It also notes that bioeradication systems are hard to identify but may already be in place for many invasives. As an example, it describes observing a complete bioeradication system targeting the invasive tree Ailanthus altissima in North America.
Invasive plants:identities, issues and theory NENHC 2014Richard Gardner
This document provides an introduction to the concepts of bioeradication and biocontrols. It discusses using native organisms to drive non-native invasive species extinct from an ecosystem, aiming to restore balance, as an alternative to introducing additional non-native biocontrols. The document uses Ailanthus altissima as a case study, outlining the native moth, mite, fungi and deer that form a bioeradication system currently eradicating the tree locally. It advocates increasing native plant nectar sources to support the bioeradicant moth populations. Finally, it briefly summarizes weaknesses and potential bioeradicants for other invasive plants like multiflora rose.
This document discusses invasive plant species and theories of biocontrol. It begins by listing common invasive plants like Oriental bittersweet and purple loosestrife. It then discusses the concept of "backyard ecology" where important research can be done locally with minimal equipment. The document proposes alternatives to classical biocontrol using non-native species, such as bioeradication which aims to eliminate invasives using native species. Several case studies are presented, including the bioeradication of Ailanthus altissima (tree of heaven) through a combination of native moth, mite, fungal and deer controls.
This document summarizes integrated pest management strategies for controlling aphids in greenhouses, focusing on monitoring, sanitation, biological controls using beneficial organisms, and biorational pesticides like insecticidal soaps, oils, and fungi. It provides tables with information on specific biological control agents like green lacewings and parasitic wasps, as well as biorational pesticide options and their suppliers. The strategies aim to control aphids in a sustainable way while minimizing risk to humans, other animals, and beneficial insects.
This document provides a summary of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for controlling aphids in greenhouses, focusing on monitoring, sanitation, biological controls, biorational pesticides, and insect growth regulators. It describes the life cycles and behaviors of common greenhouse aphid pests and emphasizes least-toxic control methods like beneficial insects, fungi, insecticidal soaps, oils, and botanical insecticides. Tables list biological control organisms and biorational pesticides effective against aphids, along with contact information for suppliers.
This document provides a summary of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for controlling aphids in greenhouses, focusing on monitoring, sanitation, biological controls, biorational pesticides, and insect growth regulators. It discusses the life cycles and behaviors of common greenhouse aphid pests and emphasizes least-toxic control methods like beneficial insects, fungi, insecticidal soaps, oils, and botanical insecticides. Tables list biological control organisms and biorational pesticides effective against aphids, along with contact information for suppliers.
The document provides information about integrated pest management for aphids, including their identification, life cycle, natural enemies, monitoring, thresholds for treatment, and both non-chemical and chemical control methods. It recommends cultural controls like pruning and water sprays, as well as preserving natural enemies through limited fertilizer use and planting of umbelliferous flowers. Insecticidal soaps are identified as a least-toxic chemical option, while broad-spectrum pesticides should be avoided due to harming beneficial insects.
This gardening project deals with plant diseases and control measures. It discusses 4 main topics: 1) control of plant diseases through quarantine, cultural, plant resistance, chemical, biological and integrated methods, 2) biological control through importation, augmentation and conservation, 3) common pesticides and insecticides like organochlorides and organophosphates, and 4) common agricultural equipment. The document provides details on types of control measures for plant diseases and explains biological control methods in more depth.
Lace bugs feed on the underside of leaves from over a dozen plant species, causing pale stippling and leaf drop. They have three life stages - egg, nymph, and adult - and overwinter as eggs or adults. While the damage is mostly aesthetic, high populations can stress plants. Management options include tolerating minor damage, washing bugs from plants, conserving natural enemies, and applying contact or systemic pesticides as a last resort.
Greenhouse IPM: Sustainable Aphid Control Gardening
This document provides information on implementing integrated pest management (IPM) to control aphids in greenhouses in a sustainable manner. It discusses monitoring for aphid infestations, using biological controls like parasitic wasps and green lacewings, applying biorational pesticides like Beauveria bassiana fungus or insecticidal soaps, and using insect growth regulators that disrupt insect development. Lists of biological control suppliers and biorational pesticides are included in appendices to help growers implement least-toxic integrated aphid management.
Weeds are plants that are unwanted in a particular situation or place. They compete with crops for water, nutrients, sunlight and space, reducing crop yields by 30-90%. The top three causes of agricultural losses are weeds (45%), insects (30%) and diseases (25%). Weeds can be classified in various ways, including by morphology, physiology, habitat, origin and lifecycle. Integrated weed management aims to control weeds through prevention, eradication, and the combined use of mechanical, cultural, biological and chemical methods. While weeds are generally seen as harmful, they can also provide some benefits such as adding organic matter and nutrients to soil.
Conservation and Augmentation of Biological Control Agent Karl Obispo
This document discusses different methods of biological control including conservation, augmentation, and classical biological control. Conservation involves improving habitats and reducing pesticide use to encourage natural enemy populations. Augmentation involves purchasing and releasing natural enemies when populations are not adequate. Classical biological control imports and establishes natural enemies of invasive pests. The document provides examples of each approach and emphasizes selecting insecticides and managing habitats that protect natural enemies.
