Leukocyte trafficking
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Lymphocyte recirculation Cell adhesion molecules Chemokines Extravasation Lymphocyte trafficking a. Naive lymphocyte recirculation b. Effector and memory cell trafficking
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Lymphocyte traffic p.k.sonkar
Lymphocytes continuously recirculate between the vascular system and tissues, which is essential for immune system homeostasis and function. This migration is regulated by cell adhesion molecules and chemokines. Chemokines play a key role in lymphocyte trafficking by facilitating adhesion to and transmigration through vascular endothelium. The process involves lymphocytes first rolling along endothelial cells, then becoming activated and firmly adhering via integrins when they encounter chemokines, and finally transmigrating between endothelial cells into tissues.
T cell development, maturation, activation and differentiation
T cell development, maturation, activation and differentiationKamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Virudhunagar
This presentation is a part of Anna University B.Tech Biotechnology Semester 6 BT6602 Immunology syllabus Unit 2Lymphocyte Migration
1. Naive T cells enter lymph nodes through interactions between L-selectin on T cells and peripheral node addressins on high endothelial venules. Memory T cells enter sites of infection or inflammation through integrins like α4β1 (VLA-4) and α4β7 binding to ligands like ICAM, VCAM-1, or MAdCAM-1 expressed on activated endothelial cells.
2. T cell trafficking involves a multi-step process including tethering and rolling mediated by selectins, activation, arrest via integrin binding, and transmigration between endothelial cells.
3. Lymphocyte homing allows cells activated in one tissue to preferentially return to that same tissue, such
MHC MOLECULES
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in mammals. It notes that MHC acts as antigen presenting receptors and are involved in cell-cell interaction, antigen presentation, and recognition of self and non-self molecules. MHC is found on chromosome 6 in humans and is referred to as the HLA complex. MHC molecules are divided into three main classes - Class I MHC present antigens to cytotoxic T cells, Class II MHC present antigens to helper T cells, and Class III MHC genes encode complement components and cytokines. The structures and functions of Class I and Class II MHC molecules are described in detail.
Epitope prediction and its algorithms
The document summarizes epitope prediction and its algorithms. It discusses that epitopes are the portions of antigens responsible for antigen-antibody specificity. There are two main types of epitopes: sequential/continuous epitopes recognized by T helper cells and conformational/discontinuous epitopes recognized by both T and B cells. It then describes several computational algorithms used for predicting B-cell and T-cell epitopes, including Hopp & Woods, Welling's method, Karplus & Schultz parameters, and Kolaskar & Tongaonkar's method. Finally, it lists several databases and servers that can be used for epitope prediction, such as SYFPEITHI, MHCPEP, and EPIM
Lecture on Antigen processing and presentation pathways
1. The document discusses the two pathways that the immune system uses to process endogenous and exogenous antigens for presentation to T cells.
2. The cytosolic pathway processes endogenous antigens within the cytoplasm, where they are degraded by proteasomes and transported by TAP proteins to associate with class I MHC molecules in the ER.
3. The endocytic pathway processes exogenous antigens that are taken up by endocytosis, degraded within acidic endosomes and lysosomes, and associate with class II MHC molecules aided by the invariant chain and HLA-DM/DO proteins.
2 antigens, immunogens, epitopes, and haptens
This document discusses key concepts in immunology including antigens, immunogens, epitopes, haptens, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity. It defines antigens as molecules recognized by the immune system and immunogens as antigens that elicit an immune response. Epitopes are the smallest part of an antigen recognized by B and T cell receptors. Haptens are small molecules that require a carrier to induce an immune response. Innate immunity provides the first line of defense using soluble proteins and cells like phagocytes. Adaptive immunity develops over time through T and B cell responses and produces immunological memory.
Cytokines
The document discusses cytokines, which are proteins that mediate communication between cells of the immune system. It describes the different types of cytokines, including interleukins produced by T-helper cells, lymphokines produced by lymphocytes, and monokines produced by monocytes. The document outlines the roles and functions of specific cytokines like IL-1, IL-2, TNF, IFN-γ and GM-CSF. It also discusses how cytokines are classified based on their structure and roles in innate versus adaptive immunity.
