A lipid is chemically defined as a substance that is insoluble in water and soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. Lipids are an important component of living cells. Together with carbohydrates and proteins, lipids are the main constituents of plant and animal cells. Cholesterol and triglycerides are lipids.
This presentation intends to offer a bird's eye view of bio-molecules in general and lipids in particular along with its beneficial and harmful attributes.
Lipids are a diverse group of nonpolar biological molecules whose common properties are their ability to dissolve in organic solvents, such as chloroform or benzene, and their inability to dissolve in water—a property that explains many of their varied biological functions.
Lipids of importance in cellular function include fats, steroids, and phospholipids.
We have discuss about lipids its types, functions and structure.
A lipid is chemically defined as a substance that is insoluble in water and soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. Lipids are an important component of living cells. Together with carbohydrates and proteins, lipids are the main constituents of plant and animal cells. Cholesterol and triglycerides are lipids.
This presentation intends to offer a bird's eye view of bio-molecules in general and lipids in particular along with its beneficial and harmful attributes.
Lipids are a diverse group of nonpolar biological molecules whose common properties are their ability to dissolve in organic solvents, such as chloroform or benzene, and their inability to dissolve in water—a property that explains many of their varied biological functions.
Lipids of importance in cellular function include fats, steroids, and phospholipids.
We have discuss about lipids its types, functions and structure.
Lipids (Greek letter: lipos means fat) are substances of biological origin that are soluble in organic solvents such as chloroform and methanol but are only sparingly soluble, if at all, in water.
Fatty Acids
Waxes
Triacylglycerols
Phosphoglycerides
Sphingolipids
Sterols And Terpenes
Lipids (Greek: lipos, means fat or lard)
- are a heterogeneous class of naturally occurring organic substances
- have a distinguished functional group or structural features
- are insoluble in water and highly soluble in one or more of the solvents: ether, chloroform, benzene and acetone.This property sets them apart from proteins, carbohydrates,, nucleic acids and other biomolecules
- are widely distributed in the biological world
- play a wide variety of roles in plant and animal tissues
Lipids-definition, functions.
Fatty acids- saturated and unsaturated fatty acids-definition, examples
Essential and non essential fatty acids, melting point of fatty acids.
Triacylglycerol and wax, phospholipids, glycolipids, Eicosanoids, plasma lipoproteins
Lipids may be regarded as organic substances which is insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (alcohol , ether etc.), Triacylglycerols (formerly triglycerides) are the esters of glycerol with fatty acids.
Lipids (Greek letter: lipos means fat) are substances of biological origin that are soluble in organic solvents such as chloroform and methanol but are only sparingly soluble, if at all, in water.
Fatty Acids
Waxes
Triacylglycerols
Phosphoglycerides
Sphingolipids
Sterols And Terpenes
Lipids (Greek: lipos, means fat or lard)
- are a heterogeneous class of naturally occurring organic substances
- have a distinguished functional group or structural features
- are insoluble in water and highly soluble in one or more of the solvents: ether, chloroform, benzene and acetone.This property sets them apart from proteins, carbohydrates,, nucleic acids and other biomolecules
- are widely distributed in the biological world
- play a wide variety of roles in plant and animal tissues
Lipids-definition, functions.
Fatty acids- saturated and unsaturated fatty acids-definition, examples
Essential and non essential fatty acids, melting point of fatty acids.
Triacylglycerol and wax, phospholipids, glycolipids, Eicosanoids, plasma lipoproteins
Lipids may be regarded as organic substances which is insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (alcohol , ether etc.), Triacylglycerols (formerly triglycerides) are the esters of glycerol with fatty acids.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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2. Lipids
A diverse group of compounds that are united by a common
feature of non polar in nature. These are hydrophobic and are
soluble in non polar solvent. This is because they are
hydrocarbons that include only nonpolar carbon-carbon or
carbon-hydrogen bonds.
Lipids perform many different functions in a cell.
Cells store energy for long-term use in the form of lipids
called fats.
Lipids also provide insulation from the environment for
plants and animals. For example, they help keep aquatic
birds and mammals dry because of their water-repelling
nature.
Lipids are also the building blocks of many hormones and
are an important constituent of the plasma membrane.
Examples: Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
3. Lipids…
A fat molecule, such as a triglyceride, consists of two main
components—glycerol and fatty acids.