The document discusses the giant whitefly pest, including its identification, life cycle, damage to plants, and management strategies. It was first discovered in California in 1992 and has since spread rapidly, severely infesting many ornamental plants. It can be identified by its large size and wax spirals deposited on leaves. Management includes removing infested leaves, washing leaves with water, and using biological controls like parasitic wasps.
Insect biodiversity in relation to plant diversity and soil factors for a pla...Kate Novak
The document summarizes a study that examined insect biodiversity in relation to plant diversity and soil factors in a flower garden in Philadelphia, PA. Three pitfall traps were used to sample insects at the garden sites over night. A variety of plant and insect species were found across the sites, including bees, spiders, ants, grasshoppers, and others. Abiotic site factors like soil pH, wind speed, and humidity were also measured and found to be consistent across the sites. Photographs were included of some of the plant and insect species identified.
2016 PA pres. election stats update with Berks County, PA stateRichard Gardner
- In Pennsylvania's 2016 presidential election, Donald Trump received 48.8% of votes and Hillary Clinton received 47.6%. Third party candidates received 3.6% of votes.
- If there were no third party candidates, Trump would have received 52% of votes and Clinton 48%.
- In Berks County, Pennsylvania, Trump received 53% of votes, Clinton 43%, and third parties 4%. Write-in votes protested Trump more than Clinton.
- In the 2016 US presidential election in Pennsylvania, Donald Trump received 49% of votes cast for president totaling 2,934,583 votes while Hillary Clinton received 48% of votes cast totaling 2,863,945 votes. Trump lost more votes to third party candidates than Clinton.
- If there were no third party candidates, Trump would have received 52% of votes cast totaling 3,099,917 votes, beating Clinton who would have received 48% of votes cast totaling 2,913,115 votes, winning the state by 186,802 votes.
- More votes were cast for the Attorney General race between Democrat Josh Shapiro and Republican John Rafferty than for the presidential candidates, with Sh
Hamburg area historical society chestnut presentationRichard Gardner
During the summer of 2015 in reaction to the questionable concept I continually heard about the American Chestnut (Castanea dentata) going extinct I decided to do a census of the American Chestnut on the Appalachian Trail from the Rausch Gap to the Lehigh Gap and other local trails. Over 38 days were spent on the census using a GPS equipped camera with many more days gathering data on American Chestnut reproduction and how the Chestnut Blight (Cryphonectria parasitica) affected the trees. A total of over 80 miles of Appalachian Trail was walked along with at least another 40 miles on other trails. More than 7500 trees of various sizes from seedlings to mature adults were found along two trail systems separated by about 30 miles. In three separate locations a total of forty-four trees were found bearing seeds. The limiting factor in American Chestnut reproduction was clearly shown to be access to direct sunlight, not disease. The obvious conclusion derived from this time in the field is that the American Chestnut is coming back without our interference. Attempts to hybridize it with non-native chestnut species to make “blight resistant” trees are unnecessary and may be detrimental to the ecology of the Appalachian forest. This study will be continued in 2016 by walking additional trails.
During the summer of 2015 in reaction to the inherently flawed concept about how hybridization of the American Chestnut (Castanea dentata) with non-native chestnuts is the only way to prevent its extinction, I decided to do a census of the American Chestnut near home, northern Berks County, PA. In 38 days of walking a census was performed using a GPS equipped camera. Two local areas were walked; Blue Mountain from the Rausch Gap to the Lehigh Gap and sections of trails in the Hay Creek/French Creek area. Over 7500 trees were found from seedlings to mature trees producing seeds. The limiting factor in tree reproductive success was not the Chestnut Blight (Cryphonectria parasitica), but rather access to direct sunlight on the apical ends of branches. With present diseases and pests such as Bacterial Leaf Scorch (Xylella fastidiosa), Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis), Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar dispar) the Hemlock Wooly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae) and the Elongate Hemlock Scale (Fiorinia externa) opening up the canopy, the American Chestnut may soon again become the dominant tree in our eastern hardwood forests. My conclusion is that attempts to hybridize the American Chestnut with non-native “blight resistant” trees are unnecessary tinkering which is harmful to the Appalachian ecosystems.
Bioeradication:research and insights on five common invasive plants in centr...Richard Gardner
This presentation will discuss the effects of native organism systems on five common invasive non-native plants, i.e. bioeradication. Research over the last several years has shown that native organism systems are beginning to eradicate various invasive non-native plants from local ecosystems in central Pennsylvania and nearby states. This is very different than the magic bullet approach of biocontrol in that it relies on mutualistic native systems instead of a single non-native organism. The concept is based on Darwinian evolution over the (extended) period of time it takes a system to develop. Naturally, this approach is slower than biocontrol. However, instead of “control” with all the potential consequences of introducing another non-native into an ecosystem, the goal is extinction of the target non-native with lower ecosystem risk and lower negative environmental impact.
This is a presentation about suicide prevention. It includes warning signs, pathology, triggers, a discussion of bipolar and suicide prevention resources.
