This presentation intends to offer a bird's eye view of bio-molecules in general and lipids in particular along with its beneficial and harmful attributes.
A lipid is chemically defined as a substance that is insoluble in water and soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. Lipids are an important component of living cells. Together with carbohydrates and proteins, lipids are the main constituents of plant and animal cells. Cholesterol and triglycerides are lipids.
A lipid is chemically defined as a substance that is insoluble in water and soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. Lipids are an important component of living cells. Together with carbohydrates and proteins, lipids are the main constituents of plant and animal cells. Cholesterol and triglycerides are lipids.
Lipids (Greek: lipos, means fat or lard)
- are a heterogeneous class of naturally occurring organic substances
- have a distinguished functional group or structural features
- are insoluble in water and highly soluble in one or more of the solvents: ether, chloroform, benzene and acetone.This property sets them apart from proteins, carbohydrates,, nucleic acids and other biomolecules
- are widely distributed in the biological world
- play a wide variety of roles in plant and animal tissues
“These are the naturally Organic compounds, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (alcohol, ether, etc.), which are potentially related to fatty acids & utilized by living cells."
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds.
They are esters of fatty acids. Lipids occur widely in plants and animals. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and related compounds.
Lipids are a family of organic compounds, composed of fats and oils. These molecules yield high energy and are responsible for different functions within the human body.
Lipids may be regarded as organic substances which is insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (alcohol , ether etc.), Triacylglycerols (formerly triglycerides) are the esters of glycerol with fatty acids.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
This presentation intends to explore the communication of the cell within and others for sustainability along the regulation mechanisms by the cellular neural networks and others to sing the song of the life.
Lipids (Greek: lipos, means fat or lard)
- are a heterogeneous class of naturally occurring organic substances
- have a distinguished functional group or structural features
- are insoluble in water and highly soluble in one or more of the solvents: ether, chloroform, benzene and acetone.This property sets them apart from proteins, carbohydrates,, nucleic acids and other biomolecules
- are widely distributed in the biological world
- play a wide variety of roles in plant and animal tissues
“These are the naturally Organic compounds, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (alcohol, ether, etc.), which are potentially related to fatty acids & utilized by living cells."
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds.
They are esters of fatty acids. Lipids occur widely in plants and animals. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and related compounds.
Lipids are a family of organic compounds, composed of fats and oils. These molecules yield high energy and are responsible for different functions within the human body.
Lipids may be regarded as organic substances which is insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (alcohol , ether etc.), Triacylglycerols (formerly triglycerides) are the esters of glycerol with fatty acids.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
This presentation intends to explore the communication of the cell within and others for sustainability along the regulation mechanisms by the cellular neural networks and others to sing the song of the life.
Bioenergetics is an important domain in biology. This presentation has explored ATP production and its optimum utilization in biological systems along with certain theories and experiments to give a bird's eye view of this important issue.
This presentation offers the bird's eye view of the cell as the basic structural and functional unit of life. It also addresses the origin of eukaryotic cells from the prokaryotic cell by the endosymbiotic theory.
This presentation has been intended to offer a bird's eye view about the phylogenetic classification of the plant kingdom in general and the Engler and Prantl system in particular with merits and demerits.
This PPT has been made to explore the plant classification in general and the classification as made by Bentham & Hooker for the classification of the flowering plants. It also offers the history of plant classification along with the merits and demerits of this aforesaid classification.
Energy and the biological systems are joined together and no biological world is almost impossible without ATP. This study material intends to explore the beauty of ATP to drive different biological processes.
This PPT offers a bird's eye view of ICBN and its different rules along with regulations for the naming of plants. It also highlights the history of IBC and its contribution to plant taxonomy.
This presentation intends to offer the basic features of plant metabolism along with the different types of mechanisms to regulate and control the metabolic pathways.
This presentation has been designed to give the foundation of taxonomy in general and Plant Taxonomy in particular as a matter of pleasure to explore the diversity of the plant world.