Glycerol is an organic compound with three carbon atoms, five
hydrogen atoms, and three hydroxyl (–OH) groups.
Fatty acids have a long chain of hydrocarbons to which an
acidic carboxyl group is attached, hence the name “fatty acid.”
The number of carbons in the fatty acid may range from 4 to 36;
most common are those containing 12–18 carbons.
In a fat molecule, a fatty acid is attached to each of the three
oxygen atoms in the –OH groups of the glycerol molecule with a
covalent bond.
During this covalent bond formation, three water molecules are
released.
The three fatty acids in the fat may be similar or dissimilar.
These fats are also called triglycerides because they have three
fatty acids.
4.
5. Saturated and unsaturated Fatty acids
In a fatty acid chain, if there are only single bonds between
neighboring carbons in the hydrocarbon chain, the fatty acid is
saturated. Saturated fatty acids are saturated with hydrogen; in
other words, the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the
carbon skeleton is maximized.
When the hydrocarbon chain contains a double bond, the fatty
acid is an unsaturated fatty acid.
Most unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature and are
called oils. If there is one double bond in the molecule, then it is
known as a monounsaturated fat (e.g., olive oil), and if there is
more than one double bond, then it is known as a
polyunsaturated fat (e.g., canola oil).
6. Saturated fats tend to get packed tightly and are solid at room
temperature. Animal fats with stearic acid and palmitic acid
contained in meat, and the fat with butyric acid contained in
butter, are examples of saturated fats. Mammals store fats in
specialized cells called adipocytes, where globules of fat
occupy most of the cell. In plants, fat or oil is stored in seeds
and is used as a source of energy during embryonic
development.
In the food industry, oils are artificially hydrogenated to make
them semi-solid, leading to less spoilage and increased shelf
life.
hydrogen gas is bubbled through oils to solidify them. During
this hydrogenation process, double bonds of the cis-
conformation in the hydrocarbon chain may be converted to
double bonds in the trans-conformation. This forms a trans-
fat from a cis-fat. The orientation of the double bonds affects
the chemical properties of the fat.
7.
8. Essential fatty acids
Essential fatty acids are fatty acids that are required but not
synthesized by the human body. Consequently, they must be
supplemented through the diet. Omega-3 fatty acids fall into
this category and are one of only two known essential fatty
acids for humans (the other being omega-6 fatty acids).
Salmon, trout, and tuna are good sources of omega-3 fatty
acids. Omega-3 fatty acids are important in brain function and
normal growth and development. They may also prevent heart
disease and reduce the risk of cancer.
9. Phospholipids are the major constituent of the plasma
membrane. Like fats, they are composed of fatty acid chains
attached to a glycerol or similar backbone. Instead of three
fatty acids attached, however, there are two fatty acids and
the third carbon of the glycerol backbone is bound to a
phosphate group.
A phospholipid has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
regions. The fatty acid chains are hydrophobic and exclude
themselves from water, whereas the phosphate is hydrophilic
and interacts with water.
10. Steroids and Waxes
steroids have a ring structure.
Although they do not resemble other lipids, they are grouped
with them because they are also hydrophobic.
Cholesterol is a steroid.
Cholesterol is mainly synthesized in the liver and is the
precursor of many steroid hormones.
It is also the precursor of vitamins E and K.
Cholesterol is the precursor of bile salts, which help in the
breakdown of fats and their subsequent absorption by cells.
Although cholesterol is often spoken of in negative terms, it is
necessary for the proper functioning of the body. It is a key
component of the plasma membranes of animal cells.
11. Waxes
made up of a hydrocarbon chain with an alcohol (–OH)
group and a fatty acid.
Examples of animal waxes include beeswax and
lanolin.
Plants also have waxes, such as the coating on their
leaves, that helps prevent them from drying out.
12. [1] Lipids:
Biological Importance, Structures and Physical properties
More soluble in organic solvents than water.
Nonpolar lipids; (fats or oils) store energy (storage lipids).
(Oxidation of fats is highly exergonic.)
Amphiphilic lipids (Polar); (phospholipids and sterols) help
make up biological membranes.
Steroid Lipid; Steroids (found in membrane) are precursors
to many hormones
Miscellaneous Lipids (other Lipids); Some are involved in
light-absorbing pigments, are enzyme cofactors (vitamin K),
hormones (estrogens, testosterone), signal molecules
(prostaglandins), electron carriers (ubiquinone) or help
solubilize other lipids during digestion (bile acids).