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Lymphocyte traffic p.k.sonkar
Lymphocytes continuously recirculate between the vascular system and tissues, which is essential for immune system homeostasis and function. This migration is regulated by cell adhesion molecules and chemokines. Chemokines play a key role in lymphocyte trafficking by facilitating adhesion to and transmigration through vascular endothelium. The process involves lymphocytes first rolling along endothelial cells, then becoming activated and firmly adhering via integrins when they encounter chemokines, and finally transmigrating between endothelial cells into tissues.
T cell development, maturation, activation and differentiation
T cell development, maturation, activation and differentiationKamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Virudhunagar
This presentation is a part of Anna University B.Tech Biotechnology Semester 6 BT6602 Immunology syllabus Unit 2Lymphocyte Migration
1. Naive T cells enter lymph nodes through interactions between L-selectin on T cells and peripheral node addressins on high endothelial venules. Memory T cells enter sites of infection or inflammation through integrins like α4β1 (VLA-4) and α4β7 binding to ligands like ICAM, VCAM-1, or MAdCAM-1 expressed on activated endothelial cells.
2. T cell trafficking involves a multi-step process including tethering and rolling mediated by selectins, activation, arrest via integrin binding, and transmigration between endothelial cells.
3. Lymphocyte homing allows cells activated in one tissue to preferentially return to that same tissue, such
MHC MOLECULES
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in mammals. It notes that MHC acts as antigen presenting receptors and are involved in cell-cell interaction, antigen presentation, and recognition of self and non-self molecules. MHC is found on chromosome 6 in humans and is referred to as the HLA complex. MHC molecules are divided into three main classes - Class I MHC present antigens to cytotoxic T cells, Class II MHC present antigens to helper T cells, and Class III MHC genes encode complement components and cytokines. The structures and functions of Class I and Class II MHC molecules are described in detail.
Epitope prediction and its algorithms
The document summarizes epitope prediction and its algorithms. It discusses that epitopes are the portions of antigens responsible for antigen-antibody specificity. There are two main types of epitopes: sequential/continuous epitopes recognized by T helper cells and conformational/discontinuous epitopes recognized by both T and B cells. It then describes several computational algorithms used for predicting B-cell and T-cell epitopes, including Hopp & Woods, Welling's method, Karplus & Schultz parameters, and Kolaskar & Tongaonkar's method. Finally, it lists several databases and servers that can be used for epitope prediction, such as SYFPEITHI, MHCPEP, and EPIM
Lecture on Antigen processing and presentation pathways
1. The document discusses the two pathways that the immune system uses to process endogenous and exogenous antigens for presentation to T cells.
2. The cytosolic pathway processes endogenous antigens within the cytoplasm, where they are degraded by proteasomes and transported by TAP proteins to associate with class I MHC molecules in the ER.
3. The endocytic pathway processes exogenous antigens that are taken up by endocytosis, degraded within acidic endosomes and lysosomes, and associate with class II MHC molecules aided by the invariant chain and HLA-DM/DO proteins.
2 antigens, immunogens, epitopes, and haptens
This document discusses key concepts in immunology including antigens, immunogens, epitopes, haptens, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity. It defines antigens as molecules recognized by the immune system and immunogens as antigens that elicit an immune response. Epitopes are the smallest part of an antigen recognized by B and T cell receptors. Haptens are small molecules that require a carrier to induce an immune response. Innate immunity provides the first line of defense using soluble proteins and cells like phagocytes. Adaptive immunity develops over time through T and B cell responses and produces immunological memory.
Cytokines
The document discusses cytokines, which are proteins that mediate communication between cells of the immune system. It describes the different types of cytokines, including interleukins produced by T-helper cells, lymphokines produced by lymphocytes, and monokines produced by monocytes. The document outlines the roles and functions of specific cytokines like IL-1, IL-2, TNF, IFN-γ and GM-CSF. It also discusses how cytokines are classified based on their structure and roles in innate versus adaptive immunity.
B-cell development.pptx
B-cell maturation begins with hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow, where they develop through pro-B cell, pre-B cell, and immature B cell stages. During this process, immunoglobulin genes undergo rearrangement and expression of B cell receptors occurs. Immature B cells then migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues to complete maturation. Mature B cells circulate and are activated by antigen to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells or memory B cells through T cell dependent or independent pathways. T cell dependent activation induces affinity maturation, class switching, and generation of long-lived memory B cells.