Biocontrol and Bioeradication PPT given Nov. 21, 2013Richard Gardner
Biocontrol and Bioeradication research presented to the Muhlenberg Botany Society on Nov. 21, 2013 focusing on using native organisms to eradicate non-native invasive plants. This presentation describes my latest research on a variety of plants such as Ailanthus altissima, Rosa multiflora, ,
Invasive plants:identities, issues and theory Nenhc 2014hacuthbert
This document provides information about bioeradication as an alternative to classical biocontrol for invasive species. It defines key terms like bioeradicant and bioeradication system. The document argues that bioeradication uses native species to drive non-native invasives to extinction, minimizing risks compared to introducing non-native biocontrols. It also notes that bioeradication systems are hard to identify but may already be in place for many invasives. As an example, it describes observing a complete bioeradication system targeting the invasive tree Ailanthus altissima in North America.
Invasive plants:identities, issues and theory NENHC 2014Richard Gardner
This document provides an introduction to the concepts of bioeradication and biocontrols. It discusses using native organisms to drive non-native invasive species extinct from an ecosystem, aiming to restore balance, as an alternative to introducing additional non-native biocontrols. The document uses Ailanthus altissima as a case study, outlining the native moth, mite, fungi and deer that form a bioeradication system currently eradicating the tree locally. It advocates increasing native plant nectar sources to support the bioeradicant moth populations. Finally, it briefly summarizes weaknesses and potential bioeradicants for other invasive plants like multiflora rose.
This document discusses invasive plant species and theories of biocontrol. It begins by listing common invasive plants like Oriental bittersweet and purple loosestrife. It then discusses the concept of "backyard ecology" where important research can be done locally with minimal equipment. The document proposes alternatives to classical biocontrol using non-native species, such as bioeradication which aims to eliminate invasives using native species. Several case studies are presented, including the bioeradication of Ailanthus altissima (tree of heaven) through a combination of native moth, mite, fungal and deer controls.
This document summarizes integrated pest management strategies for controlling aphids in greenhouses, focusing on monitoring, sanitation, biological controls using beneficial organisms, and biorational pesticides like insecticidal soaps, oils, and fungi. It provides tables with information on specific biological control agents like green lacewings and parasitic wasps, as well as biorational pesticide options and their suppliers. The strategies aim to control aphids in a sustainable way while minimizing risk to humans, other animals, and beneficial insects.
This document provides a summary of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for controlling aphids in greenhouses, focusing on monitoring, sanitation, biological controls, biorational pesticides, and insect growth regulators. It describes the life cycles and behaviors of common greenhouse aphid pests and emphasizes least-toxic control methods like beneficial insects, fungi, insecticidal soaps, oils, and botanical insecticides. Tables list biological control organisms and biorational pesticides effective against aphids, along with contact information for suppliers.
This document provides a summary of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for controlling aphids in greenhouses, focusing on monitoring, sanitation, biological controls, biorational pesticides, and insect growth regulators. It discusses the life cycles and behaviors of common greenhouse aphid pests and emphasizes least-toxic control methods like beneficial insects, fungi, insecticidal soaps, oils, and botanical insecticides. Tables list biological control organisms and biorational pesticides effective against aphids, along with contact information for suppliers.
The document provides information about integrated pest management for aphids, including their identification, life cycle, natural enemies, monitoring, thresholds for treatment, and both non-chemical and chemical control methods. It recommends cultural controls like pruning and water sprays, as well as preserving natural enemies through limited fertilizer use and planting of umbelliferous flowers. Insecticidal soaps are identified as a least-toxic chemical option, while broad-spectrum pesticides should be avoided due to harming beneficial insects.
This gardening project deals with plant diseases and control measures. It discusses 4 main topics: 1) control of plant diseases through quarantine, cultural, plant resistance, chemical, biological and integrated methods, 2) biological control through importation, augmentation and conservation, 3) common pesticides and insecticides like organochlorides and organophosphates, and 4) common agricultural equipment. The document provides details on types of control measures for plant diseases and explains biological control methods in more depth.
Lace bugs feed on the underside of leaves from over a dozen plant species, causing pale stippling and leaf drop. They have three life stages - egg, nymph, and adult - and overwinter as eggs or adults. While the damage is mostly aesthetic, high populations can stress plants. Management options include tolerating minor damage, washing bugs from plants, conserving natural enemies, and applying contact or systemic pesticides as a last resort.
Greenhouse IPM: Sustainable Aphid Control Gardening
This document provides information on implementing integrated pest management (IPM) to control aphids in greenhouses in a sustainable manner. It discusses monitoring for aphid infestations, using biological controls like parasitic wasps and green lacewings, applying biorational pesticides like Beauveria bassiana fungus or insecticidal soaps, and using insect growth regulators that disrupt insect development. Lists of biological control suppliers and biorational pesticides are included in appendices to help growers implement least-toxic integrated aphid management.
Weeds are plants that are unwanted in a particular situation or place. They compete with crops for water, nutrients, sunlight and space, reducing crop yields by 30-90%. The top three causes of agricultural losses are weeds (45%), insects (30%) and diseases (25%). Weeds can be classified in various ways, including by morphology, physiology, habitat, origin and lifecycle. Integrated weed management aims to control weeds through prevention, eradication, and the combined use of mechanical, cultural, biological and chemical methods. While weeds are generally seen as harmful, they can also provide some benefits such as adding organic matter and nutrients to soil.