Sex and sexuality are very common words in biology but para-sexuality is a little bit uncommon, several organisms in general and fungi in particular have the pleasure of sexuality to bring variations by beside sex. This PPT explores the beauty of para-sexuality for the academic fraternity.
Sex life in fungi is not less fascinating than in other organisms. Heterosexuality is a matter of pleasure to explore the diversity of sex in fungi along with its cause and consequences. You can find a pleasure to go through the content.
This PowerPoint wants to explore the bird's eye view of the reproduction of bacteria in general and the genetic recombination of bacteria in particular.
This presentation gives the bird's eye view of bacterial nutrition along with some other issues required to understand bacterial diversity as far as nutrition is concerned.
This presentation explores the food value of mushrooms along with the long-term and short-term storage procedures. It also offers a detailed account of the nutrients that remain present in the edible mushrooms.
If you want to explore the role of Cyanobacteria in soil fertility in general & Azolla-Anabena association in particular, you can visit this PowerPoint Presentation.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. Presented by
Dr. N. Sannigrahi,
Associate Professor,
Department of Botany,
Nistarini College, Purulia ( W.B) India
3. LIPIDS
i. You might have come across the different health issues like
increase of LDL, HDL in your family life.
ii. You use different kinds of oils in your daily life for
consumption by cooking and the preparation of fast foods.
iii. Oil paintings and related coatings in household decorations,
iv. Have you heard about biodiesel- sustainable source of fuel,
v. You have heard about fat soluble vitamins,
vi. You use different kind of soaps in your daily life,
vii. Sex hormones are quite known to us,
viii.Many marine animals and the animals of temperate climate
possess high degree of insulation as a part of the production
of chilled environment,
ix. The composition of cell membrane with phospholipids are
known to you as a part of biological knowledge,
x. Major sources of metabolic energy is your endeavor---- all
are answered with the understanding of lipids
4.
5. WHAT IS LIPID ?
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds related to fatty
acids and include fat, oils, waxes and other related substances.
These are oily, greasy organic substances, relatively insoluble in
water and considerably soluble in organic solvents like ether,
chloroform and benzene being hydrophobic in nature. The term
‘Lipid’ was coined by Bloor (1943), a German biochemist.
“ Lipids are naturally occurring compounds which are insoluble in
water and soluble in one or more organic solvents such as
benzene, chloroform, ether and acetone, the so called fat solvents
and on hydrolysis yield fatty acids which are utilized by the living
organisms”. Lipids are thus group of naturally occurring molecules
comprising of C, H, & O that include fats, waxes, sterols, even fat
soluble vitamins, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides,
phospholipids and others. They play pivotal role in storing energy
with wide functions including the application in nanotechnology
recently.
6.
7. CLASSIFICATION
Lipids are diverse in nature but for wide understanding , they can
be classified as per below. 1.On the basis of chemical composition-
Homolipids or Simple lipids- Esters of fatty acids with various
alcohols like fats, oils (triglycerides, triglycerides) & waxes
Heterolipids or Compound lipids- Esters of fatty acids with
alcohols with additional groups like phosphate, carbohydrate
etc.
2. On the basis of function-----
Storage lipids- Mainly meant for storage as present in
Elaioplasts in plants,
Structural Lipids- structural architecture of the cells like
phospholipids, phosphatidylinositol etc.
3. Based on types of bio-chemical subunits-
Fatty acids, Glycerolipids. Glycerophospholipids,
Sphingolipids, Saccharolipids, Polyketides and the derived
compounds like Sterol lipids, Prtenol lipids etc.
8. SIMPLE LIPIDS
Simple lipids either fats m oils and waxes as stated below:
FATS & OILS
They are basically triglycerides or triacylglycerides,
98% of dietary lipid and 2% phospholipids or cholesterols or its
esters
Major component of storage fat in plants and animals,
Fats are esters of high molecular fatty acids and glycerol
Non-polar, hydrophobic and no electrically charged
Fats are solid but oils are liquid at room temperature,
Insoluble in water
They may be either animal fats or plant fats, animals fat are
saturated but plant fats are unsaturated with high iodine number,
Animal fats exhibit oxidative rancidity more frequently than
plant fats,
e.g. Beef fat, pork fat, butter fat, Soybean oil, Olive oil, Corn oil
etc are common in occurrence.