Antigen processing & presentation
1. Antigen processing and presentation involves degradation of antigens into peptides, association of peptides with MHC molecules, and display of peptide-MHC complexes on the cell surface for recognition by T cells.
2. There are two main pathways of antigen processing - exogenous antigens that enter the cell are processed through the endocytic pathway while endogenous antigens are processed through the cytosolic pathway.
3. In the cytosolic pathway, antigens are degraded by the proteasome and transported by TAP into the ER where they can bind to MHC class I molecules. In the endocytic pathway, exogenous antigens internalized into vesicles are degraded into peptides that bind MHC class II molecules.
T CELL ACTIVATION.pptx
This document discusses T cell activation and maturation. It describes the processes of negative and positive selection that screen T cells. T cell activation occurs through engagement of the T cell receptor and co-stimulatory molecules by MHC peptide and co-stimulatory molecules on antigen presenting cells. Binding of the T cell receptor provides the first signal, while co-stimulation provides the second signal required for an effective immune response.
B Cell Development
- B cell development begins with stem cells in the bone marrow, where they undergo a series of differentiation stages defined by immunoglobulin gene rearrangement under the influence of cytokines and contact with stromal cells.
- Successful rearrangement of the heavy and light chain genes leads to expression of a B cell receptor (BCR) and selection of clones that do not recognize self-antigens through deletion, anergy or receptor editing.
- Mature B cells that pass self-tolerance checkpoints are exported from the bone marrow to the peripheral immune system.
Antigen processing and presentation
This document summarizes antigen processing and presentation. It discusses that antigen presenting cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells express class II MHC molecules and provide co-stimulatory signals to activate T helper cells. These cells internalize antigens through phagocytosis or endocytosis, degrade them into peptides, and present the peptides bound to class II MHC on their surface. The document also describes the major histocompatibility complex and the roles of class I and class II MHC molecules in antigen presentation to T cells. It outlines the exogenous and endogenous antigen processing pathways, how exogenous antigens are presented by class II MHC and endogenous antigens by class I MHC.
Lymphoid organ -Primary & secondary organ
The document discusses the lymphoid organs, which are divided into primary and secondary organs. The primary organs, including the bone marrow, thymus, and bursa of fabricius, are where lymphocytes develop and mature. The secondary organs, such as lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), are where lymphocytes encounter antigens and carry out immune responses. Primary organs are large at birth and shrink with age, while secondary organs are small at birth and grow with age.
Major Histocompatibility complex & Antigen Presentation and Processing
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and antigen processing and presentation. It describes MHC molecules as polymorphic glycoproteins that play a role in discriminating self from non-self and participate in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. MHC class I molecules present endogenous antigens on most nucleated cells and interact with CD8+ T cells. MHC class II molecules present exogenous antigens on antigen-presenting cells and interact with CD4+ T cells. Antigens are processed into peptides of appropriate size and bound motifs to be presented in the binding groove of MHC molecules.
T CELL RECEPTOR.pptx
The T cell receptor (TCR) is a protein complex found on the surface of T cells that is responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen bound to MHC molecules. It consists of an alpha and beta chain, with 95% of T cells containing these chains and 5% containing gamma and delta chains instead. Each chain contains a variable region that binds the peptide-MHC complex and a constant region near the cell membrane. The variable regions contain three hypervariable complementarity-determining regions important for antigen recognition. The TCR is associated with CD3 proteins that transmit activation signals into the T cell upon peptide binding. TCR diversity arises from genetic recombination of DNA segments during T cell development.
Major histocompatibility complex
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a cluster of genes found in all mammals that encodes proteins important for the immune system to distinguish self from non-self. MHC molecules are expressed on the cell surface and present peptide antigens to T cells. There are three main classes of MHC genes - class I presents endogenous peptides to cytotoxic T cells, class II presents exogenous peptides to helper T cells, and class III encodes non-antigen presenting proteins involved in immunity. MHC molecules have binding sites that allow them to bind a variety of peptide antigens through anchor residues, helping the immune system recognize a diverse array of pathogens. Polymorphism of MHC alleles within populations helps provide protection against rapidly mutating pathogens.