Conservation and Augmentation of Biological Control Agent Karl Obispo
This document discusses different methods of biological control including conservation, augmentation, and classical biological control. Conservation involves improving habitats and reducing pesticide use to encourage natural enemy populations. Augmentation involves purchasing and releasing natural enemies when populations are not adequate. Classical biological control imports and establishes natural enemies of invasive pests. The document provides examples of each approach and emphasizes selecting insecticides and managing habitats that protect natural enemies.
The document discusses the giant whitefly pest, including its identification, life cycle, damage to plants, and management strategies. It was first discovered in California in 1992 and has since spread rapidly, severely infesting many ornamental plants. It can be identified by its large size and wax spirals deposited on leaves. Management includes removing infested leaves, washing leaves with water, and using biological controls like parasitic wasps.
Insect biodiversity in relation to plant diversity and soil factors for a pla...Kate Novak
The document summarizes a study that examined insect biodiversity in relation to plant diversity and soil factors in a flower garden in Philadelphia, PA. Three pitfall traps were used to sample insects at the garden sites over night. A variety of plant and insect species were found across the sites, including bees, spiders, ants, grasshoppers, and others. Abiotic site factors like soil pH, wind speed, and humidity were also measured and found to be consistent across the sites. Photographs were included of some of the plant and insect species identified.
The false chinch bug is a small insect pest that feeds on plants and migrates from fields into landscapes in the spring. Wet, cool springs encourage large populations that can damage home gardens and young trees. Adults are gray-brown bugs about 1/8 to 1/6 inch long with overlapping wings. They overwinter as nymphs and adults in uncultivated areas and have several generations per year. Homeowners may see large swarms but most plants can tolerate some feeding if kept well-watered.
This document provides information about the redhumped caterpillar pest, including its life cycle, host plants, damage, and management strategies. It describes the caterpillar's appearance at each stage of development from egg to adult moth. The pest can have multiple generations per year and feeds in groups, completely defoliating trees. Natural enemies and pruning infested branches can provide control, while Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and spinosad insecticides target caterpillars with minimal harm to other insects. Proper timing of treatments is important for effective management of this destructive forest and orchard pest.
Lower Risk Pest Control Products & PracticesHeidiKratsch
This document provides information from a training for master gardeners on lower risk pest control methods. It defines what a pest is and lists common examples. It then discusses non-chemical control methods like pruning, mulching, and hand picking. It also covers lower risk chemical controls like insecticidal soaps, horticultural oils, botanical insecticides like neem and pyrethrins, and microbial pesticides like Bt. Finally, it discusses monitoring pests and enhancing beneficial insect populations through proper habitat management.
Environmental health is the branch of public health concerned with all aspects of the natural and built environment affecting human health. In order to effectively control factors that may affect health, the requirements that must be met in order to create a healthy environment must be determined.[1] The major sub-disciplines of environmental health are environmental science, toxicology, environmental epidemiology, and environmental and occupational medicine.[2]
Definitions
WHO definitions
Environmental health was defined in a 1989 document by the World Health Organization (WHO) as: Those aspects of human health and disease that are determined by factors in the environment.[citation needed] It is also referred to as the theory and practice of accessing and controlling factors in the environment that can potentially affect health.[citation needed]
A 1990 WHO document states that environmental health, as used by the WHO Regional Office for Europe, "includes both the direct pathological effects of chemicals, radiation and some biological agents, and the effects (often indirect) on health and well being of the broad physical, psychological, social and cultural environment, which includes housing, urban development, land use and transport."[3]
As of 2016, the WHO website on environmental health states that "Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related factors impacting behaviours. It encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health. It is targeted towards preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments. This definition excludes behaviour not related to environment, as well as behaviour related to the social and cultural environment, as well as genetics."[4]
The WHO has also defined environmental health services as "those services which implement environmental health policies through monitoring and control activities. They also carry out that role by promoting the improvement of environmental parameters and by encouraging the use of environmentally friendly and healthy technologies and behaviors. They also have a leading role in developing and suggesting new policy areas."[5][6]
Other considerations
The term environmental medicine may be seen as a medical specialty, or branch of the broader field of environmental health.[7][8] Terminology is not fully established, and in many European countries they are used interchangeably.[9]
Children's environmental health is the academic discipline that studies how environmental exposures in early life—chemical, nutritional, and social—influence health and development in childhood and across the entire human life span.[10]
Other terms referring to or concerning environmental health include environmental public health and health protection.
Disciplines
Five basic disciplines generally contribute to the field of environmental health: environmental epidemiology,
Similar to Thoughts on Ailanthus altissima: biological and chemical eradication methods (20)
My mother's family at war within itself allegory using trees as symbols of th...Richard Gardner
Three versions of an allegory using trees from a forest to demonstrate that different people in family have different gifts all of which are essential for the family to function.
1) The document describes the author's mother and father who were married for over 65 years. It discusses his mother's ancestry dating back to the 1600s in England and her descendants who fought in the American Revolution and War of 1812.
2) It tells stories about his mother's ancestors including Lieutenant William Barton and Margaret Henderson who married after two weeks. His mother's family also owned slaves while others fought against slavery in the Civil War.
3) The author discusses his mother being the only one in her family to attend college and her skills as an artisan, noting the talents were passed down. She instigated the move from New Jersey to remove herself and the author's father from family disputes.