9.
10. WAXES
Derived from the word Weax i.e “ the material of the honeycomb”
having the following properties.
a) Esters of long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with
long chain monohydroxy alcohols,
b) The fatty acids range in between C14 and C36 and the alcohols
from C16 top C36,
c) Melting point 60℃-100℃ than triglycerides,
d) Waxes are secreted from the cutaneous glands in vertebrates
coating to keep the skin water proof,
e) The plants like Rhodoendron, Calotropis, Nerium, cactus etc
and animals like Whale, Herring, Salmon etc have diverse
biological functions,
f) Biological waxes have a variety of application in
Pharmaceutical, automobile and cosmetic industries.
g) Wax is recently used for many more household purposes
11. COMPOUND LIPIDS
Compound lipids contain fatty acids with alcohols and possess
additional groups like phosphates , carbohydrates etc as per the
nature. It may be of three types ( Folch & Sperry, 1955)-
Phosphoglycerides
Phosphoinositides,
Phosphosphingosides. But they can be broadly summarized under
two categories-
1. PHOSPHOLIPIDS- Most abundant in membranes, never stored
in large quantities, contain phosphoric acid groups; usually contain
one hydrophilic polar ‘head’ group and two hydrophobic non-polar
‘tail’ groups and for this reason, they are known as ‘Polar lipids’. All
the biological membranes possess two layers of phospholipids
molecules , spread over as sheet. The polar heads orients towards
outer cytoplasmic side and the non-polar tails orient towards the
inner side forming hydrophobic core of the membrane. E.g
Lecithin, plasmalogens,
12.
13. GLYCOLIPIDS
a) They are called Cerebrosides or Glycosphingosides
b) Lipids contain mainly monosaccharide
c) Present on the outer surface of the cell membrane,
d) Important constituent of brain (8%)
e) Galactose is the head group in the plasma membrane of
neutral tissues while glucose is the head group of the non-
neutral tissue
f) Glycosphingolipids acts as cell surface recognition molecules
as antigens especially in the blood group substances
14.
15. DERIIVED LIPIDS
It includes the hydrolysis products of simple and compound lipids
and also other various compounds like steroids, terpenes, fatty
acids, alcohol, fatty aldehydes, ketones etc.
STEROIDS-
1. one of the most biological compounds, contains no fatty acids,
non- sapponifiable, separated from fat after the later is
saponified.
2. All steroids may be considered as derivatives of called
cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene or sterane,
3. This system consists of three cyclohexane ring-A, B, C fused
to a terminal cyclopentane ring D, making 19 carbon structure
4. Some examples are Cholesterol, coprostanol, cholestanol,
ergosterol, lanosterol etc. Cholesterol, the precursor of bile's
and many steroid hormones, first isolated from gallstones, may
be LDL or HDL; LDL bad for health but HDL good in men and
vice versa in women, found in different organisms.
16.
17. 2. TERPENES
Among the nonsaponifiable lipids in plants are many
hydrocarbons known as terpenes or turpentine,
These hydrocarbons and their oxygenated derivatives have lesser
than 40 carbon atoms,
The simplest terpenes are called monoterpenes (C10H24) called
sesquiterpenes, followed by diterpenes (C20H32) and diterpenes
( C30H48) etc. Carotenoids as found in plants including
Xanthophylls, Lycopene as found in tomato, Carotene like α-
carotene,β-carotene, ƛ- carotene are some of the examples in this
regard to explore the most diverse compounds found from the
natural plant sources. Carotenoids are also called lipochromes or
chromolipids and this is very important one to explore the
diversity of the color of the different plant parts and bring the
color of the foliage.
18.
19. FATTY ACIDS
These are straight chain hydrocarbons containing even number of
carbon atoms , commonly 12-24. Depending upon the saturation, it
may be –
SATURATED- Carbon atoms are fully saturated with hydrogen
atoms like Lauric acid, Palmitic acid, archidic acid, stearic acid
etc.