Cells of the immune system ppt
This document outlines the cells of the immune system, including their formation, types, and roles. It discusses:
1) The two major lineages that blood cells originate from in the bone marrow - myeloid and lymphoid.
2) The types of leucocytes (white blood cells), which include granulocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils, and agranulocytes.
3) The cells of the innate immune system that provide first line defense, such as neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells and natural killer cells, and their mechanisms of phagocytosis and intracellular killing.
Cytokines
Cytokines are proteins that mediate communication between cells and help coordinate the body's immune response. They can be divided into groups like lymphokines, monokines, interleukins, and chemokines. Cytokines signal through five main receptor families and activate signaling pathways that induce cellular responses. An imbalance in cytokine signaling has been linked to various diseases. Therapies targeting cytokines and their receptors are used to treat diseases characterized by abnormal cytokine levels like cancer, infections, and autoimmune disorders.
T-cell activation
T-Cell Activation
• Concept of immune response
• T cell-mediated immune response
• B cell-mediated immune response
I. Concept of immune response
• A collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual mediated by the cells and molecules in the immune system.
II. T cell-mediated immune response
• Cell-mediated immunity is the arm of the adaptive immune response whose role is to combat infection of intracellular pathogens, such as intracellular bacteria (mycobacteria, listeria monocytogens), viruses, protozoa, etc.
ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
The document summarizes the primary and secondary lymphoid organs of the immune system. The primary lymphoid organs, such as the bone marrow and thymus, are where lymphocytes mature and develop. The secondary lymphoid organs, including lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), trap antigens and activate lymphocytes. In these organs, B cells are activated, differentiate into plasma cells, and secrete antibodies to help fight infection.
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The document discusses the immune system and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). It describes how the immune system protects the body through identification, neutralization, and destruction of pathogens using cells like cytotoxic T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and macrophages. It also explains that antibodies are proteins produced by B cells that bind to antigens, marking them for elimination. ADCC involves antibodies binding to target cells, cytotoxic cells attaching via Fc receptors on the antibodies, activation of the cytotoxic cells, and lysis of the target cell.
Activation of T and B Cells
1. The document presents information about T cells and B cells, including their development, activation, and functions.
2. T cells develop in the thymus gland and have roles in direct killing of infected cells and regulating the immune response. B cells mature in the bone marrow and produce antibodies to help fight pathogens.
3. Activation of both T and B cells involves interaction with antigen-presenting cells and costimulatory signals, leading to cell proliferation and differentiation into effector and memory cells.
Aids an other immunodeficiencies.....
Primary immunodeficiencies are present at birth and can affect adaptive or innate immune functions. The most common secondary immunodeficiency is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). HIV-1 infects and kills CD4+ T cells, eventually leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections. While antiretroviral drugs can suppress HIV-1 and prolong life, developing an effective vaccine remains the best option to prevent the spread of AIDS.
Cellular immune response
This document summarizes cellular immune response (CMI) mediated by sensitized T cells. It describes how CMI is induced through antigen presentation and T cell receptor binding, leading to T cell proliferation and differentiation. The two main effector mechanisms of CMI are the release of cytokines like interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor, and the generation of cytotoxic T cells. Cytokines regulate immune cells and have various metabolic and inflammatory effects. Cytotoxic T cells directly kill target cells like virus-infected cells. Tests to detect CMI include skin tests and lymphocyte transformation assays in vitro. CMI plays an important role in immunity against intracellular pathogens and transplants.
Cells & organs of immune system
This document provides an overview of immunology and the immune system. It discusses the history of immunology including the discoveries of Metchnikoff, Behring, and Fleming. It also describes the innate and adaptive immune systems. The main cells of the immune system are B cells, T cells (including T helper cells, T cytotoxic cells, and T suppressor cells), and natural killer cells. Primary lymphoid organs that support immune cell development include the bone marrow and thymus. Secondary lymphoid organs where immune responses occur include lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer's patches, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
B- lymphocytes
This document summarizes the key stages in B-lymphocyte maturation, generation, and activation. It discusses how B cells develop from progenitor cells in the bone marrow, where they undergo antigen-independent maturation including immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and positive and negative selection to remove self-reactive cells. Mature B cells then leave the bone marrow equipped with B cell receptors. The document also describes how B cells are activated upon binding of antigen to their receptor, requiring co-stimulation by T helper cells to initiate the antibody response.