13. (1) Fatty acids: Carboxylic acids with hydrocarbon chains
(4-36 carbons)
R
C
O
OH
Saturated 18:0 Unsaturated 18:1(9)
[2] Storage Lipids: Fatty acids (FA) and derivatives
14. Physiological Roles
-Precursors to glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids,
essential to biological membranes.
-Part of a lipoprotein (attached to a protein).
-Fuel, stored as triacylglcerols, metabolized for energy.
-Hormones and intracellular second messengers are
derivatives of FA.
-Na+ and K+ salts of FA are soaps – remove grease from
cloth by aggregating micelles.
15. General Structure
pKa = 4.7
R-COOH R-COO‒
(At pH 7.0, in what form does it mostly exist?)
- Most FAs have an even number of C atoms in an
unbranched chain (usually 14-24, 16-18 is common)
- Saturated FAs: all carbon atoms “saturated” with H
C# 8: oily liquid (low m.p.)
C# ≥ 10: waxy solid (high m.p.)
16.
17. Unsaturated FA: are all oily liquids
- Monounsaturated FA: one double bond
- Polyunsaturated FA: two or more double bonds
- Fluidity of lipid bilayer alters as a function of the lipid
composition.
(the more unsaturated, lower m.p., the less rigid)
16:0 16-carbon saturated palmitic acid
18:1 18-carbon oleic acid with one double bond
20:2(9,12) a 20-carbon FA with one double bond
between C-9 and C-10 and another bet/ C-12 and C-13
cis
cis
C
OH
1
9
12
O
18. “Water off a duck’s back”
Tetramethyldecanoic acid is an example of
a branched-chain FA. (lower m.p.)
Produced in the uropygial gland of the duck
and used to preen its feathers
C
OH
1
O
Why 18:0 (solid at 25C) has higher melting point
than 18:1 (liquid at 25C)?
Physical properties of FA depends on the chain length and
the number of double bonds.
19. [2] Storage Lipids: Fatty acids (FA) and derivatives
increase
decrease
increase
double
bonds
decrease
all cis
20.
21. (2) Triacylglycerols (TAG, triglycerides, fats, or neutral fats):
Fatty acids joined by ester linkages that can be simple (all
same FA) or mixed (different FA)
The general formula is:
Nonpolar, essentially insoluble in water.
CH2O C
HC
CH2O
O
R1
C
O
R3
O C R2
O
22. Triacylglycerols serve as energy reservoirs in animals making
them the most abundant class of lipids and make up most fats
and oils in animals and plants.
Stored in the adipocytes (fat cells) that can be almost entirely
filled with fat globules –thermal insulation.
(penguins, hibernating bears).
Energy storage, fat or glycogen?
- Energy yield from (more reduced) lipids is two times that for
an equal weight of glycogen.
(Fat content of a normal human enables them to survive
starvation for 2-3 months, the glycogen supply would only offer a
day!)
- Unhydrated fats are lighter than hydrated carbohydrates.
no extra weight to carry.
- But, readily soluble glycogen for instant access.
23. Oleic acid
a cis unsaturated fatty acid
that comprises 55–80%
of olive oil.
Elaidic acid
a trans unsaturated fatty acid
often found in partially
hydrogenated vegetable oils.
These fatty acids are geometric isomers
(chemically identical except for the arrangement of the double bond).
24. Waxes: Esters of long-chain fatty acids (C14 ~ C36) with long
chain (C16 ~ C30) alcohols
- mp = 60 ~ 100C
- Energy storage form in plankton.
- Water repellent in birds, plants.
- Wide applications: ointments, polishes, etc.
25. [3] Structural Lipids in Membranes
All membrane lipids are amphipathic:
hydrophilic head + hydrophobic (bulky) tail
(1) Glycerophospholipids: belong to phospholipids
glycerol + 2 FA (C1 & C2) + phosphate (C3)
The major component of biological membranes
26. (2) Sphingolipids
Major membrane components made from sphingosine
- the FA may differ.
Sphingomyelin is prominent in myelin, a membranous sheath
that surrounds/insulates axons of some neurons.
Prominent in membranes of neurons.
Some serve as recognition sites on the cell surface
Human Blood Type