UNSATURATED- Contain one or more double bonds having
unsaturated carbon atoms like Linolenic acid, Linolic acid as
found in linseed oil, oleic acid having one double bond.
Fatty acids may be Hydroxyls or oxygenated fatty acids and cyclic
fatty acids
OXYGENATED FATTY -ACIDS-In these fatty acids, hydroxyl
group is present on the carbon atom instead of hydrogen as found
in ricinolic acid in castor oil , cerebronic acid in animal lipid.
CYCLIC FATTY ACIDS-Both have carbopentyl ring in its 16 and
18 carbon structure as in Chalmoogra oil.
20.
21.
22. FUNCTIONS OF FATTY ACIDS
1. Saturated fatty acids are not good for health as they block the
arteries and veins but unsaturated fatty acids are good as they
can easily pass through blood stream; PUFA are preferable as
they have higher double bonds.
2. It is the sources of metabolic energy as 1 gm of fat provides 9.3
kcal energy in comparison to 4.1 kcal in carbohydrates.
3. Fatty acid can be stored in storage tissues as they are insoluble
in water,
4. Glucose yields only 36 ATP but when fatty acids like Palmitic
acid is oxidized through β-oxidation AND Krebs cycle and
ETS, a net gain of 130 ATP molecules are generated .
5. The essential fatty acids- Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid &
arachidoric acids are required for the normal functioning of cell.
6. Omege-3-fatty acids reduced the chance of Alzheimer’s disease
7. Phospholipids along with sex hormones, vitamins –all are
derived from fatty acids and play important role in cell health.
23. TRIGLYCEROLS (TG) OR TRIACYLGLYSERIDES (TAG)
Triglycerols are simple lipids having three fatty acids ester linked to
a molecule of glycerol as in Tripalmitin. They bear the following
properties-
Generally colorless, odorless and possess bland taste; capable of
absorbing a variety of odors and flavors during storage,
They are sparingly soluble in water i.e hydrophobic but freely
soluble in organic solvent like chloroform, ether, acetone and
benzene,
The melting point of the triglycerides are very low, C4-C8 are
liquid at room temperature but C10 and above are solid at room
temperature; further greater degree of the double bond, lower the
melting temperature , for example. Oleic acid with one double
bond, Linoleic acid with 2 double bond and Arachidonic acids with
4 double bonds have 13.4℃, -5℃, and -50℃ respectively .
24. Less specific gravity than water as 0.86 in comparison to water
with 1.0; simple fats float in water than liquid fats,
Presence of double bonds offer geometrical isomerism i.e cis &
trans forms. cis form of fatty acid is Oleic acid while trans form is
elaidic acid. Most of the unsaturated fatty acids are present in
unstable cis-isomer rather than as the most stable trans-forms. In cis-
isomer, the two H atoms an two carbon atoms of a double bonds are
present towards on one sides while trans-form , they are present on
opposite sides.
Triglycerides have high insulating power i.e bad conductor of heat
Triglycerides with other lipids are converted into a number of
small liquid droplets with water or with high emulsifying agents like
soaps, gums, proteins etc having great metabolic significance.
Different fat molecules have to be emulsified before they can be
absorbed by the intestinal walls
Liquid triglycerides uniformly spread over the surface of the water
in the form of unimolecular layer and reduces the surface tension of
water.
25. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The triglycerides enjoy some unique chemical properties as stated
below:
HYDROLYSIS-The enzyme lipases break down triglycerides into
three molecules fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol in three
steps in the following steps:
Triglycerides +H2O= Fatty acid (R3-COOH)+ diglyceride,
Diglycerides + H2O= Monoglyceride + Fatty acid ( R2-COOH)
Monoglyceride +H2O= Glycerol + Fatty acid (R1-CooH)
Radicals of R1, R2 & R3 may be similar or dissimilar.