Antigens
This document discusses antigens and their classification. It defines antigens as substances that can induce an immune response. Antigens are classified as either exogenous (external) or endogenous (internal) antigens. Exogenous antigens enter the body from the external environment, while endogenous antigens are further divided into xeno-genic, allogenic, and autologous antigens based on their origin. The document also discusses the properties of immunogens and antigens, as well as factors that contribute to immunogenicity.
Secondary lymphatic system in humans system
This slide is made on the lymphatic system with lighting the secondary organs of lymphatic system which are lymph nodes ,spleen,and skin etc.
Ch20-21lymphatic&immune system
The lymphatic system collects excess tissue fluid and returns it to the bloodstream. Its components include lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymph ducts. The immune system protects the body from foreign organisms using lymphocytes, lymphoid tissue, and lymphoid organs like the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes. Lymphocytes recognize and destroy pathogens. When activated by antigens, they proliferate into memory and effector cells. Disorders can affect the lymphatic vessels or immune function.
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B-cell maturation begins with hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow, where they develop through pro-B cell, pre-B cell, and immature B cell stages. During this process, immunoglobulin genes undergo rearrangement and expression of B cell receptors occurs. Immature B cells then migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues to complete maturation. Mature B cells circulate and are activated by antigen to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells or memory B cells through T cell dependent or independent pathways. T cell dependent activation induces affinity maturation, class switching, and generation of long-lived memory B cells.
Antigen processing & presentation
1. Antigen processing and presentation involves degradation of antigens into peptides, association of peptides with MHC molecules, and display of peptide-MHC complexes on the cell surface for recognition by T cells.
2. There are two main pathways of antigen processing - exogenous antigens that enter the cell are processed through the endocytic pathway while endogenous antigens are processed through the cytosolic pathway.
3. In the cytosolic pathway, antigens are degraded by the proteasome and transported by TAP into the ER where they can bind to MHC class I molecules. In the endocytic pathway, exogenous antigens internalized into vesicles are degraded into peptides that bind MHC class II molecules.
T CELL ACTIVATION.pptx
This document discusses T cell activation and maturation. It describes the processes of negative and positive selection that screen T cells. T cell activation occurs through engagement of the T cell receptor and co-stimulatory molecules by MHC peptide and co-stimulatory molecules on antigen presenting cells. Binding of the T cell receptor provides the first signal, while co-stimulation provides the second signal required for an effective immune response.
B Cell Development
- B cell development begins with stem cells in the bone marrow, where they undergo a series of differentiation stages defined by immunoglobulin gene rearrangement under the influence of cytokines and contact with stromal cells.
- Successful rearrangement of the heavy and light chain genes leads to expression of a B cell receptor (BCR) and selection of clones that do not recognize self-antigens through deletion, anergy or receptor editing.
- Mature B cells that pass self-tolerance checkpoints are exported from the bone marrow to the peripheral immune system.
Antigen processing and presentation
This document summarizes antigen processing and presentation. It discusses that antigen presenting cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells express class II MHC molecules and provide co-stimulatory signals to activate T helper cells. These cells internalize antigens through phagocytosis or endocytosis, degrade them into peptides, and present the peptides bound to class II MHC on their surface. The document also describes the major histocompatibility complex and the roles of class I and class II MHC molecules in antigen presentation to T cells. It outlines the exogenous and endogenous antigen processing pathways, how exogenous antigens are presented by class II MHC and endogenous antigens by class I MHC.
Lymphoid organ -Primary & secondary organ
The document discusses the lymphoid organs, which are divided into primary and secondary organs. The primary organs, including the bone marrow, thymus, and bursa of fabricius, are where lymphocytes develop and mature. The secondary organs, such as lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), are where lymphocytes encounter antigens and carry out immune responses. Primary organs are large at birth and shrink with age, while secondary organs are small at birth and grow with age.