Hiking safely over 60 years old requires planning and preparation given increased health risks. The author discusses strategies he uses such as carrying emergency communication devices like SPOT, ensuring others know his plans and routes, and hiking with a first aid kit. He also considers group dynamics if injury occurs and ensures maps are available without cell service. The author's preparations allow him to continue hiking while managing his health risks.
BCTV May 2021 talking points for an interview on Emergency PreparednessRichard Gardner
These are talking points I prepared for an interview done on BCTV by Terrisa Faulkner of Abilities in Motion (https://www.abilitiesinmotion.org/) about Emergency Preparedness
This document discusses the author's observations about type 2 diabetes based on their family history and experience managing the condition. The author notes that type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance and is part of metabolic syndrome, which includes high blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol. The author describes lifestyle changes they have made to control their blood sugar levels through diet, exercise and medication. They warn about the dangers of uncontrolled diabetes and share stories of complications they have witnessed in others.
This document provides instructions for making a face mask from a 27-inch bandana to use while hiking on trails where maintaining social distance is difficult. It describes folding the bandana diagonally from opposite corners to create 4 layers of protection. The mask can be easily stored in a day pack or car and put on within seconds when needed, such as when passing other hikers on narrow trails. It is cheap, easy to wash, and provides a simple solution for hikers to help protect themselves and others during the pandemic when more effective masks are not required or practical for short-term outdoor use.
Summation of 2019 research on Lycorma delicatula, the Spotted Lanternfly in Berks County, PA from egg hatching in the spring to egg laying in the fall.
1. There is an overwhelming hatred of spotted lanternflies (SLF) in Berks County fueled by Penn State, but attempts to kill every insect and remove every egg mass are impossible due to the huge numbers of SLF and host trees in the area.
2. SLF are good hitchhikers and will spread across the landscape quickly using the major transportation arteries around Berks County.
3. The few SLF seen in forests along trails were likely transported by hikers, hunters, or vehicles opening forest roads, as SLF are not strong flyers able to navigate forests on their own.
Spotted Lanternfly and Gypsy Moth, Spring 2019Richard Gardner
This is a series of slides showing the Spotted Lanternfly from egg mass through the second instar and the gypsy moth emerging from 2 egg masses in northern Berks County, PA and very southern Schuylkill County, PA.
Esa and nenhc 2019 ppt on the Spotted LanternflyRichard Gardner
This document summarizes observations from research on the Spotted Lanternfly in Berks County, Pennsylvania. It discusses the lanternfly's coevolution with humans and preference for human-modified habitats. Key points include that quarantines are ineffective against spread, the insect's lifecycle is tied to its primary host the Ailanthus tree, and egg masses are usually within 20 feet of open areas used as travel corridors. Removal of the tree is an impractical control strategy. More observation of the lanternfly's natural history is needed before rushing to solutions.
The document summarizes the author's four years of research studying American chestnut trees in Pennsylvania. Over this period, the author documented over 10,000 chestnut stems, including nearly 100 fertile trees. Some of the key lessons learned include that chestnut blight is not threatening the extinction of chestnuts, chestnuts can still reproduce even with blight, and trails and clearings provide refuge for chestnuts. The author's remaining goals are to grow chestnut trees from seedlings in their yard through two generations.
PPT of talk delivered on the Spotted Lanternfly, Jan. 25, 2019. This talks about the natural history of the Spotted Lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula , and it relationship to the people in Berks County, PA by an ecologist who studied Ailanthus altissima for his MS thesis.
Thoughts on 2018 research on the spotted lanternfly,rev. dec. 31, 2018bRichard Gardner
1) The author observed a strong correlation between wild grape vines and Spotted Lanternfly egg masses on nearby trees, suggesting wild grape may be an important habitat and food source.
2) The author hypothesizes that Spotted Lanternfly egg-laying strategies may have evolved in response to different predation pressures between its native Asia habitat and its invaded Pennsylvania habitat. Scattered egg-laying across various surfaces may help the insects spread more efficiently in Pennsylvania.
3) The author notes that Spotted Lanternfly egg masses appear camouflaged on tree bark through color, cracks and coatings, which may be an adaptation to avoid egg predation the insects faced in Asia.
Thoughts on 2018 research on the spotted lanternfly, nov. 14, 2018Richard Gardner
This is a paper summing my thoughts about what I observed while studying the Spotted Lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula, on the front-lines of its spread in Berks County, PA this past field season.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
3. This and other presentations can be found at:
http://www.slideshare.net/rtgardner3
4. ABSTRACT: This presentation will show that Ailanthus
altissima is easy to kill by a volunteer safe chemical
method. At the same time a naturally occurring
bioeradication system has been observed that is
effectively killing Ailanthus altissima. This serves as a
model for finding bioeradication systems for other
invasive non-native organisms and ending the
scientifically unsound practice of introducing more
non-native organisms to control current problems only
to become problems themselves.
6. Classical biocontrol – the introduction of non-native
organisms in the attempt to reduce the effects of
other introduced non-native organisms on
ecosystems. At the same time there are unforeseen
negative effects which cannot be predicted in the
local and extra-local ecosystems through genetic
and/or behavioral changes in the non-native
biocontrol, the target organism and native
organisms.