SAPONIFICATION-It is the phenomenon of hydrolysis of fats by
alkali which leads to the transformation of glycerol and salts of
fatty acids , known popularly as soaps. Thus , salt of the fatty acid
is commercial soap .Soaps with hard soap having salt of higher
fatty acids or soft soap having potassium salts of higher fatty acids
used as bathing soaps. Calcium soaps are used as lubricating agents
while zinc soaps are used as talcum powder and cosmetics. Lead
and Mg soaps are used in paint and draying
26.
27. HYDROLYTIC & OXIDATIVE RANCIDITY
If fats like butter or ghee are kept for longer period, they become
rancid i.e unpleasant odor and flavor becoming unpalatable due to the
growth of the different microorganisms. The rancidity liberates the
enzymes, lipases and break down fats into glycerol and free fatty
acids. These fatty acids impart rancid flavor . If the butter or ghee kept
in the exposure of the atmospheric oxygen , it causes the autoxidation
to short chain fatty acids and aldehydes give rancid flavor. Oxidative
rancidity is very common in animal fats than vegetable fat as the later
contain lots of antioxidants to reduce the oxidation.
HALOGINATION-The unsaturated fatty acids can be halogenated
with different halogens like iodine & bromine at the double bonds at
room temperature in a solution of methanol or acetic acid.
OXIDATIVE REACTIONS-Different oxidation reactions are used for
establishing the position of double bonds in the unsaturated fatty acid
chain. This helps in the establishment of fat or lipid structure.
28.
29. HYDROGENATION
Unsaturated fatty acids in free or bound state with lipids by
reaction with hydrogen produce saturated fatty acids , catalyzed
by nickel, palladium or platinum. The hydrogen atoms are added
at the carbon-carbon double bonds. This reaction has great
significance for commercial purpose as the inexpensive vegetable
unsaturated oils are converted into solid fats that are used in
different confectioneries and the manufacture of candles. For
example, oleic acid , an unsaturated fatty acid converted into
stearic acid , a product of the hydrogenation of saturated fatty acid
as end product.
OZONOLYSIS- When ozone transforms the unsaturated fatty
acids by oxidation split up the double bonds and initially produce
ozonide and later breaks down into 2 molecules of aldehydes
groups is called Ozonolysis. There are other chemical properties
found in this group.
30.
31. FUNCTIONS OF TRIGLYCERIDES
The triglycerides plays a very significant role for human health.
Some of the important functions as extended by the said molecule as
stated below:1. The unsaturated vegetable oils are good for human
health like flax seed oil, soybean oil, linseed oil, olive oil. It is the
main component of human skin oil.
The fatty acids undergoes β-oxidation release huge energy in the
form of energy rich bond, ATP for performing the different biological
attributes of the living organisms in general and human in particular.
Triglycerides are the key component of VLDL and play an
important role in metabolism
The high levels of triglycerides in the blood stream linked to
atherosclerosis and may cause the risk of the heart diseases and
stroke. The higher the level of this compound may cause the higher
the risk factor to suffer from the same issue.
Oil paintings and related coatings are done using linseed oil
32. Triglycerides are also important for the production of
biodiesel as a part of the solution of fossil fuels for
sustainable development.
Glycerol, a component of triglyceride is used in the
manufacture of food and in the production of pharmaceutical
products.
Triglycerides are used in staining industry.
Triglyceride , as a blood lipid, helps in bidirectional
transference of adipose fat and blood glucose from the liver,
In addition to the aforesaid functions, triglycerides also extend a
lot of biological functions for the plant and animals life including
human beings. It is one of the important biomolecules that needs
for the sustainable life but very often it becomes detrimental for
human health. In this context, it may also refereed as necessary
but evil in certain circumstances.
33. References:
1. Google for images,
2. Different open sources of information of WebPages
3. Biochemistry- Lehninger
2. Biomolecules & Cell Biology- Arun chandra Sahu,
3. A textbook of Botany (Vol II) Ghosh, Bhattacharya,
Hait
4. Fundamentals of Biochemistry- Jain, Jain, & Jain,
5.A Textbook of Genetics- Ajoy Paul
DISCLAIMER:
This presentation has been made to enrich open source of
knowledge without any financial interest. The presenter
acknowledges Google for images and other open sources
of information to develop this PPT.