Major Histocompatibility complex & Antigen Presentation and Processing
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and antigen processing and presentation. It describes MHC molecules as polymorphic glycoproteins that play a role in discriminating self from non-self and participate in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. MHC class I molecules present endogenous antigens on most nucleated cells and interact with CD8+ T cells. MHC class II molecules present exogenous antigens on antigen-presenting cells and interact with CD4+ T cells. Antigens are processed into peptides of appropriate size and bound motifs to be presented in the binding groove of MHC molecules.
T CELL RECEPTOR.pptx
The T cell receptor (TCR) is a protein complex found on the surface of T cells that is responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen bound to MHC molecules. It consists of an alpha and beta chain, with 95% of T cells containing these chains and 5% containing gamma and delta chains instead. Each chain contains a variable region that binds the peptide-MHC complex and a constant region near the cell membrane. The variable regions contain three hypervariable complementarity-determining regions important for antigen recognition. The TCR is associated with CD3 proteins that transmit activation signals into the T cell upon peptide binding. TCR diversity arises from genetic recombination of DNA segments during T cell development.
Major histocompatibility complex
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a cluster of genes found in all mammals that encodes proteins important for the immune system to distinguish self from non-self. MHC molecules are expressed on the cell surface and present peptide antigens to T cells. There are three main classes of MHC genes - class I presents endogenous peptides to cytotoxic T cells, class II presents exogenous peptides to helper T cells, and class III encodes non-antigen presenting proteins involved in immunity. MHC molecules have binding sites that allow them to bind a variety of peptide antigens through anchor residues, helping the immune system recognize a diverse array of pathogens. Polymorphism of MHC alleles within populations helps provide protection against rapidly mutating pathogens.
Cells of the immune system ppt
This document outlines the cells of the immune system, including their formation, types, and roles. It discusses:
1) The two major lineages that blood cells originate from in the bone marrow - myeloid and lymphoid.
2) The types of leucocytes (white blood cells), which include granulocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils, and agranulocytes.
3) The cells of the innate immune system that provide first line defense, such as neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells and natural killer cells, and their mechanisms of phagocytosis and intracellular killing.
Cytokines
Cytokines are proteins that mediate communication between cells and help coordinate the body's immune response. They can be divided into groups like lymphokines, monokines, interleukins, and chemokines. Cytokines signal through five main receptor families and activate signaling pathways that induce cellular responses. An imbalance in cytokine signaling has been linked to various diseases. Therapies targeting cytokines and their receptors are used to treat diseases characterized by abnormal cytokine levels like cancer, infections, and autoimmune disorders.
T-cell activation
T-Cell Activation
• Concept of immune response
• T cell-mediated immune response
• B cell-mediated immune response
I. Concept of immune response
• A collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual mediated by the cells and molecules in the immune system.
II. T cell-mediated immune response
• Cell-mediated immunity is the arm of the adaptive immune response whose role is to combat infection of intracellular pathogens, such as intracellular bacteria (mycobacteria, listeria monocytogens), viruses, protozoa, etc.
ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
The document summarizes the primary and secondary lymphoid organs of the immune system. The primary lymphoid organs, such as the bone marrow and thymus, are where lymphocytes mature and develop. The secondary lymphoid organs, including lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), trap antigens and activate lymphocytes. In these organs, B cells are activated, differentiate into plasma cells, and secrete antibodies to help fight infection.
Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) by Prabeen
The document discusses the immune system and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). It describes how the immune system protects the body through identification, neutralization, and destruction of pathogens using cells like cytotoxic T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and macrophages. It also explains that antibodies are proteins produced by B cells that bind to antigens, marking them for elimination. ADCC involves antibodies binding to target cells, cytotoxic cells attaching via Fc receptors on the antibodies, activation of the cytotoxic cells, and lysis of the target cell.
Activation of T and B Cells
1. The document presents information about T cells and B cells, including their development, activation, and functions.
2. T cells develop in the thymus gland and have roles in direct killing of infected cells and regulating the immune response. B cells mature in the bone marrow and produce antibodies to help fight pathogens.