There is an average of 2.44 introduced organisms for
every species on which control is being attempted. I
think this number is underestimated and that the
real number is at least 5 introduced organisms for
every biocontrol target, probably higher.
7. Bioeradication – The extinction of a non-native
(invasive) species from an ecosystem using
native organisms. The goal is the regeneration
of the ecosystem by eliminating the non-native
problem from the ecosystem using native
organisms. This eliminates the potential
problems associated with the addition of non-
native organisms as potential controls.
8. Bioeradicant/Bioeradicant system – Any native
organism or organism system in any time frame
from seconds to centuries that partially or fully
inhibits a non-native organism and helps drive it
to extinction.
9. Direct bioeradication – The use of a native
organism or native organism system as a
bioeradicant for a specific organism by
increasing its population through introduction of
more of the bioeradicant.
10. Indirect bioeradication – Providing the native
natural resources such as food sources, breeding
sites or shelter needed for a bioeradicant or
bioeradicant system to develop at a specific
location for a specific organism. This may be
nectar sources, sheltering plants, mutualistic
fungi, water source or … for any life stage.
11. Bioremediation – the use of native organisms to
displace and eradicate non-native organisms
while replacing them as they are eliminated
from an ecosystem in order to restore that
ecosystem to its original state.
An example is adding Solidago canadensis to a
field with Ailanthus altissima to attract adult
Atteva aurea.
12. Known Bioeradicants for
Ailanthus altissima:
Atteva aurea
Aculops ailanthii
Fusarium lateritium
Fusarium oxysporum
Verticillium albo-atrum
13. Bioeradicant system for
Ailanthus altissima:
Atteva aurea
Aculops ailanthii
Fusarium oxysporum
Solidago canadensis
Rudbeckia laciniata
18. The left fork of this
trees was poisoned
about 2 weeks before
this photograph. This
slide shows the basic
vascular structure of
Ailanthus is vertical
with little horizontal
structure due to its
fast growth.
43. Stand of A. altissima in July 2011 in Urbana, MD. This is three years
after my research was completed. Originally this stand was thriving.
44.
45.
46. The apparent key to Ailanthus eradication
by natural means is to plant native flowers
nearby with compact inflorescences that
bloom in succession from late spring to
hard freeze as nectar sources for adult
Atteva aurea.
In the spring this may be forest trees and
shrubs such as the American Chestnut and
Mountain Laurel. After that time the
Asteraceae and other families are good
nectar sources.
53. Other plants I am looking at:
Lonicera japonica – insects and disease
Lonicera maacki – insects and disease
Lonicera morrowii – insects and disease
Microstegium vimineum - disease
Rosa multiflora – mites and disease
Insect I am looking at:
Halyomorpha halys – birds and
disease
56. Materials:
heavy duty cordless drill
spare battery packs for drill
3/8” drill bit
marker
measuring tape
spray bottle filled with 50.2%
Roundup™ (purple cap)
goggles
nitrile gloves
57. Drill a 3/8” hole 1” to 2” deep every 2”
of girth at comfortable working height.
A drill bit will get stuck if the holes are more
than about 2” due to the stickiness of the sap.
71. Fluid flow is along a strip @
2” wide from the injection to
the apical meristems in the
roots and branches.
72. The four sure signs of tree death are:
1.) no green layer under the bark
when scraped.
2.) white fungi growing around the
outside of the tree.
3.) loose/peeling bark.
4.) Euwallacea validus* leaves tubes of
white frass on the outside of the tree.
*E. validus is the result of the tree being weakened by
disease or poison, not the agent of disease spread.
73. It is essential that all dead trees
around trails, roads and buildings be
cut down within six months of dying.
74. Several trees poisoned in January and
June 2012 fell in late October with
Hurricane Sandy. The break point was
the row of drill holes.
75. Due to its exceptional growth rate
Ailanthus does not develop the
internal structures denser trees
develop which give them strength.
76. Once it dies, the tree may fall and
decompose swiftly.
77. This method is most efficient when the
tree is not in dormancy. During
dormancy when the amount of brush
is diminished and biting insects are not
present, drill around the base of the
tree with a long drill bit, treat all
obvious roots and monitor for clones
over next 2 growing seasons.
79. 1.) It does not use sharp objects. This
reduces the potential for injury,
especially among volunteers.
80. 2.) All the materials can be found
relatively inexpensively in most
hardware stores.
81. 3.) Feedback is fast and can be
watched as it develops. The results
begin to show in less than two weeks
with complete defoliation of trees
often in less than three weeks.
83. 5.) This method appears to be robust
and may work on other woody
invasive plants such as Lonicera
morrowii, Lonicera maackii,
Broussonetia papyrifera, Eleagnus
umbellate.
89. Population
Non-native
biocontrols
Pioneer non-native
invasive
Native congeners of
non-native invasive
time
Secondary non-native invasives
This is a more complex version of what is expected when a
non-native plant is introduced followed by its non-native
biocontrol. The native system collapses allowing secondary
non-natives to enter.
Native organisms
90. Population
Native bioeradicant
Non-native invasive
Native congeners of
non-native invader
time
The expected population curves for native
bioeradicant use. There is a baseline population for
native organisms which changes as the native
biocontrols adapt to the non-native invasive.