3. Activation of both T and B cells involves interaction with antigen-presenting cells and costimulatory signals, leading to cell proliferation and differentiation into effector and memory cells.
Aids an other immunodeficiencies.....
Primary immunodeficiencies are present at birth and can affect adaptive or innate immune functions. The most common secondary immunodeficiency is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). HIV-1 infects and kills CD4+ T cells, eventually leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections. While antiretroviral drugs can suppress HIV-1 and prolong life, developing an effective vaccine remains the best option to prevent the spread of AIDS.
Cellular immune response
This document summarizes cellular immune response (CMI) mediated by sensitized T cells. It describes how CMI is induced through antigen presentation and T cell receptor binding, leading to T cell proliferation and differentiation. The two main effector mechanisms of CMI are the release of cytokines like interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor, and the generation of cytotoxic T cells. Cytokines regulate immune cells and have various metabolic and inflammatory effects. Cytotoxic T cells directly kill target cells like virus-infected cells. Tests to detect CMI include skin tests and lymphocyte transformation assays in vitro. CMI plays an important role in immunity against intracellular pathogens and transplants.
Cells & organs of immune system
This document provides an overview of immunology and the immune system. It discusses the history of immunology including the discoveries of Metchnikoff, Behring, and Fleming. It also describes the innate and adaptive immune systems. The main cells of the immune system are B cells, T cells (including T helper cells, T cytotoxic cells, and T suppressor cells), and natural killer cells. Primary lymphoid organs that support immune cell development include the bone marrow and thymus. Secondary lymphoid organs where immune responses occur include lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer's patches, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
B- lymphocytes
This document summarizes the key stages in B-lymphocyte maturation, generation, and activation. It discusses how B cells develop from progenitor cells in the bone marrow, where they undergo antigen-independent maturation including immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and positive and negative selection to remove self-reactive cells. Mature B cells then leave the bone marrow equipped with B cell receptors. The document also describes how B cells are activated upon binding of antigen to their receptor, requiring co-stimulation by T helper cells to initiate the antibody response.
Antigens
This document discusses antigens and their classification. It defines antigens as substances that can induce an immune response. Antigens are classified as either exogenous (external) or endogenous (internal) antigens. Exogenous antigens enter the body from the external environment, while endogenous antigens are further divided into xeno-genic, allogenic, and autologous antigens based on their origin. The document also discusses the properties of immunogens and antigens, as well as factors that contribute to immunogenicity.
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Secondary lymphatic system in humans system
This slide is made on the lymphatic system with lighting the secondary organs of lymphatic system which are lymph nodes ,spleen,and skin etc.
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1. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Cells come in different shapes and sizes and perform specialized functions.
2. The main parts of a cell are the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. The plasma membrane defines the cell boundary, the cytoplasm is the fluid inside the cell, and the nucleus contains the cell's genes.
3. Transport across the plasma membrane can occur passively via diffusion and osmosis or actively via pumps that require energy. The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane structure.
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2) The three signals required for T cell activation: TCR binding to antigen/MHC, costimulatory molecules, and cytokines.
3) The roles of dendritic cells, macrophages, and other antigen presenting cells in processing and presenting antigen to T cells in lymph nodes.
4) The subclasses of T helper cells and their roles in directing immune responses.
Cell Junctions
Cell junctions connect neighboring cells and classify into three main types - occluding, communicating, and anchoring junctions. Occluding junctions prevent molecules from passing between cells, like tight junctions. Communicating junctions allow transfer of substances between cells via channels, such as gap junctions. Anchoring junctions provide structural strength, exemplified by desmosomes attaching cells to each other or hemidesmosomes attaching cells to the extracellular matrix. Cell adhesion molecules like cadherins and selectins are transmembrane proteins that mediate cell-cell binding and participate in various cellular processes during development, wound healing, and immune responses.
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1. Leukocytes traffic from the bloodstream to sites of infection or injury by adhering to and transmigrating through endothelial cells lining blood vessels.
2. This process, called the leukocyte extravasation cascade, involves selectins, chemokines, and integrins that mediate tethering, rolling, activation, firm adhesion, and transmigration of leukocytes.
3. Leukocytes must open endothelial cell-cell junctions in order to transmigrate through the vessel wall in a multi-step process that is tightly regulated to recruit immune cells only when and where needed.
The red cell membrane
The document summarizes the organization of the red blood cell membrane. It describes how the membrane is composed of three layers - an external carbohydrate layer, lipid bilayer, and inner cytoskeletal network. The lipid bilayer contains numerous transporter proteins and is asymmetrically organized. The inner surface contains spectrin and other proteins that form a mesh-like cytoskeleton providing structural integrity. Transporters such as Band 3 and Aquaporin channels facilitate gas and solute exchange. The elaborate membrane structure and composition allows red blood cells to undergo large deformations to efficiently deliver oxygen throughout the body.
Section 1, chapter 3
The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol and membrane proteins. The phospholipid bilayer forms a fluid yet stable boundary, with hydrophobic nonpolar tails facing inward and hydrophilic phosphate heads facing outward. Integral proteins span the membrane and form ion channels and pores, while peripheral proteins project from the membrane surface. Transmembrane proteins function as receptors, with one end outside and one inside the cell. The nuclear envelope is a double membrane surrounding the nucleus, with nuclear pores allowing specific molecules to pass through.
Cell & cell membrane
The eukaryotic cell is divided into compartments by internal membranes. The plasma membrane encloses the cell and is made up of proteins and lipids organized into a fluid mosaic structure. Membranes are selectively permeable due to transport proteins that regulate the passage of molecules into and out of the cell by diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Endocytosis and exocytosis allow for bulk transport across the plasma membrane through vesicle formation. Membranes have important functions including maintaining cell structure, regulating transport, and mediating cell-cell interactions.
Cell Junctions
Cell junctions connect neighboring cells and the cell to the extracellular matrix. They are classified into occluding junctions, communicating junctions, and anchoring junctions. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are important proteins that promote cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions through three domains: an extracellular domain that binds to other cells, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain connected to the cytoskeleton. CAMs can be divided into four major families: the cadherin superfamily, selectins, immunoglobulin superfamily, and integrins. Tight junctions form a tight seal between cells to prevent molecules from passing through. Gap junctions allow direct diffusion of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells through conn
Leukocyte extravasation
The slides will give you an overall idea about the extravasation of leukocytes through the endothelial cells.
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restrial insects
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Leukocyte trafficking
- 2. Index Lymphocyte recirculation Cell adhesion molecules Chemokines Extravasation Lymphocyte trafficking a. Naive lymphocyte recirculation b. Effector and memory cell trafficking
- 3. Lymphocyte re-circulation Lymphocytes constantly re-circulate from blood to spleen, lymph nodes, and 3° lymphoid tissues Continual circulation allows max. no. of lymphocytes to encounter Ag. A complete circuit can be performed 1-2 per day.
- 4. Cell Adhesion Molecules(CAMs) Endothelial cells exhibit ‘cell adhesion molecules’ – CAMs Recirculating leucocytes form receptors which bind to CAMs
- 5. Types of CAM’s Selectins – resp. for initial contact between leukocytes and endothelial cells • Bind to specific CHO groups (i.e., mucins) • Types-L-,P-,E-selectins Mucins – glycosylated proteins Bind to selectins on endothelium Eg, L-selectin recognizes mucins (CD34 and glyCAM) on endothelium of lymph nodes
- 6. Integrins – heterodimer proteins • Expressed by leukocytes • Bind to ICAM on vasc. endothelium ICAM’s – CAM’s with Ig domains • expressed on vasc. Endothelia • Bind to integrin.
- 7. Chemokines • Small polypeptides of 90-130 a.a. • Are major regu7lator of leukocyte trafficking. • Types of chemokines- 1. C-C subgroup 2. C-X-C subgroup • Types of chemokine receptors-l 1. CC receptors 2. CXC receptors
- 11. Lymphocyte trafficking Defn-Process of migration of different lymphocytes into different tissues. High-endothelial venules(HEV’s) • Are cuboidal cells +nt in capillaries. • Express a variety of CAMs. • CAMs that are tissue specific-Vascular addressins.
- 12. Naïve T cell Recirculation
- 13. Effector cell and memory cell recirculation