91. Applying Biotic Resistance in reverse, an introduced specialist
biocontrol is apt to prefer defenseless closely related natives
over the exotic it was brought in to control because the exotic
already has defenses against the biocontrol. Therefore, it is
safer to use a conservative non-exotic bioeradication
approach than risk an ecosystem with an outside specialist as
a potential disastrous biocontrol.
92. Known non-native invasive species where biocontrol has
gone rogue:
Rhinocyllus conicus: jumped from the non-native Canada thistle, Cirsium
arvense, it was introduced to control to native thistles in the Cirsium
genus (Louda,1997). That both the native and non-native are the same
genus should have served as a warning that the introduced R. conicus
was apt to jump to a native in the same genus instead of exclusively
feeding on its intended host.
Cactoblastis cactorum: imported to the Caribbean to control prickly
pear cacti, Opuntia ficus-indica; arrived in the U.S. naturally or in cargo
imported from the Caribbean (Johnson and Stiling 1998)
Successful bioeradicant:
Euhrychiopsis lecontei is a weevil that has been investigated as a
potential biocontrol agent for Eurasian water milfoil. It is found in the
eastern and central United States and western Canada.
93. Draft: Our Roman/Christian Heritage: The Demon in Science
The demon in Science is our Roman/Christian heritage. It has hindered science, misled
scientists, caused enormous amounts of bad data and corrupted the meaning of science. This
heritage has changed basic observation into engineering and scientists into engineers. It has
caused problem solving where no problem existed while giving answers which are superfluous
and misleading to these solved non-existent problems. It makes us impatient and results
oriented where patience and understanding are called for. We attempt to understand
phenomena in days or weeks instead of years, decades and possibly lifetimes. We have changed
from observers to tinkerers. We design experiments before fully observing and understanding
the system about which we are experimenting. Then we call this data valid and use it as the
basis of future experimentation.
Our Christian heritage constantly shouts at us that we live in an inherently flawed world that
the godly need to bring to godliness. At the same time it puts us at the center of creation by
being the last and ultimate of God’s creations. The “heresy” of Galileo was that he took humans
out the center of the universe and made them a piece of creation, not the ultimate part of it.
The shock that humanity is not the ultimate center and purpose of creation still reverberates in
science, engineering, religion, politics, economics and other sectors of human existence.
94. Our Roman heritage is the need to engineer the world in the same way the Romans
engineered their world. The Romans were great engineers as is obvious by their monuments,
buildings, roads and other infrastructure to control their world and the people in it. There was
little they did not tamper with. They even tried to control their gods!
Roman Christianity is mechanistic, full of formulaic prayers and rituals, i.e. religious
engineering. This is easily seen in the written constitutions (rules) of the various monastic sects
such as the Rule of St. Benedict. It is even seen in the prayers which attempt to engineer
“salvation” and hence God. In the extreme, sects of Roman based Christianity hope to engineer
their way into physical prosperity and eternity by extreme ritualistic/legalistic codes of behavior.
Our philosophers talk about what we are and how we define ourselves as humans. Seldom do
they define us as a small part of the natural world. Either they ignore the natural world in their
definition of humanity or they teach us that the natural world revolves around us, created for
our benefit. This makes us egotistical narcissists who have a hard time leaving an engineered
environment for one that is unchanged from its natural condition and in which we are a small,
often flawed, component.
95. The intersection of these psychological forces is that in Western Science we are always intent
on engineering an answer to an often non-existent problem rather than understanding what we
are engineering. The issue is amply evidenced in the barrage of projects and products coming
from science which attempt to make the world or at least our part of it “better”. Whether it is
medicine, ecology, food or agriculture we are intent on using “science” to change the world in
some way rather than understand it. It has taken a heavy toll on our world and everything in it.
Reductionism is one of the worst aspects of our need to engineer the world to save it. We take
an almost infinite set of variables, reducing it down to one or two we think we can understand.
For some reason we act as if our limited minds can understand systems nearly infinitely complex
through a couple obvious and easily tested factors. Even our bodies, which are the most basic
level of science understanding, are too complex for us to fully understand. Now try applying
reductionist science where there are many more bodies and conditions. It is not possible to get
even a minimal understanding of the complexity without several lifetimes of observation. This is
what we are taught is science.
We have fled from the basics of Science, the understanding of our world. Instead, we have
become engineers. A couple years ago when I was hiking near Port Clinton I talked with a
forester. He was marking striped maple trees for cutting to “correct” the balance of trees in the
forest. More recently as I was looking at the Penn State Biology program, instead of seeing basic
Classical Biology, I saw mostly biotech and bioengineering. This is not science! Classical Biology
is Science in that it is based on observation to understand natural phenomena, not alter and
destroy them.
96. In medicine, we are always at war with diseases, many of which are not diseases but lifestyle or
environmental issues. The cure for many of these diseases is obvious if we take the time to look
and think. Type II Diabetes for most of us is about lifestyle changes – getting off our fat asses
and walking, pushing away from the dinner table, eating whole foods and avoiding highly
processed foods. It is not about a new miracle food or ingredient, device, routine or medication.
I am at a loss of anything that is simpler and needs less research. The same is true for many
mental illnesses. If we take the time to understand them we may see them as a natural, healthy
and necessary part of our world. If we take this approach we would stop medicating people
into incoherency. Many cancers, lung diseases and heart diseases have causes that are lifestyle
or environmental?. Stop consuming tobacco, clean up the air, stop dumping waste into our
water systems, use environmentally sound organic methods of agriculture, turn off the
television, get off Facebook and take a walk. How much “science” does this require?
Food science is a huge and easy target. It appears to be all about “improving” nature. I have a
hard time understanding how a food which is healthy and flavorful in itself is improved by
adding chemicals to it. Aspartame, sucralose and other artificial sweeteners are a disaster for
diabetics, the morbidly obese and most other people. Margarine and butanedione are better
than natural oils and fats? The whole vitamin/supplement market is beginning to collapse now
that it is being realized that an apple or peach is a better supplement than the latest GNC
product. Another chemical to improve how a food tastes or another additive to improve its
nutrition is necessary? How does another sweetener, emulsifier or other unnatural additive add
anything to a plate of fresh greens with vinegar or a dish with herbs ten minutes from a garden?
97. Agriculture is another easy target. Bioengineering is straight from the depths of our narcissism.
Pesticides are developed knowing that in a few years biology will triumph over them. Crops are
bioengineered and fail because ecology was at best a minor consideration while destroying
native birds, insects, reptiles and other organisms. We should not be looking at methods and
products that give Monsanto or DuPont quarterly dividends. Instead we need to be pursuing
methods which help increase productivity by improving the health of the local ecosystems, not
destroying them. We can put birdhouses and bat houses around fields to control unwanted
insects, plant native wildflowers to bring in pollinators, plant trees in our pastures and croplands
to attract hawks and owls for the control small of rodents, encourage coyotes and gray foxes to
rid our fields of larger rodents. Imagine the almost limitless possibilities of easily intuitive
practices that exist which are more than sustainable because they rebuild the ecosystems we
have destroyed. These strategies which are based on the patient observation of where we live
are much better than intrusive processes which fundamentally alter and destroy our
ecosystems.
In ecology we constantly add new organisms to an ecosystem to “correct” problems caused by
organisms added earlier. Biocontrol has a failure rate of at least 80 percent with unknown
ecological consequences for the organisms we can track. Then there are the organisms we
released which we cannot track once they are loosed in the ecology because they disappear
from our sight. Will these invisible organisms become visible again after a latency period with
disastrous consequences as many of the present problem organisms have? Why do we call this
a success?
98. Fish and Game Commissions are wonderful at changing conditions to try to enhance a system
for one organism while forgetting about the effects on other organisms in that system. Make an
area into a deer or grouse habitat to enhance their presence while not taking into account what
this may do to the targeted species, let alone non-targeted species. The damage caused by
creating deer habitat is catastrophic to the native vegetation. This in turn causes the rest of the
ecosystem to collapse. This is then called wildlife conservation even though there is a severe
loss of native species which use the previously unaltered habitats? A non-native fish is
introduced into a stream or a non-native “game” bird into an ecosystem just for the sake of
“sport” and tradition. (Anyone care for trout stuffed pheasant?) Introduce plants like Russian
olive which almost no native wildlife uses for the intended purpose of food and cover. Chinese
lespedeza is planted as a food for game birds which then starve to death with crops full due to
the indigestibility of the seed coat. Sawtooth oaks were introduced for the amount of organics
they produce but support virtually no wildlife because they are not a natural part of a local
plant, let alone wildlife, community. The Pennsylvania Game Commission sees logging as an
integral part of wildlife conservation. All I see after several years is a biological desert where
“best practices” means the destruction of hundreds of acres of healthy woodland every year.
Meanwhile the native organisms and normal balances are destroyed with the extinction of the
habitats we are supposed to be protecting.
99. These are only a few of the easy branches of what is commonly called “Science” where failure
to do Science is obvious. For me, the study of biocontrol in ecology is a series of disasters which
have already happened, continue to happen and will happen in the future because we are
blindly narcissistic about what we can do while forgetting our history. We see almost
insurmountable problems which need solving without taking the time to believe already
established Science theory and think. Most importantly we do not take the time to walk and
observe. A few years ago the Brown Marmorated Stinkbug was a huge problem where we live.
This fall I have killed perhaps a dozen as opposed to two years ago when I killed thousands. Our
garden is pesticide free. We have two freezers full of produce because we took the time to
understand the ecology and work with it. As far as medicine is concerned, I am both a type 2
diabetic and a type 2 bipolar. I trusted my instincts on the diabetes and have been proven
correct. I did the same with mental illness.
As Scientists we fail in the same way politicians fail and our society fails because our collective
memory of where we have been, the lessons it taught and our history are forgotten. In my field,
ecology, getting back to the basics will inform our future and prevent cascading catastrophic
mistakes which cannot be remediated by well-intentioned future actions. This is true in almost
all aspects of Science.
100. To summarize, where the definition and practice of Science has gone wrong is that as Scientists
we are primarily observers not problem solvers. “Problem solving” can only come from patient
extensive observation before experimentation. Experimentation is a secondary activity, not
primary, as it is the application of observation to answer a question or questions developed
from observation. Science is not engineering.